Chair (officer)#Executive chair

{{Wiktionary|chair|chairman|chairwoman|chairperson|preside}}

Terms for the office and its holder include chair, chairman, chairwoman, chairperson, convenor, facilitator, moderator, president, and presiding officer.{{cite book|editor-first=Marlis|editor-last=Hellinger|title=Gender across languages: The Linguistic Representation of Women and Men (IMPACT: Studies in Language and Society)|year=2001|publisher=Benjamins|location=Amsterdam|isbn=90-272-1841-2|page=125}}{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chairperson |title=Chairperson |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2014-01-10}}{{cite web|url=http://www.chambersharrap.co.uk/chambers/features/chref/chref.py/main?query=Moderator&title=21st|title=moderator|work=Chambers 21st Century Dictionary via Search Chambers |publisher=Chambers Harrap|location=Edinburgh}}Although convener means someone who summons (convenes) a meeting, the convener may take the chair. The Oxford English Dictionary (2nd edition, 1989) offers this citation: 1833 Act 3–4 Will. IV, c. 46 §43 "The convener, who shall preside at such committee, shall be entitled to a casting vote." This meaning is most commonly found in assemblies with Scottish heritage. The chair of a parliamentary chamber is sometimes called the speaker.{{cite web|url=https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker|title=The many roles of the Speaker|date=2006-02-01|website=New Zealand Parliament|publisher=Office of the Speaker, Parliament of New Zealand|access-date=2019-05-09|archive-date=2019-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190509034657/https://www.parliament.nz/en/visit-and-learn/how-parliament-works/office-of-the-speaker/speeches-pre-2013/document/48Speakspeech010220061/the-many-roles-of-the-speaker|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm |title=About Parliament: The Lord Speaker |quote=... responsibilities of the Lord Speaker include chairing the Lords debating chamber,... |access-date=2008-10-23 |publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080609075343/http://www.parliament.uk/about/how/principal/lord_speaker.cfm |archive-date=2008-06-09 |url-status=dead }} Chair has been used to refer to a seat or office of authority since the middle of the 17th century; its earliest citation in the Oxford English Dictionary dates to 1658–1659, four years after the first citation for chairman.{{cite book|title=Merriam-Webster's dictionary of English usage.|year=1993|publisher=Merriam-Webster|location=Springfield, Mass.|isbn=0-87779-132-5|page=235}}{{cite news | title=Chairman | year=2006 | url =http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chairman | work =Dictionary.com Unabridged (v 1.1) | access-date = 2008-10-22 }}See also the American Heritage Dictionary, the Oxford English Dictionary, the online edition of the current Merriam-Webster Dictionary, Word Origins by Anatoly Liberman (page 88), Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage (page 235) Feminist critiques have analysed Chairman as a possible example of sexist language, associating the male gender with the exercise of authority, this has led to some use of the generic "Chairperson".*{{cite book|author=Margrit Eichler|title=Nonsexist Research Methods: A Practical Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RdfYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP4|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-97797-0|page=14|quote="Typically, these analyses pointed out the use of so-called generic male terms as sexist... As a consequence of these critiques, guides were published that replaced so-called generic male terms with truly generic terms: policeman became police officer; fireman, fire fighter; postman, mail carrier; workman, worker; chairman, chairperson; mankind, humanity; and so on."}}

• {{cite book|author1=Barrie Thorne|author2=Nancy Henley|title=Language and Sex: Difference and Dominance|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SWywAAAAIAAJ|year=1975|publisher=Newbury House Publishers|page=28|isbn=9780883770436|quote="Is it possible to change sexist language? ... Much of the debate has centered around two types of change: the coining of new terms (such as Ms. to replace Miss/Mrs., and chairperson to replace chairman and chairwoman), and various proposal to replace he as the generic third person singular pronoun."}}
• {{cite book| author=Dale Spender| title=Man Made Language| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-YStAQAACAAJ| year=1990| publisher=Pandora| isbn=978-0-04-440766-9| pages=29–30| quote="Another factor which we must bear in mind is that women need more words - and more positive words - not less. The removal of sexist words would not leave a large repertoire of words for women to draw upon! ... Some attempts have been made to modify sexist words and there arc signs that this on its own is insufficient to reduce sexism in language. Words such as police officer and chairperson have been an attempt to break away from the negative value which female words acquire by the creation of sex-neutral terms"}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = Oxford University Press| title = The language of gender| encyclopedia = Oxford Living Dictionary| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/writing-help/the-language-of-gender| quote = People also object to the use of the ending -man in words referring to professions and roles in society, for example postman, spokesman, or chairman. Since women are generally as likely as men to be involved in an occupation or activity nowadays, this type of word is increasingly being replaced by gender-neutral terms, e.g. postal worker, spokesperson, or chair/chairperson.| archive-date = 2019-05-10| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190510155031/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/writing-help/the-language-of-gender| url-status = dead}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = Oxford University Press| title = Chairman - More About | encyclopedia = Oxford Learner's Dictionary| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/chairman?q=chairman| quote = When you are writing or speaking English it is important to use language that includes both men and women equally. Some people may be very offended if you do not ... Neutral words like assistant, worker, person or officer are now often used instead of -man or -woman in the names of jobs ... Neutral words are very common in newspapers, on television and radio and in official writing, in both British English and North American English. |url-status=live |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170530020103/https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/chairman?q=chairman |archive-date= May 30, 2017 }}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = Cambridge University Press| title = Chairman - Note | encyclopedia = Cambridge Dictionary| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/chairman| quote = Although chairman can refer to a person of either sex, chairperson or chair is often preferred to avoid giving the idea the person is necessarily male.}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| title = Chairperson (usage note)| encyclopedia = Dictionary.com| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://www.dictionary.com/browse/chairperson| quote = Chairperson has, since the 1960s, come to be used widely as an alternative to either chairman or chairwoman. This change has sprung largely from a desire to avoid chairman, which is felt by many to be inappropriate and even sexually discriminatory when applied to a woman ... Chairperson is standard in all varieties of speech and writing.}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = Springer| title = Chairman (usage note)| encyclopedia = Macmillan Dictionary| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://www.macmillandictionary.com/us/dictionary/american/chairman| quote = Many people prefer to say chair or chairperson, because the word chairman suggests that the person in this position is always a man.}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| publisher = Houghton Mifflin Harcourt| title = Chairman (usage note)| encyclopedia = The American Heritage Dictionary| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=chairman| quote = These compounds sometimes generate controversy because they are considered sexist by some people who believe that -man necessarily excludes females. Others believe that -man, like the word man itself, is an accepted and efficient convention that is not meant to be gender-specific.}}
• {{Cite encyclopedia| title = Chairman (usage note)| encyclopedia = Collins English Dictionary| access-date = 2019-05-20| url = https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/chairman| quote = Chairman can seem inappropriate when applied to a woman, while chairwoman can be offensive. Chair and chairperson can be applied to either a man or a woman; chair is generally preferred to chairperson}}
• {{cite book|last=Marshall Cavendish Corporation|title=Sex and society Volume 1: Abstinence – Gender Identity|year=2010|publisher=Marshall Cavendish Reference|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7614-7906-2|page=300}}
• {{cite book|last=Zinsser|first=William|title=On writing well : the classic guide to writing nonfiction|year=2007|publisher=HarperCollins|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-089154-1|page=[https://archive.org/details/onwritingwellcla00zins_4/page/81 81]|edition=30. anniversary ed., 7. ed., rev. and updated, [Nachdr.]|url=https://archive.org/details/onwritingwellcla00zins_4/page/81}}

In World Schools Style debating, as of 2009, chair or chairman refers to the person who controls the debate; it recommends using Madame Chair or Mr. Chairman to address the chair.{{cite book|last= Quinn|first= Simon|title= Debating in the World Schools style: a guide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N1_Zjo9GDJ8C&pg=PA5 |year= 2009|publisher= International Debate Education Association|location= New York|isbn= 978-1-932716-55-9|page=5}} The FranklinCovey Style Guide for Business and Technical Communication and the American Psychological Association style guide advocate using chair or chairperson.{{cite book|last1= England |first1=Breck |first2= Stephen R. |last2=Covey |first3=Larry H. |last3=Freeman|title= FranklinCovey style guide for business and technical communication |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fd1CnmaFD80C&pg=PA27 |publisher= FT Press|location= Upper Saddle River, N.J.|isbn= 978-0-13-309039-0|page =27|edition= 5th|year= 2012}}{{cite book|last1= Gurung|first2= Beth M. |last2=Schwartz |first3=R. Eric |last3=Landrum |first1=Regan A. R.|title= An easyguide to APA style|publisher= SAGE Publications|location= Thousand Oaks, Calif.|isbn= 978-1-4129-9124-7|page= 54|year= 2012}} The Oxford Dictionary of American Usage and Style (2000) suggested that the gender-neutral forms were gaining ground; it advocated chair for both men and women.{{cite book|last= Garner|first= Bryan A.|title= The Oxford dictionary of American usage and style|year= 2000|publisher= Oxford University Press|location= Oxford|isbn= 0-19-513508-3|page= 61|edition= 2}} The Daily Telegraph's style guide bans the use of chair and chairperson; the newspaper's position, as of 2018, is that "chairman is correct English".{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/banned-words/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/style-book/banned-words/ |archive-date=2022-01-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Banned words|website=The Telegraph|date=23 January 2018}}{{cbignore}} The National Association of Parliamentarians adopted a resolution in 1975 discouraging the use of chairperson and rescinded it in 2017.{{cite web|title=Chair, Chairperson, Chairman ... Which Should You Use?|url=https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/|publisher=National Association of Parliamentarians|date=6 October 2017|access-date=2019-02-20|archive-date=2019-02-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190221112012/https://www.parliamentarians.org/chairperson-resolution/|url-status=dead}}{{Cite book|title = The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing: For writers, editors and speakers|last1 = Miller|first1 = Casey|publisher = iUniverse.com|year = 2000|isbn = 0-595-15921-4|location = Lincoln, NE|page = 32|last2 = Swift|first2 = Kate|edition = 2nd|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=KY_XiQa5PhMC&pg=PA32}}

File:Leena Al-Hadid, chairperson, IAEA, 2018.jpg of Jordan chairs a meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency, 2018.{{cite news |last1=Dixit |first1=Aabha |title=Ambassador Leena Al-Hadid Takes Over as New Chairperson of IAEA Board of Governors |url=https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/ambassador-leena-al-hadid-takes-over-as-new-chairperson-of-iaea-board-of-governors |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=24 September 2018}}]]

The word chair can refer to the place from which the holder of the office presides, whether on a chair, at a lectern, or elsewhere. During meetings, the person presiding is said to be "in the chair" and is also referred to as "the chair". Parliamentary procedure requires that members address the "chair" as "Mr. (or Madam) Chairman (or Chair or Chairperson)" rather than using a name – one of many customs intended to maintain the presiding officer's impartiality and to ensure an objective and impersonal approach.{{Harvard citation no brackets|Sturgis|2001|p = 11}}{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p = 23}}

In the British music hall tradition, the chairman was the master of ceremonies who announced the performances and was responsible for controlling any rowdy elements in the audience. The role was popularised on British TV in the 1960s and 1970s by Leonard Sachs, the chairman on the variety show The Good Old Days.{{cite book| first1= Richard Anthony| last1= Baker| year= 2014| title= British Music Hall: An Illustrated History| publisher= Pen & Sword| location= Barnsley| page=207 | isbn= 978-1-78383-118-0}}

"Chairman" as a quasi-title gained particular resonance when socialist states from 1917 onwards shunned more traditional leadership labels and stressed the collective control of Soviets (councils or committees) by beginning to refer to executive figureheads as "Chairman of the X Committee". Lenin, for example, officially functioned as the head of Soviet Russian government not as prime minister or as president, but as "Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars".{{cite book| last1 = Cawthorne| first1 = Nigel| author-link1 = Nigel Cawthorne| title = Stalin: The Murderous Career of the Red Tsar| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=2CAEAwAAQBAJ| publisher = Arcturus Publishing| publication-date = 2012| isbn = 978-1-84858-951-3| access-date = 2015-02-25| quote = [...] Lenin, Stalin, Trotsky, Molotov and Abel Yenukidze [...] began discussing the structure of the new government. Lenin did not want to have 'ministers' as such, so Trotsky suggested that they should be called "peoples' commissars". The government itself would be the "Council of People's Commissars" and its chairman would be prime minister, in effect.| date = 2012-07-24}}{{cite book| last1 = Brackman| first1 = Roman| title = The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life| publisher = Routledge| date = 2004| page = 116| isbn = 978-1-135-75840-0|quote = On 26 October 1917, Lenin announced the creation of the Council of People's Commissars, having rejected the traditional title of minister as being too "bourgeois", and named himself the "Chairman of the Council".}} At the same time, the head of the state was first called "Chairman of the Central Executive Committee" (until 1938) and then "Chairman of the Presidium of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet". In Communist China, Mao Zedong was commonly called "Chairman Mao", as he was officially Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party and Chairman of the Central Military Commission.

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In addition to the administrative or executive duties in organizations, the chair presides over meetings.{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=449}} Such duties at meetings include:

• Calling the meeting to order
• Determining if a quorum is present
• Announcing the items on the "order of business", or agenda, as they come up
• Recognition of members to have the floor
• Enforcing the rules of the group
• Putting questions (motions) to a vote, which is the usual way of resolving disagreements following discussion of the issues
• Adjourning the meeting

While presiding, the chair should remain impartial and not interrupt a speaker if the speaker has the floor and is following the rules of the group.{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=44}}: "The presiding officer must never interrupt a speaker simply because he knows more about the matter than the speaker does." In committees or small boards, the chair votes along with the other members; in assemblies or larger boards, the chair should vote only when it can affect the result.{{Cite web|url=http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#1|title=Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 1)|website=The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site|publisher=The Robert's Rules Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#1|archive-date=2004-11-12|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-12-17}} At a meeting, the chair only has one vote (i.e. the chair cannot vote twice and cannot override the decision of the group unless the organization has specifically given the chair such authority).{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=406}}

The powers of the chair vary widely across organizations. In some organizations they have the authority to hire staff and make financial decisions. In others they only make recommendations to a board of directors, or may have no executive powers, in which case they are mainly a spokesperson for the organization. The power given depends upon the type of organization, its structure, and the rules it has created for itself.

If the chair exceeds their authority, engages in misconduct, or fails to perform their duties, they may face disciplinary procedures. Such procedures may include censure, suspension, or removal from office. The rules of the organization would provide details on who can perform these disciplinary procedures.{{Cite web|url=http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20|title=Frequently Asked Questions about RONR (Question 20)|website=The Official Robert's Rules of Order Web Site|publisher=The Robert's Rules Association|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041112102258/http://www.robertsrules.com/faq.html#20|archive-date=2004-11-12|url-status=dead|access-date=2015-12-24}} Usually, whoever appointed or elected the chair has the power to discipline them.

There are three common types of chair in public corporations.

The chief executive officer (CEO) may also hold the title of chair, in which case the board frequently names an independent member of the board as a lead director. This position is equivalent to the position of président-directeur général in France.{{cn|date=February 2024}}

Executive chair is an office separate from that of CEO, where the titleholder wields influence over company operations, such as Larry Ellison of Oracle, Douglas Flint of HSBC and Steve Case of AOL Time Warner. In particular, the group chair of HSBC is considered the top position of that institution, outranking the chief executive, and is responsible for leading the board and representing the company in meetings with government figures. Before the creation of the group management board in 2006, HSBC's chair essentially held the duties of a chief executive at an equivalent institution, while HSBC's chief executive served as the deputy. After the 2006 reorganization, the management cadre ran the business, while the chair oversaw the controls of the business through compliance and audit and the direction of the business.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8019235/HSBC-investors-against-Michael-Geoghegan-becoming-chairman.html HSBC investors against Michael Geoghegan becoming chairman]. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-22.[http://www.news.com.au/business/hsbc-chief-michael-geoghegan-to-quit-after-failing-to-get-top-job/story-e6frfm1i-1225928665163 HSBC chief Michael Geoghegan 'to quit' after failing to get top job] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204195626/http://www.news.com.au/business/hsbc-chief-michael-geoghegan-to-quit-after-failing-to-get-top-job/story-e6frfm1i-1225928665163 |date=2013-12-04 }}. News.com.au (2010-09-24). Retrieved on 2013-08-22.[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8212815/HSBC-ex-chief-Michael-Geoghegan-relaxes-as-another-marathon-looms.html HSBC ex-chief Michael Geoghegan relaxes as another marathon looms]. Telegraph. Retrieved on 2013-08-22.

Non-executive chair is also a separate post from the CEO; unlike an executive chair, a non-executive chair does not interfere in day-to-day company matters. Across the world, many companies have separated the roles of chair and CEO, saying that this move improves corporate governance. The non-executive chair's duties are typically limited to matters directly related to the board, such as:{{cite news|url=http://www.hvs.com/Jump/?aid=1033|title=The Non-Executive Chairman Comes of Age|last=Kefgen|first=Keith|date=2004-05-11|work=HVS web site|access-date=2011-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027135952/http://www.hvs.com/Jump/?aid=1033|archive-date=27 October 2007|url-status=dead|publisher=HVS}}

• Chairing the meetings of the board.
• Organizing and coordinating the board's activities, such as by setting its annual agenda.
• Reviewing and evaluating the performance of the CEO and the other board members.

File:Christina Magnuson group 2016.jpg, as chairman,{{cite web |title=We at Confidencen: Board and General Management |url=http://www.confidencen.se/en/vi-pa-confidencen/ |access-date=9 May 2019}} presides over the 2016 annual meeting of the Friends of the Ulriksdal Palace Theater.]]

Many companies in the US have an executive chair; this method of organization is sometimes called the American model. Having a non-executive chair is common in the UK and Canada; this is sometimes called the British model. Expert opinion is rather evenly divided over which is the preferable model.{{cite news|url=http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_642807.htm |title=Splitting the Chairman and CEO roles |access-date=2011-04-03 |last=Behan |first=Beverly |date=10 January 2008 |work=BusinessWeek |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416101510/http://www.businessweek.com/managing/content/jan2008/ca2008018_642807.htm |archive-date=2011-04-16 }} There is a growing push by public market investors for companies with an executive chair to have a lead independent director to provide some element of an independent perspective.{{Cite web|url=http://www.governanceprinciples.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/GovernancePrinciples_Principles.pdf|title=COMMONSENSE PRINCIPLES OF CORPORATE GOVERNANCE}}{{Cite web|url=http://isgframework.org/corporate-governance-principles|title=Corporate Governance Principles for US Listed Companies|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202204319/https://www.isgframework.org/corporate-governance-principles/|archive-date=2 February 2017|url-status=dead}}

The role of the chair in a private equity-backed board differs from the role in non-profit or publicly listed organizations in several ways, including the pay, role and what makes an effective private-equity chair.{{Cite web|url=https://www.nurole.com/news_and_guides/role-of-a-chair-in-private-equity|title=What is the role of a chair of the board in a private equity company?\|date=2018-05-04|website=www.nurole.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-25|archive-date=2019-02-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190226045919/https://www.nurole.com/news_and_guides/role-of-a-chair-in-private-equity|url-status=dead}} Companies with both an executive chair and a CEO include Ford,{{cite web|url=https://corporate.ford.com/company.html|title=About Us|date=2019|website=Ford Motor Company|publisher=Ford Motor Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511112107/http://blog.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=141|archive-date=2011-05-11|url-status=dead|access-date=2011-04-05}} HSBC,{{cite web|url=https://www.hsbc.com/who-we-are/leadership|title=Leadership|date=2019|publisher=HSBC|access-date=2011-04-05}} Alphabet Inc.,{{cite web|url=https://abc.xyz/investor/other/board/#nominating-and-corporate-governance-committee|title=Board - Investor Relations|access-date=2011-04-05}} and HP.{{cite web|title=HP Investor Relations – Board of directors|url=http://h30261.www3.hp.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=71087&p=irol-govboard|publisher=Hewlett-Packard|access-date=2011-09-24}}

A vice- or deputy chair, subordinate to the chair, is sometimes chosen to assist and to serve as chair in the latter's absence, or when a motion involving the chair is being discussed.{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=452}} In the absence of the chair and vice-chair, groups sometimes elect a chair pro tempore to fill the role for a single meeting.{{Harvard citation no brackets|Robert|2011|p=453}} In some organizations that have both titles, deputy chair ranks higher than vice-chair, as there are often multiple vice-chairs but only a single deputy chair.{{cite web|url=https://www.rbccm.com/about/cid-264063.html|title=Leadership|website=Rbccm.com|access-date=8 October 2017}} This type of deputy chair title on its own usually has only an advisory role and not an operational one (such as Ted Turner at Time Warner).{{cite web|url=http://www.digitalspy.com/ustv/news/a10201/ted-turner-quits-as-aoltw-vice-chairman.html|title=Ted Turner quits as AOLTW Vice Chairman – TV News|date=2003-01-29|publisher=Digital Spy|access-date=2011-12-31}}

An unrelated definition of vice- and deputy chairs describes an executive who is higher ranking or has more seniority than an executive vice-president (EVP).

• Executive director
• Non-executive director
• Parliamentary procedure in the corporate world
• President (corporate title)

{{Reflist}}

• {{Cite book|title=A Great Meeting Needs a Great Chair |last=Trohan |first=Colette Collier |publisher=A Great Meeting |year=2014 |asin=B00NP7BR8O}}

{{Corporate titles}}

{{Parliamentary Procedure|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Management occupations

Category:Parliamentary procedure

Category:Political neologisms

Category:Positions of authority