Channel Fleet
{{Short description|Former naval fleet of the Royal Navy}}
{{Infobox Military Unit
|unit_name=Channel Fleet
|image=HMSminotaur.jpg
|caption=British ironclad HMS Minotaur as Channel Fleet flagship, {{circa| 1875}}–1887
|dates=1854–1909, 1914–1915
|country={{UK}}
|allegiance=
|branch=23px Royal Navy
|type=Fleet
|role=
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|current_commander=
|garrison=Torbay, Falmouth and Plymouth.
|ceremonial_chief=
|nickname=
|patron=
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}}
The Channel Fleet and originally known as the Channel Squadron was the Royal Navy formation of warships that defended the waters of the English Channel from 1854 to 1909 and 1914 to 1915.{{cite web|last1=Archives|first1=The National|title=Admiralty: Channel Squadron and Fleet: Correspondence|url=http://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/C1853|website=discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk|publisher=National Archives UK, ADM 144, 1859-1910|access-date=8 February 2018}}
History
Throughout the course of Royal Navy's history there had been different squadrons stationed in home waters. One of the earliest known naval formations to be based at Plymouth was called the Western Squadron{{cite book|last1=Weigley|first1=Russell F.|title=The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo|date=2004|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=0253217075|page=331|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abPUKDlNmRsC&q=Western+Squadron+became+the+Channel+Fleet&pg=PA331|language=en}}{{cite book|last1=Ranft|first1=Bryan|title=The Oxford illustrated history of the Royal Navy|date=1995|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Oxford, England|isbn=9780198605270|page=144}}{{cite web|title=THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE FRENCH WARS: THE LONG-TERM BACKGROUND: by Jeremy Black, University of Exeter|url=http://www.napoleonicsociety.com/english/pdf/j2011black.pdf|website=napoleonicsociety.com|publisher=The Napoleonic Society, 2011|access-date=27 December 2017}} which was the forerunner of the Channel Squadron that was later known as the Channel Fleet.{{cite book|last1=Mackesy|first1=Piers|title=The War for America: 1775-1783|date=1964|publisher=U of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln, Nebraska, USA|isbn=0803281927|page=192|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6AB_z6v0Pb0C&q=Western+Squadron+forerunner+of+the+Channel+Fleet&pg=PA192|language=en}} In 1650 Captain William Penn, Commander-in-Chief, was charged with guarding the Channel from Beachy Head to Lands End with six ships. This system continued following the Restoration. It was the start of what was to become a Western Squadron.{{cite book|last1=Saunders|first1=Andrew|title=Book of Channel defences|date=1997|publisher=Batsford [u.a.]|location=London|isbn=9780713475944|page=32}} From 1690 the squadron operated out of Plymouth Dockyard during wartime periods, which was for most of the 18th century and early 19th century.{{cite book|last1=Annal|first1=David|last2=Collins|first2=Audrey|title=Birth, Marriage and Death Records: A Guide for Family Historians|date=2012|publisher=Casemate Publishers|isbn=9781848845725|page=24|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xRGnxAJB0s0C&q=Western+Squadron+Royal+Navy+established+in+1690&pg=PA24|language=en}}{{cite web|title=Royal Navy Dockyards: Plymouth|url=http://www.rmg.co.uk/discover/explore/royal-naval-dockyards|website=rmg.co.uk|publisher=Royal Museums Greenwich, 2017|access-date=27 December 2017}} In 1854 The Channel Squadron, sometimes known as the Particular Service Squadron, was established.{{cite web|last1=Harley|first1=Simon|last2=Lovell|first2=Tony|title=Channel Squadron (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project|url=http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Channel_Squadron_(Royal_Navy)|website=www.dreadnoughtproject.org|publisher=Harley & Lovell, 26 November 2017|access-date=27 December 2017|language=en}} The Channel Squadron only became a permanent formation in 1858.{{Cite web |url=http://www.pdavis.nl/Channel.php |title=William Loney RN: Channel Fleet |access-date=2010-10-17 |archive-date=2015-05-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510035800/http://www.pdavis.nl/Channel.php |url-status=dead }}
During the 19th century, as the French developed Cherbourg as a base for steam-powered ships, the Royal Navy developed Portland Harbour as a base for the fleet.[http://www.theheritagecoast.co.uk/historyfile/portland_and_weymouth/portlands_deep_sea_harbour/channel_fleet.htm Channel Fleet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040126213804/http://www.theheritagecoast.co.uk/historyfile/portland_and_weymouth/portlands_deep_sea_harbour/channel_fleet.htm |date=2004-01-26 }} The Heritage Coast The harbour was built between 1849 and 1872 when the Royal Navy created a breakwater made of blocks from local quarries on the Isle of Portland.[http://www.portland-port.co.uk/about_the_port/company.htm Portland Harbour Authority: History] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231140859/http://www.portland-port.co.uk/about_the_port/company.htm |date=December 31, 2009 }}
With the amelioration of Anglo-French relations, and the German challenge towards 1900, the need for a Channel Formation diminished and the main European naval arena shifted to the North Sea. Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson was officially "Senior Officer in Command of the Channel Squadron" from 1901 to 1903. His subordinate flag officer in that squadron was the Second-in-Command, who commanded a division of battleships. For the period 1858 to 1903 the Channel squadron was often incorrectly referred to as the Channel Fleet.{{cite web|last1=Davis|first1=Peter|title=The Times newspaper on the Channel Squadron, 1858-1862|url=http://www.pdavis.nl/Channel.php|website=www.pdavis.nl|publisher=Peter Davis|access-date=27 December 2017|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510035800/http://www.pdavis.nl/Channel.php|url-status=dead}}
On 17 April 1903 The Right Hon. Lord Charles Beresford was appointed Vice-Admiral Commanding, Channel Squadron.Harley & Lovell, 2017 On 6 May 1903 Admiral Beresford was informed by the Admiralty "that for the future the Channel Squadron shall be known as the Channel Fleet."Harley & Lovell, 2017 On 14 December 1904 the Channel Fleet was re-styled the 'Atlantic Fleet' and the Home Fleet became the 'Channel Fleet'.National Archives records
On 24 March 1909, under a fleet re-organisation, the Channel Fleet became the 2nd Division of the Home Fleet.[http://military-genealogy.forcesreunited.org.uk/949/HMS_Bulwark HMS Bulwark] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110822005805/http://military-genealogy.forcesreunited.org.uk/949/HMS_Bulwark |date=August 22, 2011 }}
Rear and Vice-Admiral, Particular Service Squadron
- Vice-Admiral Sir Charles Napier, (1854-1856){{cite book |last1=Admiralty |first1=Great Britain |title=The Navy List |date=January 1855 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcwwXYSf6EYC&pg=PA130 |language=en}}
- Rear-Admiral, Henry Chads, (1854-1856){{cite book |last1=Admiralty |first1=Great Britain |title=The Navy List |date=January 1855 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |page=135 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XcwwXYSf6EYC&pg=PA130 |language=en}}
- Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Saunders Dundas, (1856-1857) {{cite book |last1=Admiralty |first1=Great Britain |title=The Navy List |date=January 1857 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |location=London, England |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITo2ODD8a3wC&pg=PA191 |language=en}}
- Rear-Admiral Sir Michael Seymour. (1856-1857){{cite book |last1=Admiralty |first1=Great Britain |title=The Navy List |date=January 1857 |publisher=H.M. Stationery Office |location=London, England |page=137 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ITo2ODD8a3wC&pg=PA191 |language=en}}
Senior Officers in Command of the Channel Squadron
Post holders have included:{{cite web|last1=Mackie|first1=Colin|title=Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865|url=http://www.gulabin.com/armynavy/pdf/Senior%20Royal%20Navy%20Appointments%201865-.pdf|website=gulabin.com|publisher=Colin Mackie, December 2017|access-date=27 December 2017}}Whitaker's Almanacks 1900 - 1909
- Vice Admiral Sir Charles Fremantle (1859–1860)
- Vice Admiral Sir Robert Stopford (1860–1861)
- Vice Admiral Sir Robert Smart (1861–1863)
- Vice Admiral Sir Sydney Dacres (1863–1866)
- Vice Admiral Sir Hastings Yelverton (1866–1867)
- Vice Admiral Frederick Warden (1867–1868)
- Vice Admiral Sir Thomas Symonds (1868–1870)
- Vice Admiral Sir Hastings Yelverton (July 1870-October 1870)
- Vice Admiral Sir George Wellesley (1870–1871)
- Vice Admiral Sir Geoffrey Hornby (1871–1874)
- Vice Admiral Sir Beauchamp Seymour (1874–1877)
- Vice Admiral Lord John Hay (1877–1879)
- Vice Admiral Lord Hood (1880–1882)
- Vice Admiral Sir William Dowell (1882–1883)
- Vice Admiral The Duke of Edinburgh (1883–1884)
- Vice Admiral Sir Algernon de Horsey (1884–1885)
- Vice Admiral Charles Fellowes (1885–1886)
- Vice Admiral Sir William Hewett (1886–1888)
- Vice Admiral Sir John Baird (1888–1890)
- Vice Admiral Sir Michael Culme-Seymour (1890–1892)
- Vice Admiral Sir Henry Fairfax (1892–1894)
- Vice Admiral Sir Robert Fitzroy (1894–1895)
- Vice Admiral Lord Walter Kerr (1895–1897)
- Vice Admiral Sir Henry Stephenson (1897–1898)
- Vice Admiral Sir Harry Rawson (1898–1901)
- Vice Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson (1901–1903)
- Vice-Admiral Lord Charles Beresford (1903-4)
=Second-in-Command Channel Squadron=
Post holders included:Harley & Lovell, 2017
- Rear-Admiral Henry Chads, 1 October 1869.
- Rear-Admiral William M. Dowell, 1877
- Rear-Admiral Henry Boys, 1878
- Rear-Admiral The Hon. Henry C. Glyn, 20 June 1881.
- Rear-Admiral Sir Francis W. Sullivan, 14 August 1882
- Rear-Admiral John C. Wilson, 1 April 1883
- Rear-Admiral William H. Whyte, 13 May 1884
- Rear-Admiral Algernon C. F. Heneage, 3 July 1885 – 7 August 1886
- Rear-Admiral The Hon.Edmund R. Fremantle, 9 August 1886
- Rear-Admiral Charles J. Rowley, 18 August 1887
- Rear-Admiral St. George Caulfield d′Arcy-Irvine, 1 September 1888
- Rear-Admiral Richard E. Tracey, 12 September 1889
- Rear-Admiral Loftus F. Jones, 12 September 1890
- Rear-Admiral Edward S. Adeane, 15 September 1891
- Rear-Admiral Edward H. Seymour, 16 September 1892 – 25 April 1894
- Rear-Admiral Alfred T. Dale, 25 April 1894 – 20 April 1895
- Rear-Admiral Arthur H. Alington, 1 May 1895
- Rear-Admiral Armand T. Powlett, 1 May 1896 – 19 May 1897
- Rear-Admiral John Fellowes, 19 May 1897
- Rear-Admiral John W. Brackenbury, 1 June 1898
- Rear-Admiral Arthur D. Fanshawe, 1 June 1899 – 31 May 1900
- Rear-Admiral Albert B. Jenkings, 1 June 1900 - 5 June 1901
- Rear-Admiral Sir William A. D. Acland, Bart., 5 June 1901 – September 1901
Commanders-in-Chief Channel Fleet
- Admiral Sir Arthur Wilson 14 December 1904
- Admiral Lord Charles Beresford (1907–1909)
Note Channel Fleet is re-named Atlantic Fleet 1909-1914
- Vice Admiral Sir Lewis Bayly (August, 1914- 17 January 1915)
- Vice Admiral The Hon. Sir. Alexander E. Bethell (17 January 1915)
=Second-in-Command Channel Fleet=
- Rear-Admiral the Hon. Assheton G. Curzon-Howe: September 1901, - 5 June 1903
- Rear-Admiral the Hon. Hedworth Lambton: 5 June 1903 - 25 June 1904
- Rear-Admiral Francis C. B. Bridgeman: 25 June 1904 - May, 1905
- Rear-Admiral Charles J. Barlow: May, 1905 - December, 1905
- Vice-Admiral Sir Arthur W. Moore: December, 1905 - 5 December 1906
- Vice-Admiral the Hon. Assheton G. Curzon-Howe: 5 December 1906 - 23 February 1907
- Vice-Admiral Sir Reginald N. Custance: 23 February 1907 - 12 June 1908
- Vice-Admiral Sir A. Berkeley Milne: 12 June 1908
=Rear-Admirals in the Channel Fleet=
- Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Poore, : February, 1905 - 16 November 1905
- Rear-Admiral Robert L. Groome: 16 November 1905 - 16 November 1906
- Rear-Admiral George A. Callaghan: 16 November 1906 - 5, April 1907
- Rear-Admiral Robert S. Lowry: 5, April, 1907 - 1 October 1907
- Rear-Admiral Francis J. Foley: 1 October 1907 - 1 October 1908
- Rear-Admiral James Startin: 1 October 1908 - 9 October 1909
Components
=1895=
:Distribution of the Fleet first included:{{cite web|title=CHANNEL SQUADRON. (Hansard, 4 September 1895)|url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1895/sep/04/channel-squadron#S4V0036P0_18950904_HOC_9|website=Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)|publisher=Hansard, HC Deb 04 September 1895 vol 36 cc1688-9|date=4 September 1895|access-date=24 February 2018}}
| class=wikitable
! | Unit | Date | Notes |
| 1 | Battleships | 4 September 1895 | 5 ships: Royal Sovereign, Empress of India, Resolution, and Repulse. |
| 2 | Cruisers | 4 September 1895 | 5 ships: Blenheim, Endymion, Bellona, Halcyon, and Speedy. |
=1901 to 1904=
:Distribution of the Fleet first included:{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Graham|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployments 1900-1914|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1900-14.htm#2|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Gordon Smith, 8 August 2015|access-date=23 February 2018}}
Of note:As the Channel Squadron - renamed The Channel Fleet, September, 1901.
| class=wikitable
! | Unit | Date | Notes |
| 1 | Battleships | September 1901 - 1904 | 5 ships |
| 2 | Cruiser Squadron | September 1901 - 1904 | 10 ships |
=1905 to 1907=
:Distribution of the Fleet first included:Watson, 2015.
| class=wikitable
! | Unit | Date | Notes |
| 1 | Battleships | January 1905-February 1907 | 12 ships - increased to 18 by 1907 |
| 2 | 1st Cruiser Squadron | January 1905-February 1907 | 5 ships to 1905 + 2 more ships from 1906 |
| 3 | Channel Fleet Flotilla | January 1905-February 1907 | consisting of destroyers and divided into 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th Divisions |
=1907 to 1909=
:Distribution of the Fleet first included:Watson, 2015.
| class=wikitable
! | Unit | Date | Notes |
| 1 | Battleships | March 1907-March 1909 | 14 ships |
| 2 | 1st Cruiser Squadron | March 1907-March 1909 | 6 ships |
| 3 | Channel Fleet Flotilla | March 1907-March 1909 | divided into 1st Destroyer Flotilla & 3rd Destroyer Flotilla in March.1909 |
=1914 to 1915=
Of note: On 8 August 1914, ships from the pre-war Second and Third Fleets were organised into the Channel Fleet.
:Distribution of the Fleet first included:{{cite web|last1=Watson|first1=Graham|title=Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1914-1918|url=http://www.naval-history.net/xGW-RNOrganisation1914-1918.htm#cf|website=www.naval-history.net|publisher=Gordon Smith, 27 October 2015|access-date=23 February 2018}}
| class=wikitable
! | Unit | Date | Notes |
| 1 | 5th Battle Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | Transferred from 2nd Fleet |
| 2 | 8th Battle Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | 7th and 8th BattSq's (3rd Fleet) merged to form 8th BattSq - dispersed 20/08/14 |
| 3 | 5th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 4 | 6th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 5 | 7th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 6 | 8th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 7 | 9th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 8 | 10th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 9 | 11th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 | |
| 10 | 12th Cruiser Squadron | August 1914-March 1915 |
In literature
The Channel Fleet features in several historical novels about the Royal Navy, notably Hornblower and the Hotspur by C. S. Forester, in which Forester's fictional hero becomes a favourite of the real Channel Fleet commander, Admiral William Cornwallis. The fleet also features in several of the Aubrey–Maturin novels by Patrick O'Brian.
The novel Billy Budd by Herman Melville is set on board ships of the Channel Fleet, in the immediate aftermath of the Spithead and Nore mutinies of 1797.
In the novel The War of the Worlds, the Channel Fleet protects the huge mass of refugee ships escaping from the Essex coast in the face of the Martian onslaught. The initial heroic fight of {{HMS|Thunder Child}} and the subsequent general engagement, is detailed in the chapter entitled "The Thunderchild".
References
=Footnotes=
{{reflist}}
=Sources=
- Annal, David; Collins, Audrey (2012). Birth, Marriage and Death Records: A Guide for Family Historians. Casemate Publishers. {{ISBN|9781848845725}}.
- Archives, The National. (1859-1910) "Admiralty: Channel Squadron and Fleet: Correspondence". discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk. National Archives UK. ADM 144.
- {{cite book | last1 = Barry | first1 = Quintin | title = From Ushant to Gibraltar: The Channel Fleet 1778-1783 | series = From Reason to Revolution | publisher = Helion & Company | year = 2022 | location = Warwick | isbn = 9781915070395}}
- Black, Jeremy, (2011) "THE ROYAL NAVY AND THE FRENCH WARS: THE LONG-TERM BACKGROUND: University of Exeter" (PDF). napoleonicsociety.com. The Napoleonic Society.
- Davis, Peter. "The Times newspaper on the Channel Squadron, 1858-1862". www.pdavis.nl. Peter Davis.
- Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony. (2018) [http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Channel_Fleet_(Royal_Navy) "Channel Fleet (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project".] www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley and Lovell.
- Harley, Simon; Lovell, Tony. (2017) [http://www.dreadnoughtproject.org/tfs/index.php/Channel_Squadron_(Royal_Navy) "Channel Squadron (Royal Navy) - The Dreadnought Project".] www.dreadnoughtproject.org. Harley & Lovell.
- Loney, William. RN. "Channel Squadron, the Naval Intelligence column of the Times newspaper refer to the activities of the Squadron in the period 1858-1862". www.pdavis.nl/Channel.php. William Loney.
- Mackesy, Piers (1964). The War for America: 1775-1783. Lincoln, Nebraska, USA: U of Nebraska Press. {{ISBN|0803281927}}.
- Mackie, Colin. (2017) "Royal Navy Senior Appointments from 1865" (PDF). gulabin.com. Colin Mackie.
- Ranft, Bryan (1995). The Oxford illustrated history of the Royal Navy. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|9780198605270}}.
- Royal Museums Greenwich. "Royal Navy Dockyards: Plymouth". (2017). rmg.co.uk. Royal Museums Greenwich.
- Saunders, Andrew (1997). Book of Channel defences. London: Batsford [u.a.] {{ISBN|9780713475944}}.
- Watson, Dr Graham. (2015) "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployments 1900-1914". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
- Watson, Dr Graham. (2015) "Royal Navy Organisation and Ship Deployment, Inter-War Years 1914-1918". www.naval-history.net. Gordon Smith.
- Whitaker's Almanacks (1900 - 1909).
- Weigley, Russell F. (2004). The Age of Battles: The Quest for Decisive Warfare from Breitenfeld to Waterloo. Indiana University Press. {{ISBN|0253217075}}.
=Further reading=
- {{cite book|last1=Rodger|first1=N.A.M.|title=The Admiralty|date=1979|publisher=T. Dalton|location=Lavenham, England|isbn=9780900963940}}
External links
- {{Commons category-inline|Channel Squadron}}
{{Admiralty Department}}
{{Royal Navy fleets}}
{{Squadrons of the Royal Navy|state=collapsed}}
Category:Fleets of the Royal Navy
Category:Military history of the English Channel
Category:Military units and formations established in 1858
Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1909