Channing Robertson

{{Infobox Scientist

| name = Channing Robertson

| image =

| image_size =

| alt =

| caption =

| native_name = Channing Rex Robertson

| native_name_lang =

| nationality = American

| citizenship =

| birth_name =

| birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date|59|2003}}{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=13}}

| birth_place =

| death_date =

| death_place =

| resting_place =

| resting_place_coordinates =

|years_active=1961-present

|boards=Theranos

|website={{url|https://engineering.stanford.edu/people/channing-r-robertson}}

| education =Herbert Hoover High School

| alma_mater = University of California, Berkeley
Stanford University

| spouse = Donna Reineke Robertson

| parents =

| children =

| doctoral_students = Seth Darst

| academic_advisors = Andreas Acrivos

| notable_students = Elizabeth Holmes

| workplaces = Stanford University
Theranos

| fields = Chemical engineering

}}

Channing Rex Robertson is a professor emeritus of chemical engineering at Stanford University. He held multiple significant roles at startup Theranos, founded by his student Elizabeth Holmes. Robertson took on major responsibilities at the company prior to its collapse, including becoming its first board member, engaging with venture capitalists, and recruiting biochemist Ian Gibbons. He retired from Stanford in 2012, becoming professor emeritus. Theranos named him the co-leader of their technology advisory board in 2017. He was called as a witness in United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al., which convicted Holmes and partner Sunny Balwani of criminal fraud. During his time working for Holmes, Robertson was paid {{USD}}500,000 per year by Theranos. Since his active role in the Theranos scandal, he went back to teach one course at Stanford.

Early life and education

Robertson spent the early part of his life in Los Angeles, California.{{citation|last=DiPaolo|first=Andy|url=https://purl.stanford.edu/cj914qw1192|access-date=May 6, 2024|chapter=Robertson, Channing R. (2016). Oral History.|title=Stanford Historical Society Oral History Program Interviews|year=2016|publisher=Stanford University}} He went to Herbert Hoover High School in Glendale, California, where he met his wife, Donna Reineke.{{citation|url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/pv963dr4405|access-date=May 6, 2024|title=Donna Robertson : An Oral History|first=Jan|last=Thomson|publisher=Stanford Historical Society; Stanford University|year=2023}}{{citation|url=http://hoover62.com/Big_Slide_Show.asp?Event=2004+61%2D63+Party&Cat=3&offset=141|access-date=May 6, 2024|title=Donna Reineke (Robertson) '60, Channing Robertson '61|year=2004|work=Hoover Reunion Picture Slide Show}} Reineke graduated from Hoover in 1960, with Robertson following in 1961. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from the University of California at Berkeley, followed by a Master of Science in chemical engineering at Stanford University, where his focus included transport phenomena and fluid mechanics. Robertson received his Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D) from Stanford under the supervision of Andreas Acrivos.{{Cite web |url=http://esperia.iesl.forth.gr/~hsr/acrivos_cv.htm |title=Andreas Acrivos CV |website=The Hellenic Society of Rheology |access-date=2019-05-05 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029234435/http://esperia.iesl.forth.gr/~hsr/acrivos_cv.htm |url-status=live }} After graduating from Stanford with his Ph. D, Robertson left academia to become a researcher for in the oil industry; later returning to Stanford to work in the field of bioengineering. Reineke became director of donor relations at Stanford in 1990. She retired from the institution in 2020.

Academic career

Robertson joined the Stanford faculty in 1970. He served as the Ruth G. and William K. Bowes Professor and Senior Associate Dean for Faculty & Academic Affairs in the School of Engineering. He was an advisor to doctoral student Seth Darst.{{citation|page=533|title=The Emergence of Organizations and Markets|first1= John F. |last1=Padgett|first2=Walter W. |last2=Powell|year=2012|isbn=978-0691148878|publisher=Princeton University Press}} Robertson testified in 1998 as a witness for the state about the cigarette brand Marlboro related to a lawsuit against tobacco company Philip Morris USA.{{citation|url=https://www.spokesman.com/stories/1998/feb/09/ammonia-revealed-as-marlboro-secret-experts/|access-date=May 7, 2024|work=The Spokesman-Review|agency=Associated Press|title=Ammonia Revealed As 'Marlboro Secret' Experts Testify Chemical Kept Nicotine At Addictive Level|date=February 9, 1998|first=Steve|last=Karnowski }} In 2000, he was featured in a special issue of Upside, entitled "100 People Who Have Changed the World". He was a founding fellow of the American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering.{{Cite web |url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/members/robertson/en/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041219192041/http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_interaction/tobreg/members/robertson/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 19, 2004 |title=Channing Robertson, PhD |website=WHO |access-date=2019-05-05}} After the collapse of Theranos, Robertson returned to Stanford as professor emeritus, teaching the course "Busting Energy Myths".{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.stanford.edu/people/channing-r-robertson |title=Channing R. Robertson |date=2016-05-10 |website=Stanford School of Engineering |language=en |access-date=2019-05-05 |last3=California 94305 |archive-date=2019-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505165816/https://engineering.stanford.edu/people/channing-r-robertson |url-status=live }}

Theranos

File:Elizabeth Holmes at a Nuclear nonproliferation discussion in 2013 - 130417-D-NI589-107 (cropped 2).jpg founder Elizabeth Holmes at Stanford University, April 17, 2013]]

Robertson taught Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes when she was a student at Stanford.{{citation|url=https://www.newsweek.com/lawyers-elizabeth-holmes-wont-say-whether-former-theranos-ceo-will-testify-trial-1651481|access-date=May 5, 2024|work=Newsweek|title=Disgraced Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes Surprisingly Takes Stand at Her Criminal Trial|date=November 19, 2021|first=Katie|last=Wermus|agency=Associated Press}}{{citation|url=https://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2021/nov/20/ex-head-of-theranos-testifies-in-fraud-trial/|access-date=May 5, 2024|title=Ex-head of Theranos testifies in fraud trial|work=Arkansas Democrat Gazette|agency=Associated Press|date=November 20, 2021|first1=Michael|last1=Liedtke|first2=Barbara|last2=Ortutay}} He became acquainted with her after granting her request to work in a research laboratory at Stanford amidst Ph. D graduate students.{{citation|title=Startup Ethics: Ethically Responsible Conduct of Scientists and Engineers at Theranos|first=Robert E. |last=McGinn|year=2022|journal=Science and Engineering Ethics|doi=10.1007/s11948-022-00393-2|pmid=36040562|volume=28|issue=5|page=39|pmc=9425795}} Robertson was initially swayed by his student's ideas on what she felt her fledgling technology could accomplish.{{citation|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/elizabeth-holmes-points-fingers-at-others-and-says-she-was-a-believer/|access-date=May 5, 2024|title=Elizabeth Holmes points fingers at others and says she was a believer|first=Erin|last=Griffith|date=November 23, 2021|agency=The New York Times|work=The Seattle Times}}{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/elizabeth-holmes-trial-theranos/card/U6tojB7Gy0yjnlKsArr4|access-date=May 5, 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|title=Holmes Testimony Starts at the Very Beginning of Theranos|date=November 19, 2021|first=Sara|last=Randazzo}} After Holmes dropped out, Robertson helped her start Theranos in 2003.{{citation|title=Games of Greed: Excess, Hubris, Fraud, and Theft on Main Street and Wall Street|first= Torsten|last= Dennin|year=2023|isbn=978-1632996411|publisher=River Grove Books|chapter=Chasing Unicorns: Elizabeth Holmes, Theranos, and the Disgrace of Silicon Valley}} He went on to become the company's first board member.{{citation|url=https://time.com/6153335/elizabeth-holmes-the-dropout-true-story/|access-date=May 5, 2024|magazine=Time|title=The True Story Behind The Dropout and the Elizabeth Holmes Theranos Scandal|date=March 22, 2022|first=Hannah|last=Lynn}}{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.stanford.edu/news/not-so-retiring-retirement-channing-robertson |title=The not-so-retiring retirement of Channing Robertson |date=2012-02-28 |last=Firth |first=Simon |website=Stanford School of Engineering |language=en |access-date=2019-05-05 |location=California 94305 |archive-date=2019-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505165819/https://engineering.stanford.edu/news/not-so-retiring-retirement-channing-robertson |url-status=live }}{{Cite news |url=http://www.ozy.com/need-to-know/newsmaker-elizabeth-holmes/87385 |title=Will Disgraced CEO Elizabeth Holmes Woo Another Batch of Silicon Valley Investors? |last=Foley |first=Matt |date=2018-06-14 |work=OZY |access-date=2019-05-05 |language=en |archive-date=2019-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505165817/https://www.ozy.com/need-to-know/newsmaker-elizabeth-holmes/87385 |url-status=live }} Robertson gave up his academic tenure teaching position in order to work at Theranos.{{citation|first=Alex|last=Gibney|authorlink=Alex Gibney|title=The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley|year=2019|chapter=Holmes' Education (04:54)|publisher=HBO Documentary Films}} Along with Robertson, his associate from his lab Shaunak Roy also joined Holmes at Theranos and became its co-founder.{{citation|url=https://www.ft.com/content/93bc82a2-e763-11e8-8a85-04b8afea6ea3|access-date=May 6, 2024|work=Financial Times|title=The Theranos tale exposes the dangers lurking in Silicon Valley|first=Andrew|last=Hill|date=November 14, 2018}}{{citation|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-history-of-silicon-valley-unicorn-theranos-and-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-2018-5|access-date=May 6, 2024|date=May 25, 2018|title=The rise and fall of Theranos, the blood-testing startup that went from a rising star in Silicon Valley to facing fraud charges over a wild 15-year span|first1=Charlotte |last1=Hu |first2= Lydia |last2=Ramsey|archive-date=May 25, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180525133354/https://www.businessinsider.com/the-history-of-silicon-valley-unicorn-theranos-and-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-2018-5|work=Business Insider}} Shaunak and Holmes had previously worked together in Robertson's lab at Stanford.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=5}} Robertson brought venture capitalists to meet with Holmes about her early business venture.{{citation|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-employees-describe-culture-secrecy-elizabeth-holmes-startup/story?id=60544673|access-date=May 6, 2024|work=ABC News|title=Ex-Theranos employees describe culture of secrecy at Elizabeth Holmes' startup: 'The Dropout' podcast ep. 1 - Ex-Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes has pleaded not guilty to wire fraud charges.|date=March 12, 2019|first1=Taylor |last1=Dunn|first2= Victoria |last2=Thompson|first3=Rebecca |last3=Jarvis}}{{citation|url=https://harpersbazaar.com.au/elizabeth-holmes-prison-the-dropout/|access-date=May 5, 2024|work=Harpers Bazaar Australia|title=From Elizabeth Holmes' makeup to her voice — how accurate is 'The Dropout'?|first=Amy|last= Mackelden|date=March 28, 2022}} He convinced Ian Gibbons to work for Theranos in 2005.{{citation|title=Startup Cities: Why Only a Few Cities Dominate the Global Startup Scene and What the Rest Should Do About It|first=Peter S. |last=Cohan|chapter=Chapter 4: Deepening the Human Capital Pool|year=2018|isbn=978-1484233924|publisher=Apress}} Robertson and Gibbons had previously worked together in the 1980s and co-authored a patent at Biotrack Laboratories.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=141}}{{citation|url=https://www.distractify.com/p/what-happened-to-ian-gibbons-the-dropout|access-date=May 6, 2024|title=The Tragic Story of Ian Gibbons, the Scientist Tasked With Making the Theranos Technology Work|work=Distractify|first=Jennifer|last=Tisdale|date=March 3, 2022}} Gibbons brought confidential concerns about Theranos to Robertson in confidence, including the fact that the technology was not working.{{citation|url=https://www.spiked-online.com/2022/01/07/how-elizabeth-holmes-fleeced-the-elites/|work=Spiked|title=How Elizabeth Holmes fleeced the elites - Big investors were all too willing to believe the Theranos hype.|date=7 January 2022|access-date=26 April 2024|first=Andrew|last=Orlowski}} Gibbons asked Robertson to keep his private comments about Theranos between them. Robertson then immediately shared Gibbons's concerns with Holmes, who fired Gibbons.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=143}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/10/22/british-head-scientist-at-us-mavericks-silicon-valley-start-up-t/ |title=British head scientist at US maverick's Silicon Valley start-up took own life over 'unworkable' technology |last1=Daniel |first1=Hugo |date=2016-10-22 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=2019-05-05 |last2=Alexander |first2=Harriet |language=en-GB |issn=0307-1235 |archive-date=2019-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505165806/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/10/22/british-head-scientist-at-us-mavericks-silicon-valley-start-up-t/ |url-status=live }}

Holmes kept a quote from Robertson featured on her desk: "You start to realize you are looking in the eyes of another Bill Gates, or Steve Jobs."{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=21}} After receiving this assessment from Robertson, Holmes later began to dress like Jobs.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=31}} Robertson was included in activities related to Holmes's personal life, and was a featured guest at her 30th birthday party at the home of fellow Theranos board member and former United States Secretary of State George Shultz.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=191}}

According to criminal filings by prosecutors in United States v. Elizabeth A. Holmes, et al., Robertson was paid approximately {{USD}}463,000 by Theranos from March 2015 to February 2016.{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/elizabeth-holmes-trial-theranos/card/Sj0xhFrrCkm6KQ7R0Byt|access-date=May 5, 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 8, 2021|title=How Theranos Spent $28.6 Million on Vendors in 11 Months|first=Sara |last=Randazzo}} In 2017, Theranos named him the co-leader of their technology advisory board.{{citation|url=https://www.newsweek.com/dropout-cast-who-dropout-elizabeth-holmes-amanda-seyfried-theranos-1684224|access-date=May 6, 2024|work=Newsweek|title=Meet 'The Dropout' Cast and the Real-Life Characters Behind the Hulu Show|date=March 2, 2022|first=Molli |last=Mitchell}}{{Cite news |url=https://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Theranos-just-made-another-major-leadership-change-10863147.php |title=Theranos just made another major leadership change |last1=Ramsey |first1=Lydia |date=2017-01-17 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |access-date=2019-05-05 |last2=By |first2=Provided |archive-date=2019-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190505165806/https://www.sfgate.com/technology/businessinsider/article/Theranos-just-made-another-major-leadership-change-10863147.php |url-status=live }}{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/livecoverage/elizabeth-holmes-trial-theranos/card/YVxKNSjUTQJCiirfgshY|access-date=May 6, 2024|work=The Wall Street Journal|title=In Testimony, Elizabeth Holmes Tries to Distance Herself from Lab Troubles|date=November 30, 2021|first=Heather|last=Somerville}} Brian Grossman, PFM Health Sciences chief investment officer, testified that he spoke with and relied upon Robertson's expertise prior to his firm's $96 million investment in Theranos.{{citation|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/11/16/22786461/elizabeth-holmes-theranos-trial-brian-grossman-pfm-investor-testimony|access-date=May 5, 2024|title=Theranos drained $96 million from an experienced investor — plus some blood|work=The Verge|date=November 16, 2021|first=Elizabeth|last=Lopatto}}{{citation|url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/11/theranos-duped-savvy-investor-blocked-contact-with-partners-holmes-jury-hears/|access-date=May 6, 2024|work=Ars Technica|date=November 17, 2021|title=Holmes jury learns how Theranos duped a savvy health care investor|first=Tim|last=De Chant}} Robertson assured him Theranos's technology was sound and years ahead of competitors. Robertson stated to Grossman that the only risk related to the company was with customer experiences. After speaking with Robertson, Grossman felt confident in his firm's investment in Theranos. Grossman testified under oath as to his conversation with Robertson about Theranos, in the U.S. government's criminal trial against Holmes.{{citation|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/investor-tells-jury-that-holmes-bragged-about-device-capability/|access-date=May 5, 2024|title=Investor tells jury that Holmes bragged about device capability|first=Matthew|last=Renda|work=Courthouse News Service|date=November 16, 2021}} Robertson kept what was happening at Theranos secret, and did not tell his wife what was happening at the company.{{citation|url=https://slate.com/technology/2016/07/elizabeth-holmes-shouldnt-be-the-only-person-we-blame-for-theranos-downfall.html|access-date=May 5, 2024|work=Slate|title=Theranos' Downfall Isn't Just Elizabeth Holmes' Fault|first=Shannon|last=Palus|date=July 8, 2016}}

Following a report by Wall Street Journal investigative journalist John Carreyrou on questionable medical practices at Theranos, Robertson defended the company in an interview with Bloomberg Businessweek.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=280}}{{citation|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-12-10/can-theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-fend-off-her-critics-|access-date=May 8, 2024|work=Bloomberg Businessweek|title=Can Elizabeth Holmes Save Her Unicorn? - Theranos wants to convince the world it's for real.|first1=Sheelah|last1= Kolhatkar |first2= Caroline |last2=Chen|date=December 10, 2015}} Robertson told Bloomberg Businessweek, "We would have to be certifiable", to go live with actual medical patients with a product that impacted individuals' health, with foreknowledge the tests were not dependable.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=280}} In the same interview, Robertson classed Holmes among geniuses including Leonardo da Vinci, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Albert Einstein, and Isaac Newton.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=280}}

As late as May 2018, Robertson believed the company was successful in developing novel blood testing technology. According to lawyer Reed Kathrein, who sued Theranos on behalf of some of its former investors, the company only paid Robertson to lend itself credibility.{{Cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-remarkable-blood-test-claims-began-unravel/story?id=61173853 |title=When Theranos' remarkable blood-test claims began to unravel |date=2019-03-14 |work=ABC News |access-date=2019-05-05 |language=en |archive-date=2021-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211013122829/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-remarkable-blood-test-claims-began-unravel/story?id=61173853 |url-status=live }} Robertson maintained ties to Theranos, continuing to both work at the company and serve on its board of directors until 2018.{{citation|url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a39353943/the-dropout-true-story-investors/|access-date=May 5, 2024|work=Esquire|title=The Dropout is Full of Duped Investors. All of Them Are Real.|date=September 9, 2022|first=Justin|last=Kirkland}} Kathrein said Holmes, "compensated him very, very well. From 2013 through 2017 she paid him more than anyone else at the company. ... From what I can tell, she paid him $500,000 a year for those four years." Robertson confirmed his income in testimony during litigation between Theranos and Richard Fuisz.{{sfn|Carreyrou|2018|p=208}} Kathrein described Robertson as the person in the world who "would have known the right questions to ask". Robertson was a witness in U.S. v. Holmes, at the conclusion of which Holmes and partner Sunny Balwani were convicted of criminal fraud.{{citation|url=https://thecinemaholic.com/where-is-theranos-channing-robertson-now/|access-date=May 6, 2024|title=Where is Theranos' Channing Robertson Now?|date=March 7, 2022|first=Pratik|last=Handore|work=TheCinemaholic}}

In media

The Wall Street Journal investigative journalist John Carreyrou delved into the manner in which Elizabeth Holmes courted Robertson to involve himself in her company Theranos; he recounted this in-depth in his 2018 book, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup.{{citation|title=John Carreyrou, Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup|doi=10.1080/13218719.2019.1647599|year=2019|journal=Psychiatry, Psychology and Law|first=Ian |last=Freckelton|volume=26|issue=4|pages=706–708|pmc=6762173}}{{citation|url=https://www.siliconvalley.com/2018/05/25/bad-blood-the-unraveling-of-theranos-and-elizabeth-holmes/|access-date=May 7, 2024|title='Bad Blood': The unraveling of Theranos and Elizabeth Holmes|first=Levi|last=Sumagaysay|date=May 25, 2018|work=The Mercury News}}{{citation|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2018/10/at-harvard-author-weaves-cautionary-tale-for-silicon-valley/|access-date=May 7, 2024|title=A cautionary tale for Silicon Valley: Reporter who broke Theranos story explains rise and fall of blood-testing firm|first=John |last=Laidler|date=October 3, 2018|work=The Harvard Gazette}} This relationship was investigated further in the 2019 Alex Gibney documentary, The Inventor: Out for Blood in Silicon Valley.{{citation|url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2019/03/hbos-elizabeth-holmes-documentary-tells-a-bloody-good-story-of-a-bad-con-job/|access-date=May 7, 2024|work=Ars Technica|title=HBO's Elizabeth Holmes documentary tells a bloody good story of a bad con job|first=Sam|last=Machkovech|date=March 15, 2019}}{{citation|url=https://screenrant.com/inventor-theranos-documentary-reveals-hbo/|access-date=May 7, 2024|work=Screen Rant|date=March 19, 2019|title=The Inventor: Biggest Reveals from HBO's Theranos Documentary|first=Quinn|last=Hough}}{{citation|url=https://www.ypradio.org/2019-03-17/in-theranos-documentary-the-inventor-filmmakers-capture-a-stubborn-elizabeth-holmes|access-date=May 7, 2024|title=In Theranos Documentary 'The Inventor,' Filmmakers Capture A Stubborn Elizabeth Holmes|work=National Public Radio|first=Michel|last=Martin|authorlink=Michel Martin|date=March 17, 2019}} Rebecca Jarvis delved into the early background between Robertson and Holmes, in her 2019 podcast about Theranos, The Dropout.{{citation|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/dropout-elizabeth-holmes-theranos-podcast-783320/|access-date=May 7, 2024|magazine=Rolling Stone|title='The Dropout': New Podcast Dives into Elizabeth Holmes' Alleged Theranos Fraud|date=January 23, 2019|first=Amelia|last=McDonell-Parry}}{{citation|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/01/23/a-new-abc-documentary-and-podcast-about-theranos-features-never-before-aired-depositions/|access-date=May 7, 2024|work=Tech Crunch|title=A new ABC documentary and podcast about Theranos features never-before-aired depositions|first=Connie |last=Loizos|date=January 23, 2019}}{{citation|url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/news/story/theranos-employees-describe-culture-secrecy-elizabeth-holmes-startup-60544673|access-date=May 7, 2024|title=Ex-Theranos employees describe culture of secrecy at Elizabeth Holmes' startup: 'The Dropout' podcast ep. 1|work=Good Morning America|date=March 12, 2019|first1=Taylor|last1= Dunn|first2=Victoria |last2=Thompson|first3=Rebecca |last3=Jarvis}} In the 2022 American biographical television drama miniseries The Dropout, based on the Jarvis podcast of the same name, Robertson was portrayed by actor Bill Irwin.{{citation|url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/g39313473/the-dropout-cast-vs-real-life-actors/|access-date=May 6, 2024|work=Men's Health|title=See The Dropout Cast Compared to Their Real-Life Counterparts|first=Evan|last=Romano|date=April 6, 2022}}

References

=Notes=

=Works cited=

{{citation|first=John|last=Carreyrou|authorlink=John Carreyrou|title=Bad Blood: Secrets and Lies in a Silicon Valley Startup|edition=hardcover|year=2018|publisher=Alfred A. Knopf|isbn=978-1524731656|location=New York|oclc=1029779381}}