George Shultz

Shultz was born December 13, 1920, in New York City, the only child of Margaret Lennox (née Pratt) and Birl Earl Shultz.{{Cite book |first=United States Congress House Committee on Appropriations Subcommittee on Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare, and Related Agencies |title=Departments of Labor, and Health, Education, and Welfare Appropriations for 1971: Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Appropriations, House of Representatives, Ninety-first Congress, Second Session |date=1970 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=1 |language=en}} He grew up in Englewood, New Jersey.{{cite book|last=Katz|first=Bernard S.|author2=C. Daniel Vencill|title=Biographical Dictionary of the United States Secretaries of the Treasury, 1789–1995|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|year=1996|pages=320–332|isbn=978-0313280122|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aMiA05P92h8C|access-date=October 25, 2020 |via=Google Books}} His great-grandfather was an immigrant from Germany who arrived in the United States in the middle of the 19th century. Contrary to common assumption, Shultz was not a member of the Pratt family associated with John D. Rockefeller and the Standard Oil Trust.{{cite book

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After attending the local public school, he transferred to the Englewood School for Boys (now Dwight-Englewood School), through his second year of high school.Burnett, Paul. [https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/file_uploads/shultz_george_2016-transcript-BFI.pdf#page=12 Problems and Principles: George P. Shultz and the Uses of Economic Thinking] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615005032/https://bfi.uchicago.edu/sites/default/files/file_uploads/shultz_george_2016-transcript-BFI.pdf#page=12 |date=June 15, 2018 }}, University of California, Berkeley. Accessed June 14, 2018. "I went to the public school for a while, then I went to a school called the Englewood School for Boys, now merged with the Dwight School. In my last two years, I went to the Loomis School in Windsor, Connecticut." In 1938, Shultz graduated from the private preparatory boarding high school Loomis Chaffee School in Windsor, Connecticut. He earned a bachelor's degree, cum laude, at Princeton University, New Jersey, in economics with a minor in public and international affairs. His senior thesis, "The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority", examined the Tennessee Valley Authority's effect on local agriculture, for which he conducted on-site research.{{cite web |last=Shultz |first=George Pratt |date=1942 |title=The Agricultural Program of the Tennessee Valley Authority |url=https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01z029p5487 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154016/https://catalog.princeton.edu/catalog/dsp01z029p5487 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=May 27, 2020 |publisher=Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Affairs |language=en |journal=}} He graduated with honors in 1942.

From 1942 to 1945, Shultz was on active duty in the U.S. Marine Corps. He was an artillery officer, attaining the rank of captain. He was attached to the U.S. Army 81st Infantry Division during the Battle of Angaur (Battle of Peleliu).{{cite web|url=http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/108/publ479.108.txt |title=Joint Resolution: Recognizing the 60th anniversary of the Battle of Peleliu |access-date=February 7, 2012 |date=December 21, 2004 |work=Congressional Record |publisher=Government Printing Office |author=U.S. House of Representatives |volume=150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322164850/http://ftp.resource.org/gpo.gov/laws/108/publ479.108.txt |archive-date=March 22, 2012 |author-link=U.S. House of Representatives }} H.J. Res. 102

In 1949, Shultz earned a PhD in industrial economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.{{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of World Biography|publisher=Thomson Gale|location=Detroit, Michigan|year=2006|edition=2nd|isbn=1-4144-1041-7|oclc=1414410417|url=http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-pratt-shultz/|access-date=April 26, 2009|last=Ratiner|first=Tracie|archive-date=June 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606121024/http://www.bookrags.com/biography/george-pratt-shultz/|url-status=live}} From 1948 to 1957, he taught in the MIT Department of Economics and the MIT Sloan School of Management, with a leave of absence in 1955 to serve on President Dwight D. Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers as a Senior Staff Economist.{{Cite book |last=Solomon |first=Richard H. |title=The Information Revolution and International Conflict Management |date=1997 |publisher=U.S. Institute of Peace |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=19 |language=en}} In 1957, Shultz left MIT and joined the University of Chicago Graduate School of Business as a professor of industrial relations, and he served as the Graduate School of Business Dean from 1962 to 1968.{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42682|title=Ronald Reagan: Nomination of George P. Shultz To Be Secretary of State|website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu|access-date=December 15, 2017|archive-date=December 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215221646/http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=42682|url-status=live}} During his time in Chicago, he was influenced by Nobel Laureates Milton Friedman and George Stigler, who reinforced Shultz's view of the importance of a free-market economy.[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_georgeshultz.html#2 "The Chicago School and Its Impact"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170619162457/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/commandingheights/shared/minitext/int_georgeshultz.html#2 |date=June 19, 2017 }} Commanding Heights: George Shultz, October 2, 2000 He left the University of Chicago to serve under President Richard Nixon in 1969.{{cite web|date=February 7, 2021|title=George Schultz [sic], who led Reagan's Cold War diplomacy, dies|url=https://www.chicagobusiness.com/obituaries/george-schultz-who-led-reagans-cold-war-diplomacy-dies|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Crain's Chicago Business|language=en|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207201243/https://www.chicagobusiness.com/obituaries/george-schultz-who-led-reagans-cold-war-diplomacy-dies|url-status=live}}

File:President Nixon signing Executive Order 11491, with labor leaders - NARA - 194659.tif and labor leaders at the signing of Executive Order 11491 on October 29, 1969]]

File:Richard M. Nixon posing with his Cabinet - NARA - 194437.jpg

File:President Nixon meeting with economic advisors and Cabinet members - NARA - 194579.jpg economic advisors and cabinet members on May 7, 1974. Clockwise from Richard Nixon: George P. Shultz, James T. Lynn, Alexander M. Haig, Jr., Roy L. Ash, Herbert Stein, and William E. Simon.]]

Shultz was President Richard Nixon's Secretary of Labor from 1969 to 1970. He soon faced the crisis of the Longshoremen's Union strike. The Lyndon B. Johnson Administration had delayed the walkout with a Taft–Hartley injunction that expired, and the press pressed him to describe his approach. He applied the theory he had developed in academia: he let the parties work it out, which they did quickly. He also imposed the Philadelphia Plan, which required Pennsylvania construction unions to admit a certain number of black members by an enforced deadline—a break with their past policy of largely discriminating against such members. This marked the first use of racial quotas in the federal government.{{cite book|title=How We Got Here: The '70s|last=Frum|first=David|author-link=David Frum|year=2000|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=0-465-04195-7|page=[https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/243 243]|url=https://archive.org/details/howwegothere70sd00frum/page/243}}

Daniel Patrick Moynihan, Nixon's first choice for Secretary of Labor, was deemed unacceptable by AFL–CIO President George Meany, which pushed to fill the position with Shultz, then Dean of University of Chicago's School of Business, (with prior experience in another GOP administration, on President Eisenhower's Council of Economic Advisers).{{cite web|title=Remembering George Shultz: Washington Insider and Infighter|url=https://www.wbap.com/news/remembering-george-shultz-washington-insider-and-infighter/|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=News Talk WBAP-AM|language=en-US|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208012214/https://www.wbap.com/news/remembering-george-shultz-washington-insider-and-infighter/|url-status=live}}

Shultz became the first director of the Office of Management and Budget, the renamed and reorganized Bureau of the Budget, on July 1, 1970.{{cite book |last=Ellis|first=Richard J.|title=The Development of the American Presidency |edition=2nd |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |location=New York |pages=387–388 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYBCgAAQBAJ&q=omb+director+schultz&pg=PA388 |isbn=978-1317552963 |access-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154016/https://books.google.com/books?id=BcYBCgAAQBAJ&q=omb+director+schultz&pg=PA388 |url-status=live }} He was the agency's 19th director.{{cite web |url=https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/organization_former_directors |title=Former Directors of OMB and BOB |publisher=Office of Management and Budget |access-date=August 22, 2016 |archive-date=January 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170121005958/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/omb/organization_former_directors/ |url-status=live }}

Shultz was United States Secretary of the Treasury from June 1972 to May 1974. During his tenure, he was concerned with two major issues, namely the continuing domestic administration of Nixon's "New Economic Policy", begun under Secretary John Connally (Shultz privately opposed its three elements), and a renewed dollar crisis that broke out in February 1973.

Domestically Shultz enacted the next phase of the NEP, lifting price controls begun in 1971. This phase was a failure, resulting in high inflation, and price freezes were reestablished five months later.

Meanwhile, Shultz's attention was increasingly diverted from the domestic economy to the international arena. In 1973, he participated in an international monetary conference in Paris that grew out of the 1971 decision to abolish the gold standard, a decision Shultz and Paul Volcker had supported (see Nixon Shock). The conference formally abolished the Bretton Woods system, causing all currencies to float. During this period Shultz co-founded the "Library Group", which became the G7. Shultz resigned shortly before Nixon to return to private life.{{cite web |url=http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/gpschultz.shtml |title=History of the Treasury: George P. Shultz |year=2001 |publisher=United States Department of the Treasury, Office of the Curator |access-date=February 12, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090201091809/http://www.ustreas.gov/education/history/secretaries/gpschultz.shtml |archive-date=February 1, 2009 }}

Shultz was instrumental in handling relations with Soviet Jewry.{{cite web|last=JNS|title=George Shultz|url=https://www.clevelandjewishnews.com/jns/george-shultz/article_3ffb890c-992c-5be6-98ac-cdc5559c9f13.html|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Cleveland Jewish News|date=April 23, 2018 |language=en}}{{cite web|last=Sarare|date=February 8, 2021|title=Secretary Of State George Shultz, Instrumental In Releasing Soviet Jewry, Dies At 100|url=https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/headlines-breaking-stories/1946115/secretary-of-state-george-shultz-instrumental-in-releasing-soviet-jewry-dies-at-100.html|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=The Yeshiva World|language=en-US}}

In 1974, he left government service to become executive vice president of Bechtel Group, a large engineering and services company. He was later its president and a director.{{cite web |title=Bechtel, Business and the Board of Directors |url=https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/turmoil_triumph/explore/shultz/bechtel.php |website=Free To Choose Network |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154036/https://www.freetochoosenetwork.org/programs/turmoil_triumph/explore/shultz/bechtel.php |url-status=live }}

Under Shultz's leadership, Bechtel received contracts for many large construction projects, including from Saudi Arabia. In the year before he left Bechtel, the company reported a 50% increase in revenue.{{cite news|last1=Lueck|first1=Thomas|title=Bechtel Loses Another Officer to Reagan's Cabinet|newspaper=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/26/business/bechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html|access-date=August 11, 2016|date=June 26, 1982|archive-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822073735/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/06/26/business/bechtel-loses-another-officer-to-reagan-s-cabinet.html|url-status=live}}

Shultz is one of only two individuals to have served in four United States Cabinet positions within the United States government, the other having been Elliot Richardson.{{cite web|last=Andrew Glass|title=George Shultz born in New York City, December 13, 1920|url=https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/this-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=POLITICO|date=December 12, 2015 |language=en|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213170656/https://www.politico.com/story/2015/12/this-day-in-politics-december-13-1920-216597|url-status=live}}{{cite web|title=George Shultz|url=http://www.limmudfsu.org/spec/george-shultz|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.limmudfsu.org|archive-date=December 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202114754/https://www.limmudfsu.org/spec/george-shultz|url-status=live}}

On July 16, 1982, Shultz was appointed by President Ronald Reagan as the 60th U.S. Secretary of State, replacing Alexander Haig, who had resigned. Shultz served for six and a half years, the longest tenure since Dean Rusk's.{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz|title=Secretary Shultz Takes Charge|work=Short History of the Department of State|publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=February 13, 2009|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205205957/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/shultz|url-status=live}} The possibility of a conflict of interest in his position as secretary of state after being in the upper management of the Bechtel Group was raised by several senators during his confirmation hearings. Shultz briefly lost his temper in response to some questions on the subject but was nevertheless unanimously confirmed by the Senate.{{cite web|last1=Greider|first1=William|title=The Boys From Bechtel|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-boys-from-bechtel-19820902|publisher=Rolling Stone|access-date=August 11, 2016|date=December 9, 1982|archive-date=August 22, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160822101603/http://www.rollingstone.com/politics/news/the-boys-from-bechtel-19820902|url-status=live}}

Shultz relied primarily on the Foreign Service to formulate and implement Reagan's foreign policy. As reported in the State Department's official history, "by the summer of 1985, Shultz had personally selected most of the senior officials in the Department, emphasizing professional over political credentials in the process [...] The Foreign Service responded in kind by giving Shultz its 'complete support,' making him one of the most popular Secretaries since Dean Acheson." Shultz's success came from not only the respect he earned from the bureaucracy but the strong relationship he forged with Reagan, who trusted him completely.van Dijk, Ruud et al, eds. (2008) Encyclopedia of the Cold War, Vol. 1. New York: Routledge, p. 787.

Diplomatic historian Walter LaFeber states that his 1993 memoir, Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, "is the most detailed, vivid, outspoken, and reliable record we probably shall have of the 1980s until the documents are opened".Walter LaFeber, review in American Historical Review (Oct. 1993), p. 1203.

File:President Ronald Reagan walking with George Shultz outside the Oval Office.jpg

Shultz inherited negotiations with the People's Republic of China over Taiwan from his predecessor. Under the terms of the Taiwan Relations Act, the United States was obligated to assist in Taiwan's defense, which included the sale of arms. The Administration debate on Taiwan, especially over the sale of military aircraft, resulted in a crisis in relations with China, which was alleviated only in August 1982, when, after months of arduous negotiations, the United States and the PRC issued a joint communiqué on Taiwan in which the United States agreed to limit arms sales to Taiwan and China agreed to seek a "peaceful solution".{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/reaganforeignpolicy|title=Reagan's Foreign Policy|work=Short History of the Department of State|publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=February 13, 2009|archive-date=February 20, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220204151/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/reaganforeignpolicy|url-status=live}}

By the summer of 1982, relations were strained not only between Washington and Moscow but also between Washington and key capitals in Western Europe. In response to the imposition of martial law in Poland the previous December, the Reagan administration had imposed sanctions on a pipeline between West Germany and the Soviet Union. European leaders vigorously protested sanctions that damaged their interests but not U.S. interests in grain sales to the Soviet Union. Shultz resolved this "poisonous problem" in December 1982, when the United States agreed to abandon sanctions against the pipeline and the Europeans agreed to adopt stricter controls on strategic trade with the Soviets.{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/europe|title=The United States in Europe|work=Short History of the Department of State|publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=February 13, 2009|archive-date=March 14, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190314160130/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/europe|url-status=live}}

A more controversial issue was the NATO Ministers' 1979 "dual track" decision: if the Soviets refused to remove their SS-20 medium range ballistic missiles within four years, then the Allies would deploy a countervailing force of cruise and Pershing II missiles in Western Europe. When negotiations on these intermediate nuclear forces (INF) stalled, 1983 became a year of protest. Shultz and other Western leaders worked hard to maintain allied unity amidst anti-nuclear demonstrations in Europe and the United States. In spite of Western protests and Soviet propaganda, the allies began deployment of the missiles as scheduled in November 1983.

U.S.–Soviet tensions were raised by the announcement in March 1983 of the Strategic Defense Initiative, and exacerbated by the Soviet shoot-down of Korean Air Lines Flight 007 near Moneron Island on September 1. Tensions reached a height with the Able Archer 83 exercises in November 1983, during which the Soviets feared a pre-emptive American attack.{{cite book |author1=Andrew, Christopher |author2=Gordievsky, Oleg |title=KGB: The Inside Story of Its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev |publisher=Harpercollins |year=1992 |page=[https://archive.org/details/kgbinsidestoryof00chri/page/600 600] |isbn=0-06-016605-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/kgbinsidestoryof00chri |url-access=registration }}

Following the missile deployment and the exercises, both Shultz and Reagan resolved to seek further dialogue with the Soviets.{{cite book |first=Ronald |last=Reagan |title=An American Life |publisher=Simon and Schuster |location=New York |year=1990|pages=585, 588–589 |isbn=1-59248-531-6}}

When General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev of the Soviet Union came to power in 1985, Shultz advocated that Reagan pursue a personal dialogue with him. Reagan gradually changed his perception of Gorbachev's strategic intentions in 1987, when the two leaders signed the Intermediate Range Nuclear Forces Treaty.{{cite journal|last=Yarhi-Milo|first=Keren|title=In the Eye of the Beholder: How Leaders and Intelligence Communities Assess the Intentions of Adversaries|journal=International Security|date=Summer 2013|volume= 38|issue= 1|page=31|doi=10.1162/isec_a_00128|s2cid=57565605|doi-access=free}} The treaty, which eliminated an entire class of missiles in Europe, was a milestone in the history of the Cold War. Although Gorbachev took the initiative, Reagan was well prepared by the State Department to negotiate.{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev|title=Gorbachev and Perestroika|work=Short History of the Department of State|publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=February 13, 2009|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205210039/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/short-history/gorbachev|url-status=live}}

Two more events in 1988 persuaded Shultz that Soviet intentions were changing. First, the Soviet Union's initial withdrawal from Afghanistan indicated that the Brezhnev Doctrine was dead. "If the Soviets left Afghanistan, the Brezhnev Doctrine would be breached, and the principle of 'never letting go' would be violated", Shultz reasoned. The second event, according to Keren Yarhi-Milo of Princeton University, happened during the 19th Communist Party Conference, "at which Gorbachev proposed major domestic reforms such as the establishment of competitive elections with secret ballots; term limits for elected officials; separation of powers with an independent judiciary; and provisions for freedom of speech, assembly, conscience, and the press." The proposals indicated that Gorbachev was making revolutionary and irreversible changes.

In response to the escalating violence of the Lebanese civil war, Reagan sent a Marine contingent to protect the Palestinian refugee camps and support the Lebanese Government. The October 1983 bombing of the Marine barracks in Beirut killed 241 U.S. servicemen, after which the deployment came to an ignominious end. Shultz subsequently negotiated an agreement between Israel and Lebanon and convinced Israel to begin partial withdrawal of its troops in January 1985 despite Lebanon's contravention of the settlement.{{cite web|url=https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt|title=George P. Shultz|publisher=United States Department of State, Office of the Historian|access-date=February 13, 2009|archive-date=December 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205054743/https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/shultz-george-pratt|url-status=live}}

During the First Intifada (see Arab–Israeli conflict), Shultz "proposed ... an international convention in April 1988 ... on an interim autonomy agreement for the West Bank and Gaza Strip, to be implemented as of October for a three-year period".Oded, Eran (2002). "Arab-Israel Peacemaking." The Continuum Political Encyclopedia of the Middle East. Ed. Avraham Sela. New York: Continuum. p. 135 By December 1988, after six months of shuttle diplomacy, Shultz had established a diplomatic dialogue with the Palestine Liberation Organization, which was picked up by the next Administration.

Shultz was known for outspoken opposition to the "arms for hostages" scandal that would eventually become known as the Iran-Contra Affair.{{cite web|title=Understanding the Iran-Contra Affairs - The Legal Aftermath|url=https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/profile-shultz.php|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.brown.edu|archive-date=December 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213184836/https://www.brown.edu/Research/Understanding_the_Iran_Contra_Affair/profile-shultz.php|url-status=live}} In 1983 testimony before Congress, he said that the Sandinista government in Nicaragua was "a very undesirable cancer in the area".{{cite web|title=Shultz Says U.S. Has Moral Duty To Support Contras|url=https://apnews.com/article/c590b7fcf292781f36222f7eb4a1fcb8|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154054/https://apnews.com/article/c590b7fcf292781f36222f7eb4a1fcb8|url-status=live}} He was also opposed to any negotiation with the government of Daniel Ortega: "Negotiations are a euphemism for capitulation if the shadow of power is not cast across the bargaining table."{{cite web|title={{sic|Prec|eed|nolink=y}} WASHINGTON|url=https://apnews.com/article/75ff5b0e6fce4077092a1d5507a98453|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=AP NEWS|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154043/https://apnews.com/article/75ff5b0e6fce4077092a1d5507a98453|url-status=live}}

File:Nancy Reagan, Polish President, First Lady, George Shultz July 17, 2007.JPG and his wife, Maria Kaczyńska, as well as former US first lady Nancy Reagan (center, second from right)]]

After leaving public office, Shultz "retained an iconoclastic streak" and publicly opposed some positions taken by fellow Republicans.{{cite news|first=Matthew|last=Lee|url=https://apnews.com/article/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-middle-east-cabinets-00d7789a80e6821de36c07f12e5f8d9f|title=Longtime Reagan Secretary of State George Shultz dies at 100|work=Associated Press|date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207213730/https://apnews.com/article/ronald-reagan-richard-nixon-middle-east-cabinets-00d7789a80e6821de36c07f12e5f8d9f |archive-date=February 7, 2021 }} He called the War on Drugs a failure, and added his signature to an advertisement printed in The New York Times in 1998, headlined "We believe the global war on drugs is now causing more harm than drug abuse itself." In 2011, he was part of the Global Commission on Drug Policy, which called for a public health and harm reduction approach towards drug use, alongside Kofi Annan, Paul Volcker, and George Papandreou.{{cite web |url=http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/about-us/commissioners/ |title=The Global Commission on Drug Policy – List of Commissioners |publisher=The Global Commission on Drug Policy |location=Switzerland |date=December 1, 2016 |access-date=December 16, 2016 |archive-date=December 20, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220162115/http://www.globalcommissionondrugs.org/about-us/commissioners/ |url-status=live }}

Shultz was an early advocate of the presidential candidacy of George W. Bush, whose father, George H. W. Bush, was Reagan's vice president. In April 1998, Shultz hosted a meeting at which George W. Bush discussed his views with policy experts including Michael Boskin, John Taylor, and Condoleezza Rice, who were evaluating possible Republican candidates to run for president in 2000. At the end of the meeting, the group felt they could support Bush's candidacy, and Shultz encouraged him to enter the race.{{cite web|title=George W. Bush Chronology|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/bush/cron.html|publisher=WGBH-TV|location=Boston|date=October 12, 2004|access-date=February 28, 2011|archive-date=January 13, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113150417/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/bush/cron.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite episode |title=The Choice 2004 |series=Frontline |series-link=Frontline (U.S. TV series) |network=PBS |station=WGBH-TV |location=Boston, MA |air-date=October 12, 2004 |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/etc/script.html |access-date=February 28, 2011 |archive-date=May 18, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518100030/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/choice2004/etc/script.html |url-status=live }} In 1989, he became a faculty at Stanford University's Graduate School, where he taught international economics.

He then served as an informal advisor for Bush's presidential campaign during the 2000 election and a senior member of the "Vulcans", a group of policy mentors for Bush that also included Rice, Dick Cheney, and Paul Wolfowitz. One of his most senior advisors and confidants was former ambassador Charles Hill. Shultz has been called the father of the "Bush Doctrine" and generally defended the Bush administration's foreign policy.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114626915007139434|title=Father of the Bush Doctrine|author-link=Daniel Henninger|last=Henninger|first=Daniel|date=April 29, 2006|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=November 28, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128100654/http://www.wsj.com/articles/SB114626915007139434|url-status=live}} Shultz supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, writing in support of U.S. military action months before the war began.{{cite web|first=Laurence|last=Arnold|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-02-07/george-shultz-who-led-reagan-s-cold-war-diplomacy-dies-at-100|title=George Shultz, Who Led Reagan's Cold-War Diplomacy, Dies|website=Bloomberg News|date=February 7, 2021}}

In a 2008 interview with Charlie Rose, Shultz spoke out against the U.S. embargo against Cuba, saying that U.S. sanctions against the island country were "ridiculous" in the post-Soviet world and that U.S. engagement with Cuba was a better strategy.{{cite news|url=https://washingtonnote.com/former_sec_of_s/|title=Former Sec of State George Shultz says Quote Me: End the US-Cuba Embargo. End the Travel Ban.|newspaper=Washington Note|last=Clemons|first=Steve|date=October 8, 2009|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=September 21, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921060023/https://washingtonnote.com/former_sec_of_s/|url-status=live}}

In 2003, Shultz served as co-chair (along with Warren Buffett) of California's Economic Recovery Council, an advisory group to the campaign of California gubernatorial candidate Arnold Schwarzenegger.{{cite web|date=February 7, 2021|title=George Shultz, former Secretary of State in the 1980s, has died|url=https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-02-07/george-shultz-dead|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154028/https://www.latimes.com/obituaries/story/2021-02-07/george-shultz-dead|url-status=live}}

In later life, Shultz continued to be a strong advocate for nuclear arms control. In a 2008 interview, Shultz said: "Now that we know so much about these weapons and their power, they're almost weapons that we wouldn't use, so I think we would be better off without them." In January 2008, Shultz co-authored (with William Perry, Henry Kissinger, and Sam Nunn) an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal that called on governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons.{{cite news|first1=George|last1=Schultz|first2=William J.|last2=Perry|authorlink2=William J. Perry|first3=Henry|last3=Kissinger|authorlink3=Henry Kissinger|first4=Sam|last4=Nunn|authorlink4=Sam Nunn|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120036422673589947|title=Toward a Nuclear-Free World|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 15, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201090430/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB120036422673589947 |archive-date=February 1, 2021 }} The four created the Nuclear Threat Initiative to advance this agenda, focused on both preventing nuclear terrorist attacks and a nuclear war between world powers.Maclin, Beth (October 20, 2008) [https://archive.today/20120708014338/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/18606/ "A Nuclear weapon-free world is possible, Nunn says"], Belfer Center, Harvard University. Retrieved on October 21, 2008. In 2010, the four were featured in the documentary film Nuclear Tipping Point, which discussed their agenda.{{cite web|title=Nuclear Tipping Point Documentary {{!}} Nuclear Tipping Point on DVD {{!}} NTI|url=https://www.nti.org/about/projects/nuclear-tipping-point/|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.nti.org|date=October 26, 2018 |archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207183852/https://www.nti.org/about/projects/nuclear-tipping-point/|url-status=live}}

In January 2011, Shultz wrote a letter to President Barack Obama urging him to pardon Jonathan Pollard. He stated, "I am impressed that the people who are best informed about the classified material Pollard passed to Israel, former CIA Director James Woolsey and former Chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee Dennis DeConcini, favor his release".{{cite news|title=George Shultz calls for Jonathan Pollard's release|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 11, 2011|url=http://voices.washingtonpost.com/right-turn/2011/01/exclusive_george_p_shultz_call.html|access-date=November 12, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112071523/http://voices.washingtonpost.com/right-turn/2011/01/exclusive_george_p_shultz_call.html|url-status=dead}}

File:Secretary Pompeo Attends Lunch with Former Secretaries Rice and Shultz (49381967922) (cropped).jpg and Condoleezza Rice in 2020]]

Shultz was a prominent advocate of efforts to fight anthropogenic climate change. Shultz favored a revenue-neutral carbon tax (i.e., a carbon fee and dividend program, in which carbon dioxide emissions are taxed and the net funds received are rebated to taxpayers) as the most economically efficient means of mitigating climate change. In April 2013, he co-wrote, with economist Gary Becker, an op-ed in the Wall Street Journal that concluded that this plan would "benefit all Americans by eliminating the need for costly energy subsidies while promoting a level playing field for energy producers." He repeated this call in a September 2014 talk at MIT and a March 2015 op-ed in The Washington Post. In 2014, Shultz joined the advisory board of the Citizens' Climate Lobby, and in 2017, Shultz cofounded the Climate Leadership Council, along with George H. W. Bush's Secretary of State James Baker and George W. Bush's Secretary of the Treasury Henry Paulson. In 2017, these Republican elder statesmen, along with Martin S. Feldstein and N. Gregory Mankiw, urged conservatives to embrace a carbon fee and dividend program.

In 2016, Shultz was one of eight former Treasury secretaries who called on the United Kingdom to remain a member of the European Union ahead of the "Brexit" referendum.{{cite news|title=Staying in EU 'best hope' for UK's future say ex-US Treasury secretaries|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583|work=BBC News|date=April 20, 2016|access-date=June 21, 2018|archive-date=July 31, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180731121846/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36087583|url-status=live}}

{{further|Theranos}}

From 2011 to 2015, Shultz was a member of the board of directors of Theranos, a health technology company that became known for its false claims to have devised revolutionary blood tests.{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-03-14/theranos-misled-investors-and-consumers-who-used-its-blood-test|title=The Blood Unicorn Theranos Was Just a Fairy Tale|last1=Levine|first1=Matt|date=March 14, 2018|work=Bloomberg View|access-date=March 14, 2018|archive-date=March 14, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314200115/https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2018-03-14/theranos-misled-investors-and-consumers-who-used-its-blood-test|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-board-directors/|title=A singular board at Theranos|date=June 12, 2014|publisher=Fortune|access-date=September 22, 2015|archive-date=November 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161109082106/http://fortune.com/2014/06/12/theranos-board-directors/|url-status=live}} He was a prominent figure in the ensuing scandal. After joining the company's board in November 2011, he recruited other political figures, including former secretary of state Henry Kissinger, former secretary of defense William Perry, and former U.S. senator Sam Nunn. Shultz also promoted Theranos founder Elizabeth Holmes at major forums, including Stanford University's Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR), and was on record supporting her in major media publications. This helped Holmes in her efforts to raise money from investors.{{cite news|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler|title=Blood, Simpler|last=Auletta|first=Ken|magazine=The New Yorker|date=December 8, 2014|access-date=February 4, 2019|language=en|issn=0028-792X|archive-date=October 28, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191028084933/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/12/15/blood-simpler|url-status=live}}{{cite web|publisher=Stanford Institute for Economic Policy Research|website=YouTube|title=George Shultz interviews Elizabeth Holmes at the 12th SIEPR Economic Summit|date=March 25, 2015 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB5_68CIt_k|access-date=February 4, 2019|archive-date=November 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104154308/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CB5_68CIt_k&gl=US&hl=en|url-status=live}}

Shultz's grandson, Tyler Shultz, joined Theranos in September 2013 after graduating from Stanford University with a degree in biology.{{cite web|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/tyler-shultz-450923126/|title=Tyler Shultz. CEO, Co-founder at Flux Biosciences|website=LinkedIn|access-date=February 5, 2020}}{{cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Bobby |title=Theranos whistleblower celebrated Elizabeth Holmes verdict by 'popping champagne' |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/01/05/1070474663/theranos-whistleblower-tyler-shultz-elizabeth-holmes-verdict-champagne |access-date=June 22, 2022 |work=NPR |date=January 5, 2022}} Tyler was forced to leave the company in 2014 after raising concerns about its testing practices with Holmes and his grandfather. George Shultz initially did not believe Tyler's warnings and pressured him to keep quiet.{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963|title=Theranos Whistleblower Shook the Company—and His Family|first=John|last=Carreyrou|authorlink=John Carreyrou|date=November 18, 2016|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=March 7, 2017|archive-date=March 4, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170304022941/https://www.wsj.com/articles/theranos-whistleblower-shook-the-companyand-his-family-1479335963|url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/7-questions-to-watch-in-the-theranos-saga/|title=7 Questions to Watch in the Theranos Saga|first1=Rebecca|last1=Robbins|first2=Damian|last2=Garde|website=Scientific American|date=June 19, 2018|access-date=December 27, 2018|archive-date=December 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228035324/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/7-questions-to-watch-in-the-theranos-saga/|url-status=live}} Shultz continued to advocate for Holmes and Theranos. Tyler eventually contacted reporter John Carreyrou (who went on to expose the scandal in The Wall Street Journal), but as summarized by ABC Nightline, "it wasn't long before Theranos got wind of it and attempted to use George Shultz to silence his grandson." Tyler went to his grandfather's house to discuss the allegations, but was surprised to encounter Theranos attorneys there, who pressured him to sign a document. Tyler did not sign any agreements, even though George pressured him to: "My grandfather would say, like, things like 'Your career would be ruined if [Carreyrou's] article comes out.'" Tyler and his parents spent nearly $500,000 on legal fees, selling their house to raise the funds, in fighting Theranos' accusations of violating the NDA and divulging trade secrets.{{cite web|first1=Taylor|last1=Dunn|first2=Victoria|last2=Thompson|first3=Rebecca|last3=Jarvis|first4=Ashley|last4=Louszko|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-600-times-broadcast-deposition/story?id=60576630|title=Ex-Theranos CEO Elizabeth Holmes says 'I don't know' 600-plus times in never-before-broadcast deposition tapes|date=February 20, 2019|website=ABC News|language=en|access-date=March 22, 2019|archive-date=January 29, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190129182430/https://abcnews.go.com/Business/theranos-ceo-elizabeth-holmes-600-times-broadcast-deposition/story?id=60576630|url-status=live}}

When media reports exposed controversial practices there in 2015, the company moved their non-technical directors like Shultz to a "Board of Counselors" and replaced them with a technical board. In 2016 Theranos' "Board of Counselors" was "retired".{{cite web|first=Lydia|last=Pflanzer|author-link=|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/theranos-retires-board-of-counselors-and-adds-to-board-of-directors-2016-12|title=Theranos is getting rid of high-profile board members including Henry Kissinger and George Shultz|website=Business Insider |date=December 1, 2016|access-date=May 1, 2022}} Theranos was shut down on September 4, 2018.{{cite web|first=John|last=Carreyrou|author-link=John Carreyrou|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/blood-testing-firm-theranos-to-dissolve-1536115130|title=Blood-Testing Firm Theranos to Dissolve|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|date=September 5, 2018}} In a 2019 media statement, Shultz praised his grandson for not having shrunk "from what he saw as his responsibility to the truth and patient safety, even when he felt personally threatened and believed that I had placed allegiance to the company over allegiance to higher values and our family. ... Tyler navigated a very complex situation in ways that made me proud."

File:George P. Shultz with Rex Tillerson and Condoleezza Rice - 2018 (38854353365) (cropped).jpg and Condoleezza Rice in 2018]]

Shultz had a long affiliation at the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, where he was a distinguished fellow and, beginning in 2011, the Thomas W. and Susan B. Ford Distinguished Fellow; from 2018 until his death, Shultz hosted events on governance at the institution.[https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/distinguished-american-statesman-60th-us-secretary-state-george-p-shultz-dies-100 Distinguished American Statesman, 60th US Secretary of State George P. Shultz, Dies at 100] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207222129/https://www.hoover.org/press-releases/distinguished-american-statesman-60th-us-secretary-state-george-p-shultz-dies-100 |date=February 7, 2021 }} (press release), Hoover Institution (February 7, 2021).{{Cite web |last=University |first=Stanford |date=2021-02-07 |title=George Shultz, statesman and Stanford scholar, dies at 100 |url=https://news.stanford.edu/2021/02/07/george-shultz-statesman-stanford-scholar-dies-100/ |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=Stanford News |language=en}} Shultz was chairman of JPMorgan Chase's international advisory council. He was co-chairman of the conservative Committee on the Present Danger.

He was an honorary director of the Institute for International Economics. He was a member of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (WINEP) board of advisors, the New Atlantic Initiative, the Mandalay Camp at the Bohemian Grove, and the Committee for the Liberation of Iraq. He served as an advisory board member for the Partnership for a Secure America and Citizens' Climate Lobby.{{cite web| url=https://citizensclimatelobby.org/about-ccl/advisory-board/| title=Advisory Board – Citizens' Climate Lobby| access-date=January 21, 2018| archive-date=May 17, 2017| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517085416/https://citizensclimatelobby.org/about-ccl/advisory-board/| url-status=live}} He was honorary chairman of the Israel Democracy Institute.{{cite web|title=International Advisory Council|publisher=The Israel Democracy Institute|url=http://en.idi.org.il/about-idi/international-advisory-council|access-date=November 12, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131112073507/http://en.idi.org.il/about-idi/international-advisory-council|url-status=live}} Shultz was a member of the advisory board of Spirit of America, a 501(c)(3) organization.{{cite web |title=George P. Shultz |url=https://spiritofamerica.org/about/team/george-shultz |website=Spirit of America (charity) |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154121/https://spiritofamerica.org/about/team/george-shultz |url-status=live }}

Shultz served on the board of directors of the Bechtel Corporation until 1996. He served on the board of Gilead Sciences from 1996 to 2005.[https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2005/12/dr-george-p-shultz-resigns-from-gilead-sciences-board-of-directors Dr. George P. Shultz Resigns from Gilead Sciences Board of Directors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154034/https://www.gilead.com/news-and-press/press-room/press-releases/2005/12/dr-george-p-shultz-resigns-from-gilead-sciences-board-of-directors |date=February 8, 2021 }} (press release), Gilead Sciences, Inc. (December 15, 2005). Shultz sat on the board of directors of Xyleco{{cite news|title=Neil Woodford's very patient pals|newspaper=The Sunday Times|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/neil-woodfords-very-patient-pals-9fqtkknhh|date=June 16, 2019|last=Meddings|first=Sabah|access-date=February 7, 2021|archive-date=March 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304055545/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/neil-woodfords-very-patient-pals-9fqtkknhh|url-status=live}} and Accretive Health.{{cite news|first=Jack|last=Bouboushian|url=https://www.courthousenews.com/shareholder-slams-it-to-accretive-health/|title=Shareholder Slams it to Accretive Health|agency=Courthouse News Service|date=June 29, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026132826/https://www.courthousenews.com/shareholder-slams-it-to-accretive-health/ |archive-date=October 26, 2020 }}

Together again with former secretary of defense William Perry, Shultz was serving on the board of Acuitus at the time of his death.{{cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Our Leadership Team|url=https://www.acuitus.com/about-us#ourLeadershipTeam|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112213219/https://www.acuitus.com/about-us#ourLeadershipTeam|archive-date=January 12, 2021|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=ACUITUS}} And he has been member of the advisory board of the Peter G. Peterson Foundation.

While on a rest and recreation break in Hawaii from serving in the Marines in the Asiatic-Pacific Theater during World War II, Shultz met military nurse lieutenant Helena Maria O'Brien (1915–1995). They married on February 16, 1946, and had five children: Margaret Ann Tilsworth, Kathleen Pratt Shultz Jorgensen, Peter Milton Shultz, Barbara Lennox Shultz White, and Alexander George Shultz.{{cite book|chapter=George P. Shultz|title=Contemporary Authors Online|location=Detroit, MI|publisher=Gale|year=2010|access-date=February 7, 2012|chapter-url=http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC1&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000090903&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=2ee8a325aa743a1bde610325d8944b2e|id=GALE|H1000090903|chapter-format=fee, via Fairfax County Public Library|archive-date=December 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216174218/http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/ReferenceDetailsPage/ReferenceDetailsWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&disableHighlighting=false&prodId=BIC1&action=e&windowstate=normal&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CH1000090903&mode=view&userGroupName=fairfax_main&jsid=2ee8a325aa743a1bde610325d8944b2e|url-status=live}}. Gale Biography In Context. {{Subscription required}} O'Brien died of pancreatic cancer in 1995.{{cite web|date=September 9, 1995|title=Helena Maria Shultz; Former Nurse, Wife of Ex-Diplomat|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-09-09-mn-43947-story.html|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208035436/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-09-09-mn-43947-story.html|url-status=live}}

In 1997, Shultz married Charlotte Mailliard Swig, a prominent San Francisco philanthropist and socialite.{{cite news|url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/1997/08/16/MN15851.DTL&hw=george+shultz&sn=025&sc=400|title=Swig Tames Her Tiger|last=Donnally|first=Trish|date=August 16, 1997|work=San Francisco Chronicle|access-date=April 26, 2009|archive-date=May 25, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525040319/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F1997%2F08%2F16%2FMN15851.DTL&hw=george+shultz&sn=025&sc=400|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=T. R. D. |date=May 25, 2022 |title=SF Penthouses Owned By George And Charlotte Shultz Listing For $29M |url=https://therealdeal.com/sanfrancisco/2022/05/25/sf-penthouses-owned-by-george-charlotte-shultz-listed-for-29m/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628122552/https://therealdeal.com/sanfrancisco/2022/05/25/sf-penthouses-owned-by-george-charlotte-shultz-listed-for-29m/ |archive-date=June 28, 2022 |access-date=2024-07-10 |website=The Real Deal |language=en}} They remained married until his death. Shultz was a member of an Episcopal church.{{cite web|url=https://episcopalarchives.org/cgi-bin/ENS/ENSpress_release.pl?pr_number=94033 |title=Episcopal News Service: Press Release # 94033 |publisher=Episcopalarchives.org |date=February 24, 1994 |accessdate=May 7, 2022}}

Shultz died at age 100 at his home in Stanford, California, on February 6, 2021.{{cite news |last1=Abramowitz |first1=Michael |title=George P. Shultz, counsel and Cabinet member for two Republican presidents, dies at 100 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/george-shultz-dead/2021/02/07/08a6feaa-c6a1-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=February 7, 2021|access-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-date=February 7, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207181833/https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/george-shultz-dead/2021/02/07/08a6feaa-c6a1-11e8-9b1c-a90f1daae309_story.html |url-status=live }}{{cite news|last=Weiner|first=Tim|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/obituaries/george-p-shultz-dead.html|title=George P. Shultz, Influential Cabinet Official Under Nixon and Reagan, Dies at 100|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|date=February 7, 2021|access-date=February 7, 2021|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=February 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207184224/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/07/obituaries/george-p-shultz-dead.html|url-status=live}}{{cite news |last1=Schwartz |first1=Matthew S. |title=George P. Shultz, Giant Of 20th Century American Politics, Dies At 100 |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/02/07/965162112/george-p-shultz-giant-of-20th-century-american-politics-dies-at-100 |access-date=December 5, 2021 |work=NPR |date=February 7, 2021 |language=en}} He was buried next to his first wife at Dawes Cemetery in Cummington, Massachusetts.{{cite news|url = https://www.gazettenet.com/George-Shultz-remmembered-locally-38765974|title = Hilltowners share fond memories of Shultz|newspaper = Daily Hampshire Gazette|last = Dunau|first = Bera|date = February 7, 2021|accessdate = August 7, 2022}}

President Joe Biden reacted to Shultz's death by saying, "He was a gentleman of honor and ideas, dedicated to public service and respectful debate, even into his 100th year on Earth. That's why multiple presidents, of both political parties, sought his counsel. I regret that, as president, I will not be able to benefit from his wisdom, as have so many of my predecessors."{{cite web |title=Statement of President Joe Biden on the Passing of Former Secretary George Shultz |url=https://bidenwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/02/07/statement-of-president-joe-biden-on-the-passing-of-former-secretary-george-shultz/ |publisher=The White House |access-date=December 5, 2021 |date=February 8, 2021}}

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• 2016 – Presidential Medal of Honor, San Francisco State University{{cite web|title=Renowned U.S. statesman George Shultz to receive SF State's President's Medal {{!}} SF State News|url=https://news.sfsu.edu/releases/renowned-us-statesman-george-shultz-receive-sf-states-presidents-medal|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=news.sfsu.edu|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128231552/https://news.sfsu.edu/releases/renowned-us-statesman-george-shultz-receive-sf-states-presidents-medal|url-status=live}}
• 2014 – Honorary Reagan Fellow Award of Eureka College{{cite web|url=http://www.eureka.edu/news/shultz-reagan-endowed-scholarsip/|title=Former Secretary of State George Shultz to be Honorary Reagan Fellow at EC Endowed scholarship created in his name|publisher=Eureka College|access-date=December 12, 2014|archive-date=December 19, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219001331/http://www.eureka.edu/news/shultz-reagan-endowed-scholarsip/|url-status=live}}
• 2013 – Honorary Silver Medal of Jan Masaryk{{cite web|url=http://www.krajane.net/articleDetail.view?id=2885|title=Bývalý americký ministr zahraničí USA dostane medaili Jana Masaryka - Krajane.net|website=www.krajane.net}}
• 2012 – Henry A. Kissinger Prize of the American Academy in Berlin{{cite web|url=http://www.americanacademy.de/home/about-us/kissinger-prize/|title=The American Academy in Berlin – The Henry A. Kissinger Prize 2012|access-date=May 25, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120523191423/http://www.americanacademy.de/home/about-us/kissinger-prize/|archive-date=May 23, 2012|url-status=dead}}
• 2011 – Honorary Officer of the Order of Australia[http://www.ag.gov.au/portal/govgazonline.nsf/BEFEB28791845B7ECA25790A007E1BA4/$file/S%20134.pdf Commonwealth of Australia Gazette] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124230834/http://www.ag.gov.au/portal/govgazonline.nsf/BEFEB28791845B7ECA25790A007E1BA4/$file/S%20134.pdf |date=January 24, 2012 }}, No. S134, September 14, 2011.
• 2010 – California Hall of Fame{{cite web|title=California Hall of Fame Inducts George P. Shultz|url=https://www.hoover.org/news/california-hall-fame-inducts-george-p-shultz-0|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=Hoover Institution|language=en|archive-date=December 12, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212055439/https://www.hoover.org/news/california-hall-fame-inducts-george-p-shultz-0|url-status=live}}
• 2007 – Truman Medal for Economic PolicyHoover Foundation: [http://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz Fellow, bio notes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160510222256/http://www.hoover.org/profiles/george-p-shultz |date=May 10, 2016 }}
• 2008 – Rumford Prize{{cite web |title=Nuclear Arms Control Leaders Receive Prestigious Rumford Prize from the American Academy |url=https://www.amacad.org/news/nuclear-arms-control-leaders-receive-prestigious-rumford-prize-american-academy |website=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |date=October 9, 2008 |access-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154035/https://www.amacad.org/news/nuclear-arms-control-leaders-receive-prestigious-rumford-prize-american-academy |url-status=live }}
• 2007 – Emma Lazarus Statue of Liberty Award{{cite web|title=AJHS {{!}} Emma Lazarus Award|url=https://ajhs.org/emma-lazarus-award|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=American Jewish Historical Society|language=en|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208014819/https://ajhs.org/emma-lazarus-award|url-status=live}}
• 2006 – National World War II Museum, American Spirit Award
• 2005 – Lead21, Lifetime Achievement Award{{cite web|title=Supreme Court Justice Sandra Day O'Connor and Lead 21|url=http://www.aa4a.org/event101706.htm|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=www.aa4a.org|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154039/http://www.aa4a.org/event101706.htm|url-status=live}}
• 2004 – American Whig-Cliosophic Society, James Madison Award for Distinguished Public Service{{cite web |url=http://www.university-media.com/university/princeton-university/news/whig-clio-to-honor-shultz-for-public-service/9285.html |title=Princeton University Press Release: Whig-Clio to honor Shultz for public service, Nov. 9 |access-date=May 15, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305234429/http://university-media.com/university/princeton-university/news/whig-clio-to-honor-shultz-for-public-service/9285.html |archive-date=March 5, 2016 |url-status=dead }}
• 2004 – American Economic Association, Distinguished Fellow{{cite web|url=http://www.aeaweb.org/honors_awards/disting_fellows.php|title=American Economic Association|website=www.aeaweb.org|access-date=March 17, 2012|archive-date=September 5, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905164612/http://www.aeaweb.org/honors_awards/disting_fellows.php|url-status=live}}
• 2003 – Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award, American Foreign Service Association{{cite web|last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information|first=Bureau of Public Affairs|title=Secretary Powell to Present American Foreign Service Association Award to George P. Shultz - June 26|url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21925.htm|access-date=February 8, 2021|website=2001-2009.state.gov|language=en|archive-date=November 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171117172654/https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21925.htm|url-status=live}}
• 2002 – Reagan Distinguished American Award
• 2002 – Ralph Bunche AwardSleeman, Elizabeth. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jn_GG55gKm8C&pg=PA1547 The International Who's Who 2004, p. 1547.]

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• American Philosophical Society
• Elliot Richardson Prize
• John Witherspoon Medal

{{col-end}}

• 2001 – Eisenhower Medal for Leadership
• 2000 – Woodrow Wilson Award for Public Service
• 1996 – Koret Prize
• 1992 – Seoul Peace Prize (Korea)
• 1992 – United States Military Academy, Sylvanus Thayer Award
• 1989 – Presidential Medal of Freedom
• 1989 – Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers, Grand Cordon (Japan)
• 1986 – Freedoms Foundation, George Washington Medal
• 1986 – U.S. Senator John Heinz Award (Jefferson Awards) For Public Service{{cite web|url=http://www.jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|title=National – Jefferson Awards Foundation|access-date=August 5, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124043935/http://jeffersonawards.org/pastwinners/national|archive-date=November 24, 2010|url-status=dead}}
• 1970 – Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter S|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|access-date=April 13, 2011|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005022307/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterS.pdf|url-status=live}}

Honorary degrees were conferred on Shultz from the universities of Columbia, Notre Dame, Loyola, Pennsylvania, Rochester, Princeton, Carnegie Mellon, City University of New York, Yeshiva, Northwestern, Technion, Tel Aviv, Weizmann Institute of Science, Baruch College of New York, Williams College, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Tbilisi State University in the Republic of Georgia, and Keio University in Tokyo.

• Shultz, George P. and Goodby, James E. The War that Must Never be Fought, Hoover Press, {{ISBN|978-0-8179-1845-3}}, 2015.
• Shultz, George P. Issues on My Mind: Strategies for the Future, Hoover Institution Press, {{ISBN|9780817916244}}, 2013.
• Shultz, George P. and Shoven, John B. Putting Our House in Order: A Guide to Social Security and Health Care Reform. New York: W.W. Norton, {{ISBN|9780393069617}}, 2008
• Shultz, George P. Economics in Action: Ideas, Institutions, Policies, Hoover Institution on War, Revolution and Peace, Stanford University, {{ISBN|9780817956332}}, 1995.
• Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph: My Years as Secretary of State, New York: Scribner's, {{ISBN|9781451623116|}}, 1993.
• Shultz, George P. U.S. Policy and the Dynamism of the Pacific; Sharing the Challenges of Success, East-West Center (Honolulu), Pacific Forum, and the Pacific and Asian Affairs Council, 1988.{{cite journal|last=Shultz|first=George P.|date=1988|title=U.S. policy and the dynamism of the Pacific : sharing the challenges of success|url=http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24229|website=Scholar Space|hdl=10125/24229|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202112449/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/24229|url-status=live}}
• The U.S. and Central America: Implementing the National Bipartisan Commission Report: Report to the President from the Secretary of State, U.S. Department of State (Washington, D.C.), 1986.{{cite book |title=The U.S. and Central America : implementing the National Bipartisan Commission report : report to the President from the Secretary of State / United States Department of State. |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/011390667 |via=HathiTrust |series=US and Central America |year=1986 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of Public Communication, Editorial Division |access-date=February 8, 2021}}
• Risk, Uncertainty, and Foreign Economic Policy, D. Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies, 1981.{{Cite book|last=Shultz|first=George Pratt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CtSOAAAAMAAJ&q=Risk,+Uncertainty,+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy|title=Risk, Uncertainty, and Foreign Economic Policy|date=1981|publisher=David Davies Memorial Institute of International Studies|language=en|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154035/https://books.google.com/books?id=CtSOAAAAMAAJ&newbks=0&printsec=frontcover&dq=Risk%2C+Uncertainty%2C+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy&q=Risk%2C+Uncertainty%2C+and+Foreign+Economic+Policy&hl=en|url-status=live}}
• (With Kenneth W. Dam) Economic Policy beyond the Headlines, Stanford Alumni Association, {{ISBN|9780226755991}}, 1977.
• Shultz, George P. Leaders and Followers in an Age of Ambiguity, New York University Press (New York), {{ISBN|0814777651}}, 1975.
• (With Albert Rees) Workers and Wages in an Urban Labor Market, University of Chicago Press, {{ISBN|0226707059}}, 1970.
• (With Arnold R. Weber) Strategies for the Displaced Worker: Confronting Economic Change, Harper (New York), {{ISBN|9780837188553}}1966.
• (Editor and author of introduction, with Robert Z. Aliber) Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place: Policy Choices in a Full Employment Economy, University of Chicago Press (Chicago), 1966.{{Cite book|last1=Shultz|first1=George P.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sRM4ygEACAAJ|title=Guidelines, Informal Controls, and the Market Place: Policy Choices in a Full Employment Economy|last2=Aliber|first2=Robert Z.|date=1966|publisher=University of Chicago Press|language=en|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154052/https://books.google.com/books?id=sRM4ygEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}
• (Editor, with Thomas Whisler) Management Organization and the Computer, Free Press (New York), 1960.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iCEEzgEACAAJ|title=Management organization and the computer: proc. of a seminar ...|date=1960|publisher=Free Press|language=en|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154119/https://books.google.com/books?id=iCEEzgEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}
• Automation, a new dimension to old problems by George P. Shultz and George Benedict Baldwin (Washington: Public Affairs Press, 1955).{{Cite book|last1=Shultz|first1=George Pratt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eftAAAAAIAAJ|title=Automation, a New Dimension to Old Problems|last2=Baldwin|first2=George Benedict|date=1955|publisher=Public Affairs Press|language=en|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154039/https://books.google.com/books?id=eftAAAAAIAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}
• (Editor, with John R. Coleman) Labor Problems: Cases and Readings, McGraw (New York), 1953.{{Cite book|last1=Shultz|first1=George Pratt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wxHNzAEACAAJ|title=Labor Problems: Cases and Readings|last2=Coleman|first2=John Royston|date=1953|publisher=McGraw-Hill|language=en|access-date=February 8, 2021|archive-date=February 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208154040/https://books.google.com/books?id=wxHNzAEACAAJ&newbks=0&hl=en|url-status=live}}
• Pressures on Wage Decisions: A Case Study in the Shoe Industry, Wiley (New York), {{ASIN|B0000CHZNP}} 1951.
• (With Charles Andrew Myers) The Dynamics of a Labor Market: A Study of the Impact of Employment Changes on Labor Mobility, Job Satisfaction, and Company and Union Policies, Prentice-Hall (Englewood Cliffs, NJ), {{ISBN|9780837186207}},1951.

• Foreign policy of the Reagan administration
• International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament
• Nuclear Tipping Point

{{reflist}}

• Christison, Kathleen. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2537632?seq=1 "The Arab-Israeli Policy of George Shultz"]. Journal of Palestine Studies 18.2 (1989): 29–47.
• Coleman, Bradley Lynn and Kyle Longley, eds. Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989 (University Press of Kentucky, 2017), 319 pp. essays by scholars
• Hopkins, Michael F. "Ronald Reagan's and George HW Bush's Secretaries of State: Alexander Haig, George Shultz and James Baker." Journal of Transatlantic Studies 6.3 (2008): 228–245.
• Kieninger, Stephan. The diplomacy of détente: cooperative security policies from Helmut Schmidt to George Shultz (Routledge, 2018).
• {{cite journal |last1=LaFranchi |first1=Howard |title=The World According to George Shultz |journal=The Christian Science Monitor Weekly |date=March 9, 2010 |volume=112 |issue=16 |pages=3, 22–28 |publisher=The Christian Science Publishing Society |location=Harklan, IA |issn=2166-3262}}
• Laham, Nicholas. Crossing the Rubicon: Ronald Reagan and US Policy in the Middle East (Routledge, 2018).
• Matlock Jr, Jack, et al. Reagan and the World: Leadership and National Security, 1981–1989 (UP of Kentucky, 2017).
• {{cite book |last= Matlock |first= Jack |title= Reagan and Gorbachev: How the Cold War Ended |year= 2004 |publisher= Random House |location= New York |isbn= 0-679-46323-2 |url= https://archive.org/details/reagangorbachevh00matl }}
• Pee, Robert, and William Michael Schmidli, eds. The Reagan administration, the cold war, and the transition to democracy promotion (Springer, 2018).
• Preston, Andrew. "A Foreign Policy Divided Against Itself: George Shultz versus Caspar Weinberger." in Andrew L. Johns, ed., A Companion to Ronald Reagan (2015): 546–564.
• Rather, Dan and Gary Paul Gates, The Palace Guard (1974)
• Safire, William, Before the Fall: An Inside Look at the Pre-Watergate White House (1975)
• Skoug, Kenneth N. The United States and Cuba Under Reagan and Shultz: A Foreign Service Officer Reports. (Praeger, 1996).
• Taubman, Philip. In the Nation's Service: The Life and Times of George P. Shultz. (Stanford University Press, 2023)
• Wallis, W. Allen. [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/261899 "George J. Stigler: In memoriam"]. Journal of Political Economy 101.5 (1993): 774–779.
• Williams, Walter. "George Shultz on managing the White House." Journal of Policy Analysis and Management 13.2 (1994): 369–375. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3325019 online]
• {{cite book|last=Wilson|first=James Graham|title=The Triumph of Improvisation: Gorbachev's Adaptability, Reagan's Engagement, and the End of the Cold War|url=http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100037580|location=Ithaca | publisher=Cornell University Press|year=2014|isbn= 978-0801452291}}

• Shultz, George P. Turmoil and Triumph My Years As Secretary of State (1993) [https://archive.org/details/turmoiltriumphmy0000shul_u0o4 online]
• Shultz, George P. and James Timbie. A Hinge of History: Governance in an Emerging New World (2020) [https://www.amazon.com/Hinge-History-Governance-Emerging-World/dp/0817924345/ excerpt]

{{Wikiquote}}

{{Commons category|George P. Shultz}}

{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-GeorgeShultz-article.ogg|date=December 2, 2017}}

• [http://www.afsa.org/sites/default/files/flipping_book/070803/index.html#/78/ Foreign Service Journal article on his Lifetime Contributions to American Diplomacy Award.]
• [http://www.turmoilandtriumph.org Turmoil & Triumph: The George Shultz Years] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614142349/http://www.turmoilandtriumph.org/ |date=June 14, 2018 }}
• {{cite web |url=http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/shultz.html |title=George P. Shultz |publisher=Hoover Institution, Stanford University |year=2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050910225904/http://www-hoover.stanford.edu/bios/shultz.html |archive-date=September 10, 2005 }}.
• [http://asmeascholars.com Association for the Study of the Middle East and Africa] (ASMEA)
• {{cite web |last=Roberts |first=Russ |title=George Shultz on Economics, Human Rights and the Fall of the Soviet Union |url=http://www.econtalk.org/archives/_featuring/george_schultz/ |work=EconTalk |publisher=Library of Economics and Liberty |author-link=Russ Roberts |date=September 3, 2007}}

• {{C-SPAN|372}}
• {{YouTube|t6E9l7_NBUs|title=Turmoil & Triumph: The George Shultz Years: A Call to Service}} FreeToChooseNetwork
• {{YouTube|fSsYabTogqk|George Shultz discusses his book Putting Our House in Order}} (April 15, 2008, at Stanford)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20070911183222/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=07%2F09%2F06%2F1412242 George Shultz on panel] aired on Democracy Now! program, September 6, 2007

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