Chaoyang, Liaoning

The name "Chaoyang" originates from a poem found in one of the oldest collections of Chinese poetry, the Shijing. "A wutong tree grew on a mountain. A fenghuang bird perched at the top and sang towards the morning sun" (Chaoyang's name means "morning sun" in Chinese). The eastern part of Chaoyang is home to a mountain that has been called Fenghuang Mountain since ancient times. In 1778, this mountain was connected with the poem from the Shijing and Chaoyang was given its current name.

Chaoyang has a long and rich history. The discovery of the over five-thousand-year-old Niuheliang Hongshan Cultural Ruins in the region has drawn attention to Chaoyang as one of the birthplaces of ancient Chinese culture.{{cite web|url=http://www.zgcy.gov.cn/cy/cyfc%203-2.html|title=History and Culture|publisher=Chaoyang Government|access-date=2010-01-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816163515/http://www.zgcy.gov.cn/cy/cyfc%203-2.html|archive-date=2009-08-16}} The area first appears in Chinese historical records as “Liucheng County” in the Early Han period of the 3rd century B.C. In 342 AD, King of the Former Yan, Murong Huang, made Chaoyang his capital under the name Longcheng ("Dragon City"), and the city remained the capital through the Later Yan and Northern Yan periods.{{cite web|url=http://www.zgcy.gov.cn/cy/cyfc%203-3.html|title=History and Culture|publisher=Chaoyang Government|access-date=2010-01-15|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090816162928/http://www.zgcy.gov.cn/cy/cyfc%203-3.html|archive-date=2009-08-16}} The center of Longcheng was located at the old town of modern Chaoyang. Since this time, Chaoyang has functioned as a center of Buddhism in Northeast China, with the construction of Longxiang temple in 345 AD forming the beginning of Buddhist culture in the Northeast.

During the Sui and Tang dynasties, Liucheng (renamed from Longcheng) was the seat of Ying Prefecture (Yingzhou, 營州). It was a prosperous multi-cultural city whose inhabitants included the Khitans, Kumo Xi, Mohe, Shiwei, Goguryeo, Göktürks and Sogdians. The Khitan general Li Guangbi of Tang dynasty, who played an instrumental role during the war against the An Lushan rebels, was a native of Liucheng. The city went into a period of decline after the An Lushan rebellion. The Liao dynasty established Ba Prefecture (霸州) at Liucheng. As its importance grew again a century later, it was renamed Xingzhong Prefecture (兴中府). The city was abandoned during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.{{cite news |title=朝阳古城兴盛了近千年 |url=http://www.chaoyang.gov.cn/html/CYSZF/202203/0164626970995064.html |access-date=23 April 2022 |agency=辽宁日报 |date=3 March 2022}}

The Mongols seized Chaoyang and surrounding regions. When they submitted to the Manchu Qing dynasty, Chaoyang was controlled by Chinggisid princes and descendants of Jelme. Their territories became Tümed Right Wing Banner, Kharachin Left Wing Banner, Kharachin Right Wing Banner, and Kharachin Middle Banner, all of which were under Josutu League.{{cite book |author=Yamazaki Sōyo (山崎惣與) |script-title=ja:滿洲國地名大辭典 |page=556 |year=1941}}

Although the Qing officially prohibited the Chinese from immigrating to Mongol lands, the southernmost league of Mongolia was flooded by Chinese peasants.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} As a result, several Chinese prefectures were created within the Mongol lands, and the Chinese came under the jurisdiction of the neighboring Chengde-fu. Chaoyang County was established in 1778, with its seat at the old town of Chaoyang.

In 1891, a Chinese secret society named Jindandao raised a rebellion, massacring tens of thousands of Mongols and forcing survivors to flee northward.{{cite book |author=Borjigin Burensain |script-title=ja:ハラチン・トメド移民と近現代モンゴル社会 |trans-title=Mongolian immigrants from the Qaračin and Tumed areas within modern Mongolian society |script-chapter=ja:近現代内モンゴル東部の変容 |trans-chapter=Social and Cultural Change in Eastern Inner Mongolia in the Modern Period |page=318–345 |year=2007}}

Under Manchukuo, the eastern part of Chaoyang, including the city of Chaoyang, belonged to Kin-chow Province while the western part constituted Jehol Province. The People's Republic of China incorporated Chaoyang into Liaoning Province in 1955 although ethnic Mongols wished to join Inner Mongolia. It was declared a prefecture level city in 1984.{{cite web|url=http://www.xzqh.org/quhua/21ln/13chaoyang.htm |title=Chaoyang |work=XZQH.org |access-date=2010-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091227132156/http://www.xzqh.org/quhua/21ln/13chaoyang.htm |archive-date=December 27, 2009 }}

Chaoyang has a rather dry, monsoon-influenced humid continental climate/semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification: Dwa/BSk), with cold but very dry winters, and hot, humid summers; spring and autumn are relatively brief. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−9.2|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|25.0|°C|1}} in July, for an annual average of {{convert|9.52|°C|1}}. A majority of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August alone. Due to the aridity, diurnal temperature variation is large, especially during spring and autumn, and averages {{convert|12.9|C-change|1}} annually. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 50% in July to 71% in January, the city averages 2,748 hours of bright sunshine annually.

{{Weather box|width=auto

|location = Chaoyang City, elevation {{convert|174|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–2010)

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|Jan high C = -1.4

|Feb high C = 3.1

|Mar high C = 10.5

|Apr high C = 19.3

|May high C = 26.0

|Jun high C = 29.2

|Jul high C = 30.8

|Aug high C = 29.9

|Sep high C = 25.8

|Oct high C = 18.1

|Nov high C = 7.6

|Dec high C = 0.1

|Jan mean C = -8.7

|Feb mean C = -4.2

|Mar mean C = 3.3

|Apr mean C = 12.3

|May mean C = 19.2

|Jun mean C = 23.0

|Jul mean C = 25.3

|Aug mean C = 24.0

|Sep mean C = 18.6

|Oct mean C = 10.7

|Nov mean C = 1.0

|Dec mean C = -6.5

|Jan low C = -14.7

|Feb low C = -10.6

|Mar low C = -3.3

|Apr low C = 5.4

|May low C = 12.4

|Jun low C = 17.2

|Jul low C = 20.5

|Aug low C = 18.9

|Sep low C = 12.2

|Oct low C = 4.2

|Nov low C = -4.6

|Dec low C = -11.9

|Jan record high C = 12.9 |Jan record low C = -34.4

|Feb record high C = 21.0 |Feb record low C = -32.3

|Mar record high C = 28.4 |Mar record low C = -20.0

|Apr record high C = 34.9 |Apr record low C = -10.3

|May record high C = 41.3 |May record low C = -1.4

|Jun record high C = 40.0 |Jun record low C = 6.9

|Jul record high C = 43.3 |Jul record low C = 11.6

|Aug record high C = 41.6 |Aug record low C = 8.5

|Sep record high C = 36.1 |Sep record low C = -0.2

|Oct record high C = 31.7 |Oct record low C = -9.0

|Nov record high C = 22.9 |Nov record low C = -23.2

|Dec record high C = 18.8 |Dec record low C = -27.7

|year high C = |year low C =

|year high F = |year low F =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 1.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 2.3

|Mar precipitation mm = 6.4

|Apr precipitation mm = 22.7

|May precipitation mm = 45.8

|Jun precipitation mm = 90.8

|Jul precipitation mm = 129.0

|Aug precipitation mm = 100.9

|Sep precipitation mm = 35.6

|Oct precipitation mm = 22.7

|Nov precipitation mm = 9.6

|Dec precipitation mm = 1.5

|Jan humidity = 44

|Feb humidity = 38

|Mar humidity = 35

|Apr humidity = 37

|May humidity = 44

|Jun humidity = 61

|Jul humidity = 72

|Aug humidity = 73

|Sep humidity = 63

|Oct humidity = 53

|Nov humidity = 49

|Dec humidity = 47

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 1.3

|Feb precipitation days = 1.2

|Mar precipitation days = 2.5

|Apr precipitation days = 4.9

|May precipitation days = 7.3

|Jun precipitation days = 11.1

|Jul precipitation days = 10.9

|Aug precipitation days = 9.2

|Sep precipitation days = 6.0

|Oct precipitation days = 4.2

|Nov precipitation days = 2.8

|Dec precipitation days = 1.4

|year precipitation days =

|Jan sun = 191.5

|Feb sun = 195.8

|Mar sun = 231.0

|Apr sun = 236.4

|May sun = 261.3

|Jun sun = 225.6

|Jul sun = 219.1

|Aug sun = 238.4

|Sep sun = 238.7

|Oct sun = 224.4

|Nov sun = 182.2

|Dec sun = 175.1

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 65

| Feb percentsun = 65

| Mar percentsun = 62

| Apr percentsun = 59

| May percentsun = 58

| Jun percentsun = 50

| Jul percentsun = 48

| Aug percentsun = 56

| Sep percentsun = 65

| Oct percentsun = 66

| Nov percentsun = 62

| Dec percentsun = 62

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 2.1

|Feb snow days = 2.2

|Mar snow days = 2.6

|Apr snow days = 0.9

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0.6

|Nov snow days = 2.8

|Dec snow days = 2.3

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=5 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =5 October 2023}}

{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年）|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |access-date=2010-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archive-date=2013-09-21

}}}}

The prefecture is divided into 7 administrative areas. There are 2 districts, 2 subordinate cities and 3 counties of which one county is an Autonomous County for the Mongolian minority.

Agriculture forms the backbone of Chaoyang's economy. In addition to wheat, corn, beans, and potatoes, Chaoyang is also an important region for the growing of cotton and fruit. The city has also begun to venture into the production of shaji (sea-buckthorn berries), which have become popular in China because of their dual use as food and as medicine. Chaoyang is home to the largest man-made thicket of shaji.

Chaoyang has more than 1,600 industrial enterprises, manufacturing a wide range of products including steel, machinery, textiles, diesel engines, automobiles, and paper.{{cite web|url=http://www.teach-in-china.cn/chaoyang.php |title=Chaoyang |publisher=Teach in China |access-date=2010-01-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091230124553/http://www.teach-in-china.cn/chaoyang.php |archive-date=December 30, 2009 }} Lingyuan Iron and Steel Works and the Liaoning Tyre Factory are two of the largest such enterprises.

The city is served by Chaoyang Airport.

Liaoning, and in particular Chaoyang, has become the focus of great interest in the world of palaeontology. During the 1990s, many new, unique and fascinating fossils were discovered in this region. Some of the finds have completely revolutionised our ideas of dinosaurs and shed new light on the origin of birds. Chaoyang's fossils are in the Jiufotang Formation. These fossils include: Liaoxipterus, a genus of ctenochasmatid pterodactyloid pterosaur from the Lower Cretaceous; Microraptor, a feathered dinosaur; and several early birds such as Longipteryx, Sapeornis, Yanornis and Jeholornis, an early bird. Insects have also been found such as Dictyoptera, a fossilised cockroach and Hymenoptera, a fossil bee, which also date to the Lower Cretaceous period. A local trade in rare fossils has developed in the wake of the finds, with an estimated sixty vendors gathering in one area, called Ancient Street.Jerry Guo, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070831141758/http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1656527,00.html "Fossils Fuel a Chinese Boom"], Time, August 27, 2007

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Category:Cities in Liaoning

Category:Prefecture-level divisions of Liaoning