Chapacuran languages

List of Chapacuran languages from Angenot (1997):Angenot, Geralda de Lima (1997). [http://www.periodicos.unir.br/index.php/linguaviva/article/view/714 Fonotática e Fonologia do Lexema Protochapacura] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205184918/https://www.periodicos.unir.br/index.php/linguaviva/article/view/714 |date=2021-02-05 }}. Dissertação do Mestrado, Universidade Federal de Rondônia.

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Spoken in Brazil:

• Torá
• Urupá
• Jarú
• Jamará
• Oro Win
• Wariʼ (Pakaas Novos)
• Tapoaya
• Kutiana
• Matáwa (Matáma)
• Kumana (Cautario)
• Uomo
• Urunamakan
• Kujuna
• Pawumwa-Wanyam
• Abitana-Wanyam
• Kabishi-Wanyam
• Miguelenho-Wanyam

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Spoken in Bolivia:

• Moré (Iten)
• Muré
• Itoreauhip
• Rokorona
• Herisobokono
• Chapakura (Huachi, Tapakura)
• Kitemoka (Kitemo)
• Napeka (Nape)
• Kusikia-Manasi

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Birchall et al. (2013) classify the dozen known Chapacuran languages as follows:Birchall, Joshua and Dunn, Michael and Greenhill, Simon (2013) An internal classification of the Chapacuran language family.

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• Chapacuran
• Kitemoka–Tapakura
• Chapacura {{extinct}}
• Quitemo {{extinct}}
• Moreic–Waric
• Moreic–Tor
• Nuclear More
• Itene (90 speakers)
• Cumana (3 speakers)
• Torá {{extinct}}
• Waric
• Urupa–Yaru:
• Urupa {{extinct}}
• Yaru {{extinct}}
• Wanham–Wari–Oro Win
• Wanham {{extinct}}
• Wari–Oro Win
• Oro Win (5 speakers)
• Wari' (2,700 speakers)
• (position unclear) Napeca (Nape) {{extinct}}
• (position unclear) Rocorona (Ocorono) {{extinct}}

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All languages are rather closely related.

Extinct languages for which Loukotka says 'nothing' is known, but which may have been Chapacuran, include Cujuna, Mataua, Urunumaca, and Herisobocono. Similarities with Mure appear to be loans.{{cite web| editor-last1= Hammarström| editor-first1 = Harald| editor-last2 = Forke| editor-first2 = Robert| editor-last3 = Haspelmath| editor-first3 = Martin| editor-last4 = Bank| editor-first4 = Sebastian| year = 2020|title = Chapacuran | work = Glottolog 4.3| url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/chap1271}}

Birchall, Dunn & Greenhill (2016) give the following phylogenetic tree of Chapacuran, based on a computational phylogenetic analysis.{{cite journal|last1=Birchall|first1=Joshua|last2=Dunn|first2=Michael|last3=Greenhill|first3=Simon J.|author3-link=Simon J. Greenhill|title=A Combined Comparative and Phylogenetic Analysis of the Chapacuran Language Family|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=82|issue=3|year=2016|pages=255–284|issn=0020-7071|url=http://hdl.handle.net/2066/166431|doi=10.1086/687383|hdl=2066/166431|hdl-access=free}}

{{clade

|label1=Chapacuran

|1={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Kitemoka

|2=Tapakura

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|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Torá

|2={{clade

|1=Moré

|2=Cojubim

}}

}}

|2={{clade

|1={{clade

|1=Jarú

|2=Urupá

}}

|2={{clade

|1=Wanyam

|2={{clade

|1=Wari'

|2=Oro Win

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

}}

Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Irantxe, Puinave-Kak, and Arawa language families due to contact.{{cite thesis|last=Jolkesky |first=Marcelo Pinho de Valhery |date=2016 |url=http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:jolkesky-2016-arqueoecolinguistica |title=Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas |type=Ph.D. dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=University of Brasília |edition=2}}

Below is a full list of Chapacuran language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

• Chapacura / Huachi / Tapacura - extinct language once spoken on the Blanco River and around Lake Chitiopa, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
• Irene / Moré - spoken on the Guaporé River, Azul River, and Mamoré River, Beni province, Bolivia.
• Itoreauhip - spoken between the Guaporé River and Azul River in Bolivia.
• Quitemo - once spoken on the Uruvaito River, Santa Cruz province, Bolivia.
• Nape - once spoken in the same country on Lake Chitiopa.
• Mure - once spoken on the San Martín River in Bolivia.
• Rocorona - once spoken on the San Martín River.
• Herisebocon - once spoken on the Rapulo River near the old mission of San Borja, Bolivia. (Unattested.)
• Wañám / Huanyam / Pawumwa - spoken between the São Miguel River and São Domingo River, territory of Rondônia, Brazil.
• Abitana - spoken as a dialect of the Wañám language at the sources of the São Miguel River, Brazil.
• Kumana / Cautario - spoken between the Guaporé River and Cautario River, Rondônia.
• Pacahanovo / Uari Wayõ - spoken on the Pacaás Novos River, Rondônia.
• Kabixi - spoken between the São Miguel River and Preto River, Rondônia, now perhaps extinct.
• Mataua - spoken in the western area of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
• Urunamacan - spoken to the north of the Wañám tribe, Rondônia, Brazil. (Unattested.)
• Uómo / Miguelheno - spoken on the São Miguel River. (Unattested.)
• Tapoaya - spoken by an unknown tribe at the sources of the Cautario River. (Unattested.)
• Cujuna - spoken by a very little known tribe, now perhaps extinct, to the north of the Kumaná tribe. (Unattested.)
• Urupá / Ituarupa - spoken on the Urupá River, Rondônia.
• Yarú - spoken by a few families on the Jaru River.
• Yamarú - extinct language once spoken on the Jamari River. (Unattested.)
• Torá / Tura - formerly spoken on the Marmelos River and Paricá River, state of Amazonas; now by a few individuals on the Posta Cabeça d'anta, state of Amazonas.

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for the Chapacuran languages.

==Proto-language==

{{Infobox proto-language

| name = Proto-Chapacuran

| altname = Proto-Chapakura

| familycolor = American

| ancestor =

| target = Chapacuran languages

}}

Below are Proto-Chapacuran (Proto-Chapakura) reconstructions from the Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL) online,{{cite web| url=https://diacl.ht.lu.se/Language/Details/34000 |title=Proto-Chapacuran |work=Diachronic Atlas of Comparative Linguistics (DiACL) |access-date=29 January 2020}} cited from Angenot de Lima (1997).Angenot de Lima, Geralda (1997). Fonotática e Fonologia do Lexema Protochapacura. Master's dissertation, Universidade Federal de Rondônia. English glosses are from DiACL, and the original Portuguese glosses are from Angenot de Lima (1997). For the full list of original Portuguese glosses, see the corresponding Portuguese article.

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{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Chapacuran reconstructions}}

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{{Chapacuran languages}}

{{language families}}

{{South American languages}}

{{Jesuit Missions of Moxos}}

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Category:Language families

Category:Indigenous languages of Western Amazonia

Category:Languages of Brazil

Category:Languages of Bolivia

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