Charles B. McVay III

Charles Butler McVay III was born in Ephrata, Pennsylvania, on August 31, 1898, to a Navy family.{{cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/mcvay-charles-b-iii.html|title=Charles Butler McVay III|date=October 11, 2016|publisher=Naval History and Heritage Command|access-date=June 29, 2021|archive-date=June 3, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603034841/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/biographies-list/bios-m/mcvay-charles-b-iii.html|url-status=live}} His father, Charles Butler McVay Jr. (1868–1949), commanded the tender {{USS|Yankton|1893|2}} during the cruise of the Great White Fleet (1907–1909), was an admiral in the United States Navy during World War I, and served as Commander-in-Chief of the Asiatic Fleet in the early 1930s.

Charles III was a 1920 graduate of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis, Maryland. Before taking command of Indianapolis in November 1944, McVay was chairman of the Joint Intelligence Committee of the Combined Chiefs of Staff in Washington, D.C., the Allies' highest intelligence unit. Earlier in World War II, he was awarded the Silver Star for displaying courage under fire.

McVay led the ship through the invasion of Iwo Jima, then the bombardment of Okinawa in the spring of 1945, during which Indianapolis anti-aircraft guns shot down seven enemy planes before the ship was struck by a kamikaze on March 31. The strike inflicted heavy casualties, including eight dead, and penetrated the ship's hull. McVay returned the ship safely to Mare Island in California for repairs.

Later that year, Indianapolis received orders to carry parts and nuclear material to Tinian to be used in the atomic bombs which were soon to be dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki. After delivery, the ship was en route to report for further duty off Okinawa.

Early on July 30, 1945, Indianapolis was attacked by the {{Ship|Japanese submarine|I-58|1943|2|up=yes}} under Commander Mochitsura Hashimoto. Hashimoto launched six torpedoes and hit Indianapolis twice. The first removed over forty feet of her bow, the second hit the starboard side below the bridge. Indianapolis immediately took a fifteen degree list, capsized and sank within 12 minutes. Of the crew of 1,195 men, 879 men died, becoming one of the greatest U.S. Navy disasters ever.

About 300 of the 1,196 men on board either died in the initial attack or were trapped belowdecks and drowned when compartments were sealed to prevent sinking. The remainder of the crew, about 900 men, abandoned ship. Some were left floating in the water, many without lifeboats, until the rescue of 316 survivors was completed four days (100 hours) later. Because of Navy protocol regarding secret missions, the ship was not reported "overdue". Rescue came only after survivors were spotted by pilot Lieutenant Wilber (Chuck) Gwinn and co-pilot Lieutenant Warren Colwell on a routine patrol flight. Of those who did abandon ship, most casualties were due to injuries sustained aboard the ship, dehydration, exhaustion, drinking salt water and shark attacks.{{cite book |last1=Vincent |first1=Lynn |last2=Vladic |first2=Sara |title=Indianapolis |year= 2018 |publisher=Simon & Schuster |isbn=978-1501135941 |edition=1st}} The seas had been moderate, but visibility was not good. Indianapolis had been steaming at {{convert|15.7|kn|kph|lk=in}}. When the ship did not reach Leyte on the 31st, as scheduled, no report was made that she was overdue. This omission was officially recorded later as "due to a misunderstanding of the Movement Report System".{{Cite web|url=https://www.history.navy.mil/news-and-events/news/2017/august/USSIndianapolisLocated.html|title=Researchers Announce Wreckage from USS Indianapolis Located|website=www.history.navy.mil|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-date=2018-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180820122202/https://www.history.navy.mil/news-and-events/news/2017/august/USSIndianapolisLocated.html|url-status=dead}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/20/we-knew-the-ship-was-doomed-uss-indianapolis-survivor-recalls-four-days-in-shark-filled-sea/|title='We knew the ship was doomed': USS Indianapolis survivor recalls four days in shark-filled sea|newspaper=Washington Post|language=en|access-date=2018-07-17|archive-date=2018-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100235/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/08/20/we-knew-the-ship-was-doomed-uss-indianapolis-survivor-recalls-four-days-in-shark-filled-sea/|url-status=live}}

McVay was wounded but survived, and was among those rescued. He repeatedly asked the Navy why it took four days to rescue his men but never received an answer. The Navy long claimed that SOS messages were never received because the ship was operating under a policy of radio silence; declassified records show that three SOS messages were received separately. None were acted upon because one commander was drunk, another thought it was a Japanese ruse, and the third had given orders not to be disturbed.{{cite web|last1=Maier|first1=Timothy W.|title="For the Good of the Navy" by Maier, Timothy W. – Insight on the News, Vol. 16, Issue 21, June 5, 2000|url=https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-62650113/for-the-good-of-the-navy|access-date=August 20, 2017|archive-date=February 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227193720/https://www.questia.com/magazine/1G1-62650113/for-the-good-of-the-navy|url-status=dead}}

After a Navy Court of Inquiry recommended that McVay be court-martialed for the loss of Indianapolis, Admiral Chester Nimitz disagreed and instead issued the captain a letter of reprimand. Admiral Ernest King overturned Nimitz's decision and recommended a court-martial, which Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal later convened. McVay was charged with failing to zigzag and failure to order abandon ship in a timely manner. He was convicted on the former. Knowledge of Japanese submarines in the area was withheld from the court and from McVay, prior to sailing. The court sentenced McVay to lose 100 numbers in his temporary rank of Captain and 100 numbers in his permanent rank of Commander. However, in 1946, at the behest of Admiral Nimitz who had become Chief of Naval Operations, Secretary of the Navy Forrestal remitted McVay's sentence and restored him to duty.{{cite web| url=http://news.usni.org/2014/07/30/legacy-uss-indianapolis| title=The Legacy of USS Indianapolis| author=Capt. William J. Toti, USN (Retired)| date=30 July 2014| access-date=2015-10-20| archive-date=2015-11-28| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151128103137/http://news.usni.org/2014/07/30/legacy-uss-indianapolis| url-status=live}}{{cite web|url=http://www.ussindianapolis.org/mcvay.htm|title=Captain McVay|publisher=USS Indianapolis.org|access-date=2009-06-03|archive-date=2009-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204011556/http://ussindianapolis.org/mcvay.htm|url-status=dead}}

Hashimoto, the Japanese submarine commander, was on record as describing visibility at the time as fair, which is corroborated by the fact that he was able to target and sink Indianapolis in the first place. He also testified that zigzagging would not have made a difference, as he would have still sunk Indianapolis due to being in such a good position to do so. American submarine experts testified that "zigzagging" was a technique of negligible value in eluding enemy submarines. Hashimoto also testified to this effect.{{cite book|last=Stanton|first=Doug|title=In Harm's Way: The Sinking of the USS Indianapolis and the Extraordinary Story of Its Survivors|year= 2003|publisher=Macmillan |isbn=0805073663}} Despite that testimony, the court held McVay responsible for failing to zigzag.

An additional point of controversy is evidence that the admirals in the United States Navy held some responsibility for placing the ship in harm's way. McVay requested a destroyer escort for Indianapolis,{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23455951 |title=USS Indianapolis sinking: 'You could see sharks circling' |work=BBC News |access-date=2018-06-20 |archive-date=2018-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418191159/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-23455951 |url-status=live }} but his request was denied because the priority for destroyers at the time was escorting transports to Okinawa and picking up aircrew downed in B-29 raids on Japan.

Although many ships, including most destroyers, were equipped with submarine detection equipment, the Indianapolis was not. On July 24, 1945, just six days prior to the sinking of Indianapolis, the destroyer {{USS|Underhill|DE-682|2}} was attacked and sunk in the area by Japanese submarines, yet McVay was never informed of this event, and several others, in part due to issues of classified intelligence. McVay was warned of the potential presence of Japanese subs, but not of the actual confirmed activity.

Although about 380 ships of the U.S. Navy were lost in combat in World War II,{{cite book|title=US Warships of World War II|author=Silverstone, Paul H. |pages= 394–408}} McVay was the only captain to be court-martialed for the loss of his ship.{{cite book|author=Thomas, Joseph J.|title=Leadership Embodied: The Secrets To Success Of The Most Effective Navy And Marine Corps Leaders|publisher=Naval Institute Press|year=2005|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qiU7V8maI2oC&pg=PA115|page=115|isbn=978-1591148609|access-date=2016-09-20|archive-date=2014-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703211903/http://books.google.com/books?id=qiU7V8maI2oC&pg=PA115|url-status=live}} It was speculated that he had been a fall guy for the Navy.{{cite web|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1988/WCR.htm|title=The U.S.S. Indianapolis—Tragedy Amid Triumph|website=globalsecurity.org|author=LCdr. C. R. Woodward, USMC|year=1988|access-date=2008-12-21|archive-date=2008-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081212212845/http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/report/1988/WCR.htm|url-status=live}} The conviction effectively ended McVay's career as he lost seniority, although the sentence was overturned by Secretary James Forrestal owing to McVay's bravery prior to the sinking, and McVay was finally promoted to rear admiral when he retired from the navy in 1949, although he apparently never got over his treatment.{{Cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5k0iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W6wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3676,966443|title=The Argus-Press|via=Google News Archive Search|website=news.google.com|access-date=2016-09-20|archive-date=2020-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200227193740/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=5k0iAAAAIBAJ&sjid=W6wFAAAAIBAJ&pg=3676,966443|url-status=live}}{{cite news|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/us/captain-once-a-scapegoat-is-absolved.html|title=Captain, Once a Scapegoat, Is Absolved|date=14 July 2001 |access-date=2017-08-25|archive-date=2017-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823053513/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/14/us/captain-once-a-scapegoat-is-absolved.html|url-status=live|last1=Stout |first1=David }}

In his book Abandon Ship, author Richard F. Newcomb posits a motive for Admiral King's ordering McVay's court-martial. According to Captain McVay III's father, Admiral Charles B. McVay Jr., "'King never forgot a grudge". King had been a junior officer under the command of McVay's father when King and other officers snuck some women aboard a ship. Admiral McVay had a letter of reprimand placed in King's record for that. "Now," he raged, "King's used [my son] to get back at me."{{cite book|title=Abandon Ship|url=https://archive.org/details/abandonship00newc|url-access=registration|author=Newcomb, Richard F.|year=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=9780380819041 }}

On November 6, 1968, McVay died by suicide by shooting himself at his home in Litchfield, Connecticut. He used a Colt pistol, an Officer's Model Target 38 Special.{{Cite web |title=Research |url=https://www.ussindianapolis.com/research |access-date=2023-02-03 |website=indy |language=en}} It was manufactured in 1906 and was not issued to the U.S. Navy despite what the name could lead some to believe, according to the [https://www.Ussindianapolis.com USS Indianapolis Legacy Organization]. Commonly this pistol has been referred to as McVay's service pistol, which it was not. There is another myth, that he was holding in his hand a toy sailor he had received as a boy for a good luck charm.{{cite web|url=http://www.ussindianapolis.org/mcvay.htm|title=Captain McVay|access-date=June 3, 2009|archive-date=February 4, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204011556/http://ussindianapolis.org/mcvay.htm|url-status=dead}} This is also untrue, as police reports obtained by the Legacy Organization do not mention this nor show any other objects in the pictures aside from his pistol.

He was found on his back porch by his gardener.{{cite web|url=http://www.ussindianapolis.org/main.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000226152340/http://www.ussindianapolis.org/main.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 26, 2000|publisher=USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization|title=Main page|access-date=2007-10-22}} Though a note was not left, McVay was known by those close to him to have suffered from loneliness, particularly after losing his wife to cancer in 1961.{{Cite web |url=http://www.ussindianapolis.org/pfinnstory.htm |title=USS Indianapolis CA-35 |access-date=2010-10-01 |archive-date=2015-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150318003210/http://www.ussindianapolis.org/pfinnstory.htm |url-status=dead }} McVay also struggled throughout his life from the impact of vitriolic letters and phone calls he periodically received from grief-stricken relatives of dead crewmen who served aboard Indianapolis.

{{USS|Indianapolis|CA-35|6}} survivors organized, and many spent years attempting to clear their skipper's name. Many people, from McVay's sons Charles McVay IV (1925–2012) and James “Kimo” Wilder McVay (1927–2001) to author Dan Kurzman, who chronicled the Indianapolis incident in Fatal Voyage, to members of Congress, long believed McVay was unfairly convicted. Paul Murphy, president of the USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization, said: "Captain McVay's court-martial was simply to divert attention from the terrible loss of life caused by procedural mistakes which never alerted anyone that we were missing."

Over fifty years after the incident, a 12-year-old student in Pensacola, Florida, Hunter Scott, was instrumental in raising awareness of the miscarriage of justice carried out at the captain's court-martial. As part of a school project for the National History Day program, the young man interviewed nearly 150 survivors of the Indianapolis sinking and reviewed 800 documents. His testimony before the U.S. Congress brought national attention to the situation.{{cite news|publisher=Detroit News|date=1998-04-23|title=Newspaper article}}{{cite news | url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/11/10/news/story3.html | title=Navy 'scapegoat' may be absolved | first=Gregg K. | last=Kakesako | newspaper=Honolulu Star-Bulletin | date=November 10, 1997 | access-date=May 31, 2017 | archive-date=March 5, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305071013/http://archives.starbulletin.com/97/11/10/news/story3.html | url-status=live }}{{cite news | url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Jun/20/ln/FP606200353.html | title=A duel for the glory of captain's exoneration | first=Janet | last=Frankston | date=June 20, 2006 | agency=Associated Press | newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser | access-date=2023-10-03 | archive-date=March 4, 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000106/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2006/Jun/20/ln/FP606200353.html | url-status=live }}

In October 2000, the United States Congress passed a Sense of Congress resolution that McVay's record should reflect that "he is exonerated for the loss of the USS Indianapolis." President Clinton also signed the resolution.{{cite web|url=http://www.ussindianapolis.org/resolution.htm|title=Seeking Justice: A Victory in Congress|publisher=USS Indianapolis Survivors Organization|access-date=2007-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029041423/http://www.ussindianapolis.org/resolution.htm|archive-date=2007-10-29|url-status=dead}} Commander Hashimoto died five days before the exoneration (on 25 October).

In May 2001, Secretary of the Navy Gordon R. England ordered Captain William Toti, former commanding officer of {{USS|Indianapolis|SSN-697}}, to enter the Sense of Congress resolution into McVay's official Navy personnel record.Stout, David (July 14, 2001) "Captain, Once a Scapegoat, Is Absolved." The New York Times, New York, NYEngland, Gordon R. (July 11, 2001), Memorandum for the Chief of Naval Operations from the Secretary of the Navy. Subject: Addition to the Military Personnel Record of Rear Admiral Charles B. McVay, III, USN.

{{More citations needed|date=February 2025}}

In 1978, the events surrounding McVay's court-martial were dramatized in The Failure to ZigZag by playwright John B. Ferzacca. McVay has been portrayed by Stacy Keach in the 1991 made-for-television movie Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis and Nicolas Cage in the 2016 film USS Indianapolis: Men of Courage. Also in 2016, USS Indianapolis: The Legacy was released. It is an in-depth film where the survivors tell the story of what happened and they speak about the aftermath of the tragic event. In 2019, PBS released a 90-minute documentary titled USS Indianapolis: The Final Chapter.

{{Portal|Biography}}

• W. Graham Claytor Jr.
• List of U.S. Navy losses in World War II
• United States military veteran suicide

• {{DANFS|https://web.archive.org/web/20100409213959/http://www.history.navy.mil/danfs/i1/indianapolis-ii.htm}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://www.ussindianapolis.org/ USS Indianapolis – Still at sea]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110220192424/http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/sh-usn/usnsh-i/ca35.htm Photographs] of Indianapolis
• [http://www.uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/2565.html Allied Warships: USS Indianapolis (CA 35), Heavy cruiser of the Portland class]
• [http://www.indianahistory.org/library/manuscripts/collection_guides/m0645.html USS Indianapolis Collection, 1898–1991], collection guide for an "artificially-created" collection of materials regarding the history of the heavy cruiser USS Indianapolis (CA-35) at the Indiana Historical Society.
• {{IMDb title|qid=Q15270762|title=Mission of the Shark: The Saga of the U.S.S. Indianapolis}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:McVay, Charles B., III}}

Category:1898 births

Category:1968 deaths

Category:United States Navy personnel of World War II

Category:American military personnel who died by suicide

Category:People from Ephrata, Pennsylvania

Category:Recipients of the Silver Star

Category:Suicides by firearm in Connecticut

Category:United States Naval Academy alumni

Category:United States Navy officers

Category:United States Navy personnel who were court-martialed

Category:Military personnel from Pennsylvania