Revenge

{{multiple image

| align = right

| image1 = DVinfernoMegaeraTisifphoneAlecto m.jpg

| width1 = 160

| alt1 =

| caption1 = Engraving by Gustave Doré illustrating the Erinyes, chthonic deities of vengeance and death

| image2 = Prince_Hamlet_kill_King_Claudius,_in_Shakespeare's_Hamlet.jpg

| width2 = 160

| alt2 =

| caption2 = Shakespeare's Hamlet tells a history in which a man avenged the murder of his father by killing his uncle.The Killing Scene: Hamlet 5.2.303–309. Artist: Gustave Moreau.

| footer =

}}

Social psychologist Ian Mckee states that the desire for the sustenance of power motivates vengeful behavior as a means of impression management: "People who are more vengeful tend to be those who are motivated by power, by authority and by the desire for status. They don't want to lose face".{{cite book |url=http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/revenge.aspx |title=Revenge and the people who seek it |date=June 2009 |author=Michael Price |volume=40 |issue=6 |page=Print version: page 34 |publisher=apa.org |access-date=1 October 2010 |archive-date=20 November 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101120000956/http://www.apa.org/monitor/2009/06/revenge.aspx |url-status=live }}Ian McKee, PhD. 2008. Social Justice Research (Vol. 138, No. 2)

Vengeful behavior has been found across a majority of human societies throughout history.{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/106939719202600103|title = "Blood Feuds": Cross-Cultural Variations in Kin Group Vengeance| journal=Behavior Science Research| volume=26| issue=1–4| pages=57–85|year = 1992|last1 = Ericksen|first1 = Karen Paige| last2=Horton| first2=Heather|s2cid = 144360011}} Some societies encourage vengeful behavior, which is then called a feud.{{Cite journal|last=Richard|first=McClelland|date=Summer 2010|title=The Pleasures of Revenge|journal=The Journal of Mind and Behavior|volume=31|issue=3/4|pages=196|jstor=43854277}} These societies usually regard the honor of individuals and groups as of central importance. Thus, while protecting their reputation, an avenger feels as if they restore the previous state of dignity and justice. According to Michael Ignatieff, "Revenge is a profound moral desire to keep faith with the dead, to honor their memory by taking up their cause where they left off".Brandon Hamber and Richard A. Wilson, Symbolic Closure through Memory, Reparation and Revenge in Post-conflict Societies (Johannesburg: Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation, 1999). Thus, honor may become a heritage that passes from generation to generation. Whenever it is compromised, the affected family or community members might feel compelled to retaliate against an offender to restore the initial "balance of honor" that preceded the perceived injury. This cycle of honor might expand by bringing the family members and then the entire community of the new victim into the brand-new, endless cycle of revenge that may pervade generations.{{cite book |chapter-url=https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/online-store/ebooks/hostility-and-violence/exploring-the-facets-of-revenge |title=Exploring the Facets of Revenge |year=2012 |author=Helena Yakovlev-Golani |chapter=Revenge - the Volcano of Despair: The Story of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict |page=83 |access-date=2013-05-18 |archive-date=2016-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305052617/https://www.interdisciplinarypress.net/online-store/ebooks/hostility-and-violence/exploring-the-facets-of-revenge |url-status=live }}

File:Notification on 21 October 1941.jpg as retaliation for 10 killed German soldiers. Nazi-occupied Serbia, 1941.]]

Francis Bacon described revenge as a kind of "wild justice" that "does [..]. offend the law [and] putteth the law out of office."{{cite web |title=Sir Francis Bacon "On Revenge" |url=http://www.rjgeib.com/thoughts/revenge/revenge.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008033020/http://rjgeib.com/thoughts/revenge/revenge.html |archive-date=2012-10-08 |access-date=2012-10-08 |work=rjgeib.com}}

Feuds are cycles of provocation and retaliation, fueled by a desire for revenge and carried out over long periods of time by familial or tribal groups. They were an important part of many pre-industrial societies, especially in the Mediterranean region. They still persist in some areas, notably in Albania with its tradition of gjakmarrja or "blood feuds", revenge that is carried out not only by the individual, but by their extended relations for generations to come."[http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0625/p01s02-woeu.html Peacemaker breaks the ancient grip of Albania's blood feuds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161123013609/http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2008/0625/p01s02-woeu.html |date=2016-11-23 }}". The Christian Science Monitor June 24, 2008

Blood feuds are still practised in many parts of the world, including Kurdish regions of Turkey and in Papua New Guinea."[http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-attack-feuds-analysis-idUKTRE5443HC20090505 Blood feuds and gun violence plague Turkey's southeast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129053621/https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-turkey-attack-feuds-analysis-idUKTRE5443HC20090505 |date=2019-11-29 }}". Reuters. May 5, 2009"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4181042.stm Deadly twist to PNG's tribal feuds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218141806/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/4181042.stm |date=2008-12-18 }}". BBC News. August 25, 2005

In Japan, honouring one's family, clan, or lord through the practice of revenge killings is called "katakiuchi" (敵討ち). These killings could also involve the relatives of an offender. Today, katakiuchi is most often pursued by peaceful means, but revenge remains an important part of Japanese culture.{{Cite journal|last=Mills|first=D. E.|title=Kataki-Uchi: The Practice of Blood-Revenge in Pre-Modern Japan|journal=Modern Asian Studies|year=1976|volume=10|issue=4|pages=525–542|doi=10.1017/S0026749X00014943|s2cid=145215338 }}

{{for-text|broader coverage of this topic in Organizational psychology|Workplace revenge}}

Philosophers tend to believe that to punish and to take revenge are vastly different activities:{{cite journal |last1=Flew |first1=Antony |title=The Justification of Punishment |journal=Philosophy |date=1954 |volume=29 |issue=111 |pages=291–307 |jstor=3748210 |doi=10.1017/S0031819100067152 |s2cid=144047901 }} "One who undertakes to punish rationally does not do so for the sake of the wrongdoing, which is now in the past - but for the sake of the future, that the wrongdoing shall not be repeated, either by him, or by others who see him, or by others who see him punished".{{cite book |author=Plato |title=Protagoras |page=324 |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1591 |access-date=2019-12-17 |archive-date=2019-12-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217095858/http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/1591 |url-status=live }} In contrast, seeking revenge is motivated by a yearning to see a transgressor suffer; revenge is necessarily preceded by anger, whereas punishment does not have to be.{{cite journal |last1=Schumann |first1=Karina |title=The Benefits, Costs, and Paradox of Revenge |journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass |date=2010 |volume=4 |issue=12 |page=1193 |doi=10.1111/j.1751-9004.2010.00322.x }}

Indeed, Kaiser, Vick, and Major point out the following: "An important psychological implication of the various efforts to define revenge is that

there is no objective standard for declaring an act to be motivated by revenge or not.

Revenge is a label that is ascribed based on perceivers’ attributions for the act. Revenge

is an inference, regardless of whether the individuals making the inference are the harmdoers themselves, the injured parties, or outsiders. Because revenge is an inference, various individuals can disagree on whether the same action is revenge or not."

Belief in the just-world fallacy is also associated with revenge: in particular, having strong experiences or challenges against, can increase distress and motivate individuals to seek revenge, as a means of justice restoration.{{cite journal|last1=Kaiser|first1=Cheryl|title=A Prospective Investigation of the Relationship Between Just-World Beliefs and the Desire for Revenge After September 11, 2001|journal=Psychological Science|date=2004|volume=15|issue=7|pages=503–506|doi=10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.00709.x|pmid=15200637|s2cid=34309813|url=https://depts.washington.edu/silab/Documents/Kaiser,%20Vick,%20&%20Major%20(2004).pdf |access-date=20 December 2019}}

A growing body of research reveals that a vengeful disposition is correlated to adverse health outcomes: strong desires for revenge and greater willingness to act on these desires have been correlated with post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and psychiatric morbidity.{{cite journal |last1=Cardozo |first1=Barbara |title=Mental health, social functioning, and attitudes of Kosovar ns following the war in Kosovo |journal=JAMA |date=2000 |volume=16 |issue=5 |pages=569–77 |doi=10.1001/jama.284.5.569 |pmid=10918702 |url=https://web.stanford.edu/~omidf/KarinaSchumann/KarinaSchumann_Home/Publications_files/Schumann.SPPC.2010.pdf |access-date=17 December 2019 |doi-access=free |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930171639/https://web.stanford.edu/~omidf/KarinaSchumann/KarinaSchumann_Home/Publications_files/Schumann.SPPC.2010.pdf |url-status=live }}

The popular expression "revenge is a dish best served cold" suggests that revenge is more satisfying if enacted when unexpected or long-feared, inverting traditional civilizedBloom, Paul. (20 November 2017). [https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/27/the-root-of-all-cruelty The Root of All Cruelty?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408003201/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2017/11/27/the-root-of-all-cruelty |date=2024-04-08 }}. The New Yorker. revulsion toward "cold-blooded" violence.{{cite book| editor= Jennifer Speake| editor-link= Jennifer Speake | title= Concise Oxford Dictionary of Proverbs, 5th Ed.| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=ogm0c8mYtQUC&pg=PT576| access-date= 23 October 2013| year= 2008| publisher= Oxford University Press| page= 576| isbn= 9780191580017| archive-date=1 January 2014| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140101080808/http://books.google.com/books?id=ogm0c8mYtQUC&pg=PT576| url-status= live}}

The idea's origin is obscure. The French diplomat Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord (1754–1838) has been credited with the saying, "La vengeance est un met que l'on doit manger froid" ["Revenge is a dish that must be eaten cold"], albeit without supporting detail.{{cite book |title=Le Dictionnaire Marabout des pensées des auteurs du monde entier |location= Verviers |publisher= Gérard & Co. |year= 1969}} The concept has been in the English language at least since the 1846 translation of the 1845 French novel Mathilde by Joseph Marie Eugène Sue: "la vengeance se mange très bien froide",{{cite book | author= Eugène Sue | title= Mathilde: mémoires d'une jeune femme | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=2SQ6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148 | access-date= 26 December 2012 | year= 1845 | publisher=Welter | page=148 | archive-date=31 December 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131231233835/http://books.google.com/books?id=2SQ6AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA148 | url-status=live }} there italicized as if quoting a proverbial saying, and translated "revenge is very good eaten cold".{{cite book|author= Marie Joseph Eugène Sue|title= The orphan; or, Memoirs of Matilda, tr. [from Mathilde] by the hon. D.G. Osborne|url=https://archive.org/details/orphan00suegoog|year=1846|page=[https://archive.org/details/orphan00suegoog/page/n328 303]}} The phrase has been wrongly credited{{cite web |url= http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/revenge-is-a-dish-best-served-cold.html|title=The meaning and origin of the expression: Revenge is a dish best served cold|access-date=24 October 2013|archive-date=23 October 2013|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131023103028/http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/revenge-is-a-dish-best-served-cold.html|url-status=live}} to the novel Les Liaisons Dangereuses (1782).

The phrase has also been credited to the Pashtuns of Afghanistan.{{cite book|last= Fergusson|first= James|title= Taliban: The Unknown Enemy|url= https://archive.org/details/talibanunknownen00ferg|url-access= registration|year=2011|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-82034-2|page=[https://archive.org/details/talibanunknownen00ferg/page/32 32]}}

Earlier speakers of English might use the set phrase "with a {{linktext|wanion}}" rather than the more modern standard "with a vengeance" to express intensity.

{{oed | wanion}}

A Japanese proverb states, "If you want revenge, then dig two graves". While this reference is frequently misunderstood by Western audiences, the Japanese reader understands that this proverb means that enactors of revenge must be more dedicated to killing their enemy than to surviving the ordeal themselves.{{cite book |last1= Mieder |first1= Wolfgang |title= A Dictionary of American Proverbs |date= 1992 |publisher= Oxford University Press, USA |isbn= 9780195053999 |page= 430 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=AbJ1tVGmiTgC&q=dig+two+graves+dictionary&pg=PA430 |language=en |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125075043/https://books.google.com/books?id=AbJ1tVGmiTgC&q=dig+two+graves+dictionary&pg=PA430 |url-status=live }}

File:Konishi Hirosada - Igagoe buyuden - Walters 95712.jpg. This is an episode from a popular story of revenge – how the son of a murdered samurai tracked the killer over all Japan.]]

Revenge is a popular subject across many forms of art. Some examples include the painting Herodias' Revenge by Juan de Flandes and the operas Don Giovanni and The Marriage of Figaro, both by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. In Japanese art, revenge is a theme in various woodblock prints depicting the forty-seven rōnin by many well-known and influential artists, including Utagawa Kuniyoshi. The Chinese playwright Ji Junxiang used revenge as the central theme in his theatrical work The Orphan of Zhao;{{cite journal | last=Liu | first=Wu-Chi | title=The Original Orphan of China | journal=Comparative Literature | year=1953 | volume=5 | issue=3 | pages=193–212 | jstor=1768912 | doi=10.2307/1768912 }} it depicts more specifically familial revenge, which is placed in the context of Confucian morality and social hierarchical structure.{{cite book | last=Shi |first=Fei | title=Text & presentation, 2008 | year=2009 | publisher=McFarland | location=Jefferson | isbn=9780786443666 | editor=Constantinidis, Stratos E. | chapter=Tragic Ways of Killing a Child: Staging Violence and Revenge in Classical Greek and Chinese Drama | page=175}}

Revenge has been a popular literary theme historically and continues to play a role in contemporary works.{{Cite journal|last=C. Armstrong|last2=W. Bright|last3=Collitz|last4=Marden|first=Edward|first2=James|first3=Hermann|first4=C. Carroll|date=1911|title=MLN, Volume 26|journal=MLN|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press, 1911|volume=26|pages=115–116}} Examples of literature that feature revenge as a theme include the plays Hamlet and Othello by William Shakespeare, the novel The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas, and the short story "The Cask of Amontillado" by Edgar Allan Poe. More modern examples include the novels Carrie by Stephen King, Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn, and The Princess Bride by William Goldman. Although revenge is a theme in itself, it is also considered to be a genre.{{Cite journal|title = Women and Revenge in Shakespeare: Gender, Genre, and Ethics|last = Marguerite|first = Tassi|date = September 22, 2012|journal = Renaissance Quarterly}}

Revenge as a genre has been consistent with a variety of themes that have frequently appeared in different texts over the last few centuries. Such themes include but are not limited to: disguise, masking, sex, cannibalism, the grotesque, bodily fluids, power, violent murders, and secrecy.{{Cite journal|title = Revenge: An Analysis of Its Psychological Underpinnings|last = Grobbink|first = Leonie|date = July 2015|journal = International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology|volume = 59|issue = 8|pages = 892–907|doi = 10.1177/0306624X13519963|pmid = 24441031| s2cid=220490026 }} Each theme is usually coupled with the concept of dramatic irony. Dramatic irony is a literary device in which the audience possesses knowledge unavailable to characters in a novel, play, or film.{{Cite web|url = http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=f8163f8d-cf94-4bab-9b2b-db78100c535c%40sessionmgr4004&vid=15&hid=4213&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmU%3d#AN=89404922&db=ers|title = Dramatic Irony|date = January 2015|website = Research Starters|publisher = Salem Press Encyclopedia of Literature|last = Rholetter|first = Wylene}} Its purpose is to intensify the tragic events that are going to unfold by creating tension between the audience and the actions of the characters.

The most common theme within the genre of revenge is the recurring violent murders that take place throughout the text, especially in the final act or scene. The root of the violence is usually derived from the characters' childhood development.{{Cite web|url = http://www.nonviolenceandsocialjustice.org/Research-Literature/Sanctuary-Model-literature-and-works-by-Sandra-Bloom/Reflections-on-the-Desire-for-Revenge/75/|title = Reflections on the Desire for Revenge|date = 2001|website = Center for Nonviolence and Social Justice|last = Bloom|first = Sandra|publisher = Journal of Emotional Abuse|access-date = 2015-12-12|archive-date = 2015-12-09|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151209235734/http://www.nonviolenceandsocialjustice.org/Research-Literature/Sanctuary-Model-literature-and-works-by-Sandra-Bloom/Reflections-on-the-Desire-for-Revenge/75/|url-status = live}}

The themes of masking and disguise have the ability to go hand in hand with each other. A character may employ disguise literally or metaphorically. A mask is the literal example of this theme; while pretending to be something one is not is considered to be the metaphoric example. Additional themes that may cause the protagonist and antagonist to develop a masked or disguised identity include sex, power, and even cannibalism. Examples of sex and power being used as themes can be seen in the novel Gone Girl by Gillian Flynn, as well as the aforementioned drama, Titus Andronicus.{{Cite journal|last=Willbern|first=David|title=Rape and Revenge in "Titus Andronicus"|journal=English Literary Renaissance|volume=8}}

The emergence of the internet has provided new ways of exacting revenge.{{Cite journal|last=Obeidat|first=Zaid|title=Consumer Revenge Using the Internet and Social Media: An Examination of the Role of Service Failure Types and Cognitive Appraisal Processes|journal=Psychology & Marketing}} Customer revenge targets businesses and corporations with the intent to cause damage or harm.{{Cite journal|last=Grégoire|first=Yany|title=A comprehensive model of customer direct and indirect revenge: understanding the effects of perceived greed and customer power|journal=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science}} In general, people tend to place more credence in online reviews rather than corporate communications. With technology becoming more readily available, corporations and firms are more likely to experience damage caused by negative reviews posted online going viral. Recent studies indicate this type of consumer rage aimed at corporations is becoming more common, especially in Western societies.{{Cite journal|last=Grégoire|first=Yany|title=How can firms stop customer revenge? The effects of direct and indirect revenge on post-complaint responses|journal=Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science}}

The rise of social media sites like Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube act as public platforms for exacting new forms of revenge. Revenge porn involves the vengeful public dissemination of intimate pictures and videos of another person's sexual activity with the intent of creating widespread shame.{{cite journal | last1 = Langlois | first1 = G. | last2 = Slane | first2 = A. | year = 2017 | title = Economies of reputation: the case of revenge porn | journal = Communication & Critical/Cultural Studies | volume = 14 | issue = 2| pages = 120–138 | doi = 10.1080/14791420.2016.1273534 | s2cid = 151732727 }} Participation in online revenge porn activities incites a sense of pleasure through the harm, embarrassment, and humiliation being inflicted on the victim. The allowance of anonymity on revenge porn sites encourages further incivility by empowering and encouraging this type of behavior.{{cite journal | last1 = Stroud | first1 = S. R. | year = 2014 | title = The Dark Side of the Online Self: A Pragmatist Critique of the Growing Plague of Revenge Porn | journal = Journal of Mass Media Ethics | volume = 29 | issue = 3| pages = 168–183 | doi = 10.1080/08900523.2014.917976 | s2cid = 143979919 }} In many instances, the original poster provides the victim's personal information, including links to social media accounts, furthering the harassment. Online revenge porn's origins can be traced to 2010 when Hunter Moore created the first site, IsAnyoneUp, to share nude photos of his girlfriend.

Humans are not the only species known to take revenge. There are several species such as camels, elephants, fish, lions,{{cite journal | last1 = Mills | first1 = M. G. L. | year = 1991 | title = Conservation management of large carnivores in Africa | journal = Koedoe | volume = 34 | issue = 1| pages = 81–90 | doi = 10.4102/koedoe.v34i1.417 | doi-access = free }} coots,{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/S0003-3472(84)80340-1|title=Brood reduction and brood division in coots|journal=Animal Behaviour|volume=32|pages=216–225|year=1984|last1=Horsfall|first1=J.A.|s2cid=53152664}} crows, and many species of primates (chimpanzees, macaques, baboons, etc.) that have been recognized to seek revenge. Primatologists Frans de Waal and Lesleigh Luttrellave conducted numerous studies that provide evidence of revenge in many species of primates. They observed chimpanzees and noticed patterns of revenge. For example, if chimpanzee A helped chimpanzee B defeat his opponent, chimpanzee C, then chimpanzee C would be more likely to help chimpanzee A's opponent in a later squabble. Chimpanzees are one of the most common species that show revenge due to their desire for dominance. Studies have also been performed on less cognitive species such as fish to demonstrate that not only intellectual animals execute revenge.{{Cite book|title = Beyond Revenge : The Evolution of the Forgiveness Instinct|url = https://archive.org/details/beyondrevengeevo0000mccu|url-access = registration|last = McCullough|first = Michael|publisher = Jossey-Bass|year = 2008|pages = [https://archive.org/details/beyondrevengeevo0000mccu/page/79 79]–85| isbn=9780787977566 }} Studies of crows by Professor John Marzluff have also shown that some animals can carry "blood feuds" in similar ways to humans.{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Crows Share Intelligence About Enemies |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915 |access-date=April 25, 2024 |website=CBC News |archive-date=April 25, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240425211218/https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/crows-share-intelligence-about-enemies-1.1014915 |url-status=live }} Using a "dangerous" mask to cover their face and trap, band, and then release crows, Marzluff observed that within two weeks, a significant percentage of crows encountered - 26%, to be exact - would "scold" the people wearing the dangerous mask, proving that crows pass information pertaining to feuds within their family units to spread awareness about dangers they may face.{{Cite journal |last1=Cornell |first1=Heather N. |last2=Marzluff |first2=John M. |last3=Pecoraro |first3=Shannon |date=2012-02-07 |title=Social learning spreads knowledge about dangerous humans among American crows |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences |language=en |volume=279 |issue=1728 |pages=499–508 |doi=10.1098/rspb.2011.0957 |issn=0962-8452 |pmc=3234554 |pmid=21715408}} This included crows not initially trapped by the mask-wearing researchers, seeing as some of the crows were un-banded. This was further proven three years after the initial study, as the percentage of "scolding" crows increased to 66% from the initial 26%.

== See also ==

{{div col|colwidth=18em}}

• {{In title|Revenge|plural=No}}
• Anger
• Crime of passion
• Cycle of violence
• Dirty Work (1998 film)
• Divine retribution
• Eye for an eye
• Frontier justice
• Guilt–shame–fear spectrum of cultures
• Honor killing
• Just-world fallacy
• Karma
• Lawsuit
• Nemesis (mythology)
• Proportionality (law)
• Punishment
• Reprisal
• Retributive justice
• Revenge dress
• Schadenfreude
• Two wrongs make a right
• Vengeful ghost
• Vigilantism
• War

{{div col end}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• Rachel Stein. 2019. Vengeful Citizens, Violent States: A Theory of War and Revenge. Cambridge University Press.

{{commons category-inline}}

{{Wiktionary}}

{{EB1911 poster|Avenger of Blood}}

{{Wikiquote|Revenge}}

{{emotion-footer}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Punishment