Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845), known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British Whig politician, who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834. Prime Minister Grey notably enacted the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, which abolished slavery in the British Empire via compensated emancipation, ordering the British government to purchase the freedom of all slaves in the British Empire.https://www.britannica.com/summary/Charles-Grey-2nd-Earl-Grey

Grey was a long-time leader of the reform movement. He presented his first petition to extend the electoral franchise of voting as a member of parliament in 1792, and as prime minister, he ultimately legislated the Reform Act of 1832, which extended the franchise of voting in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, and which was accompanied by extensions of the electoral franchise in Scotland and Ireland with the Scottish Reform Act 1832 and the Irish Reform Act 1832.

He resigned as prime minister in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland, and he retired from politics. Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers, believing that he defused civil strife and enabled Victorian progress.{{cite book |editor1=Paul Strangio |editor2=Paul 't Hart |editor3=James Walter |title=Understanding Prime-Ministerial Performance: Comparative Perspectives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kMu2nAZmMbEC&pg=PA225 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2013 |page=225 |isbn=9780199666423}} He may be the namesake of Earl Grey tea.Kramer, Ione. All the Tea in China. China Books, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8351-2194-1}}. pp. 180–181.

Early life

Grey was born at Howick Hall, Northumberland on 13 March, 1764, the second son of Lieutenant-General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey and his wife Countess Elizabeth Grey. He had four brothers and two sisters. He was educated at Richmond School, Eton College and Trinity College, Cambridge.{{cite web|url=http://fretwell.kangaweb.com.au/pdfs/Edward%20Kay.pdf |title=Info |website=fretwell.kangaweb.com.au}}{{acad|id=GRY781C|name=Grey, Charles}}

Early political career

= Member of Parliament =

Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786, aged 22 years old. He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales, and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party. He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings.

Grey was also notable for advocating parliamentary reform and electoral reform. During the French Revolution and the revolutionary ideals of liberty, freedom and equality became widespread across Europe and beyond. In Britain, the demand for universal suffrage inspired the Tory Prime Minister Pitt to enact legislation against sedition and revolutionary activities deemed as being against British values of democracy. Pitt's later tenure was dubbed by his enemies as "Pitt's Terror". Charles Fox and Richard Sheridan Brinsley, allies and mentors of the young Grey, denounced the government's actions for suppressing reform movements due to association with revolutionary ideals.

In 1792, Grey was the driving force of a petition presented to Parliament in favor of reforms aimed at restoring "the freedom of election and a more equal representation of the people in parliament, and securing to the people a more frequent exercise of their right of electing their representatives," as a 1884 book described it.Paul, The History of Reform, pp. 62–69 In his drive for egalitarian representation, he sought to extend the democratic franchise, and he favored Catholic emancipation. Although the 1792 petition produced no change, his reform was finally achieved 40 years later with his enactment of the Reform Act of 1832.

Foreign secretary, 1806–1807

In 1806, Grey became First Lord of the Admiralty, and he was a part of the Ministry of All the Talents (a coalition of Foxite Whigs, Grenvillites, and Addingtonites).

Following Fox's death later that year, Howick took over both as foreign secretary and as leader of the Whigs. The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge, which Howick refused to do, that they would not "propose any further concessions to the Catholics".Smith 1996, p. 125

Years in opposition, 1807–1830

File:Charon's Boat.jpg caricatured the Whig administration, with Grey as Charon, rowing the boat]]

The government fell from power the next year, and, after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807, Howick went to the Lords, succeeding his father as Earl Grey. He continued in opposition for the next 23 years. In 1811, the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley. Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic emancipation.{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=E.A. |title=Lord Grey 1764–1845 |publisher=Alan Sutton Publishing Limited |location=Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK |date=1996 |pages=198–199 |isbn=978-0750911276}}

On the Napoleonic Wars, Grey took the standard Whig party line. After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon, Grey became convinced of the French emperor's invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore, the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 169–171 Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moore's successor, the Duke of Wellington.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 172–174 When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814, Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons' authoritarian monarchy; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year, he said that the change was an internal French matter.Smith, 1996 pp. 176–178

In 1826, believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions, Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 240–241 The following year, when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as prime minister, it was, therefore, Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government, which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington.Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 241–242 When Wellington became prime minister in 1828, George IV (as the Prince Regent had become) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government.Smith, 1996 pp. 245–246

Prime Minister (1830–1834)<span class="anchor" id="Premiership"></span>

File:Charles Grey - 2nd Earl Grey - atop the Grey Momument - Newcastle upon Tyne - England - 140804.jpg in Newcastle upon Tyne]]

In 1830, following the death of George IV and the resignation of the Duke of Wellington on the question of Parliamentary reform, the Whigs finally returned to power, with Grey as prime minister. In 1831, he was made a member of the Order of the Garter.

In 1832, Grey enacted the Great Reform Act of 1832, which expanded the electorate in the United Kingdom. The legislation granted the right to vote to a broader segment of the male population by standardizing property qualifications, extending the franchise to small landowners, tenant farmers, shopkeepers. all householders who paid a yearly rental of £10 or more.

In 1833, Grey enacted the Slavery Abolition Act of 1833, which abolished slavery in the British Empire. The legislation ordered the British government to purchase the freedom of all slaves in the British Empire, in the way of compensated emancipation, and by outlawing the further practice of slavery in the British Empire.

Grey also contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia: in 1831 a "Proposal to His Majesty's Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia" was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger, Anthony Bacon, Jeremy Bentham and Grey, but its ideas were considered too radical, and it was unable to attract the required investment.{{cite web |website=SA Memory |url=https://www.samemory.sa.gov.au/site/page.cfm?u=349&startRow=13 |publisher=State Library of South Australia |title=Foundation of the Province |date=5 February 2015 |access-date=19 November 2019}} In the same year, Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration (which was wound up in 1832).{{cite journal |title=Emigration from the United Kingdom |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2337910.pdf |journal=Journal of the Statistical Society of London |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=156–157 |date=July 1838 |doi=10.2307/2337910 |jstor=2337910 }}

In 1831 two acts were introduced concerning Truck wages. The first repealed all existing enactments on the subject, "and the second provided that workmen in a number of the principal industries must receive payment in the current coin of the realm."Conservative social and industrial reform: A record of Conservative legislation between 1800 and 1974 by Charles E, Bellairs, p. 10

In 1834, the cabinet was divided over Catholic emancipation. Lord Anglesey, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, preferred conciliatory reform, including the partial redistribution of the income from the tithes to the Roman Catholic Church, and away from the established Church of Ireland, a policy known as "appropriation".Smith (paperback) 1996, pp. 288–293 The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Stanley, however, preferred coercive measures.Smith (paperback) 1996, p. 301 At this gridlock, Grey resigned as prime miniser in 1834, and he nominated Lord Melbourne as his successor.

Personal life

Before his marriage, Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House. In 1791, the Duchess of Devonshire became pregnant with Grey's child, and she was sent to France, where she gave birth to their illegitimate daughter, who was raised by Grey's parents.{{cite web|last1=Hastings|first1=Chris|title=Princess Diana and the Duchess of Devonshire: Striking similarities |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2530446/Princess-Diana-and-the-Duchess-of-Devonshire-Striking-similarities.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/theroyalfamily/2530446/Princess-Diana-and-the-Duchess-of-Devonshire-Striking-similarities.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|website=The Telegraph|date=9 August 2008 |access-date=28 April 2021}}{{cbignore}}{{cite web | last=Bolen | first=Cheryl | title=Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire | website=Cheryl Bolen | url=http://www.cherylbolen.com/georgiana.htm | access-date=28 April 2021}}{{Cite journal|last=Bergman|first=Norman A|date=1998|title=Georgiana, Duchess of Devonshire, and Princess Diana: a parallel|journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine| volume=91| issue=4| pages=217–219| doi=10.1177/014107689809100414|issn=0141-0768| pmc=1296647|pmid=9659313}} Their daughter was named Eliza Courtney (20 February 1792 – 2 May 1859{{citation needed|date=April 2021}}). She married Robert Ellice.{{cite web | title=Summary of Individual: Robert Ellice | website=Legacies of British Slave-ownership | url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/lbs/person/view/42065 | access-date=28 April 2021}}

=Marriage and children=

On 18 November 1794, Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby (1776–1861), only daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Louisa Molesworth.{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl |volume= 12 |last= Payne |first= Edward John |author-link= Edward John Payne| pages = 586–588; see p. 588, third para, penultimate sentence |quote=By his wife Mary Elizabeth, only daughter of the first Lord Ponsonby, whom he married on the 18th of November 1794, he became the father of ten sons and five daughters.}} They had the following children:

a stillborn daughter (1796){{cite book |last=Lodge |first=Edmund |date=1856 |title=The Peerage and Baronetage of the British Empire |location=London |publisher=Hurst and Blackett |pages=269-270 }}
Louisa Elizabeth Grey (7 April 1797 – 26 November 1841). She married John Lambton, 1st Earl of Durham, on 9 December 1816. They had five children, including Charles William, Grey's favourite grandson, who died young.
Elizabeth Grey (10 July 1798 – 8 November 1880). She married John Crocker Bulteel on 13 May 1826. They had five children.
Caroline Grey (30 August 1799 – 28 April 1875). She married Captain George Barrington on 15 January 1827. They had two children.
Georgiana Grey (17 February 1801 – 13 September 1900)
Henry George Grey, 3rd Earl Grey (28 December 1802 – 9 October 1894). He married Maria Copley on 9 August 1832.
General Charles Grey (15 March 1804 – 31 March 1870). He married Caroline Farquhar on 26 July 1836. They had seven children, including Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey.
Admiral Sir Frederick William Grey (23 August 1805 – 2 May 1878). He married Barbarina Sullivan on 20 July 1846.
Mary Grey (2 May 1807 – 6 July 1884). She married Charles Wood, 1st Viscount Halifax, on 29 July 1829. They had seven children.
William Grey (13 May 1808 – 11 February 1815), who died at the age of six.
Admiral George Grey (16 May 1809 – 3 October 1891). He married Jane Stuart (daughter of General Sir Patrick Stuart) on 20 January 1845. They had eleven children.
Thomas Grey (29 December 1810 – 8 July 1826), who died at the age of fifteen.
Rev. John Grey MA, DD (2 March 1812 – 11 November 1895), Canon of Durham, Rector of Houghton-le-Spring. He married Lady Georgiana Hervey (daughter of Frederick William Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol) in July 1836. They had three children. He remarried Helen Spalding (maternal granddaughter of John Henry Upton, 1st Viscount Templetown) on 11 April 1874.
Rev. Francis Richard Grey MA (31 March 1813 – 22 March 1890), Hon. Canon of Newcastle, Rector of Morpeth. He married Lady Elizabeth Dorothy Anne Howard, daughter of George Howard, 6th Earl of Carlisle on 12 August 1840.
Captain Henry Cavendish Grey (16 October 1814 – 5 September 1880)
William George Grey (15 February 1819 – 19 December 1865). He married Theresa Stedink on 20 September 1858.

=Later years and death=

Grey spent his last years in contented, if sometimes fretful, retirement at Howick with his books, his family, and his dogs. The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson, Charles, at the age of 13. Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845, forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick.GRO Register of Deaths: SEP 1845 XXV 130 ALNWICK He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family, close friends, and the labourers on his estate.E. A. Smith, '[http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11526 Grey, Charles, second Earl Grey (1764–1845)]’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004; online edn, May 2009, accessed 13 February 2010.

His biographer G. M. Trevelyan argues: "In our domestic history 1832 is the next great landmark after 1688 ... [It] saved the land from revolution and civil strife and made possible the quiet progress of the Victorian era.Peter Brett, "Grey, Charles, 2nd Earl Grey" in {{cite book|editor=D. M. Loades|title=Reader's guide to British history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AYEYAQAAIAAJ|year=2003|page=1:586|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn |isbn=9781579584269}}

Legacy

Grey is commemorated by Grey's Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a {{convert|40|m|ft|abbr=on}} high column.{{NHLE|num=1329931|desc=Earl Grey Monument|access-date=25 August 2020}} The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statue's head was knocked off.{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/how-statue-greys-monument-struck-8864770|title=How the statue on Grey's Monument was struck by lightning and lost its head|work=ChronicleLive|author=David Morton|date=18 March 2015}} The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro, located directly underneath.{{cite web|url=https://www.thetrams.co.uk/tyneandwear/stations/Monument|website=the teams.co.uk|title=Tyne and Wear Metro : Stations : Monument|access-date=25 August 2020}} Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, which runs south-east from the monument, is also named after Grey.{{cite news|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/history/18-things-you-probably-never-13578771|title=18 things you probably never knew about Newcastle's magnificent Grey's Monument|work=ChronicleLive|author=David Morton|date=6 September 2017}}

Durham University's Grey College is named after Grey, who as prime minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university.{{cite magazine|magazine=Durham First|date=Spring 2009|issue=29|title=The Legacy of Earl Grey|author=Sarah Chamberlain and Martyn Chamberlain|url=https://www.dur.ac.uk/durham.first/spring09/grey/}}

Earl Grey tea, a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew, is named after Grey.{{Cite web|url=https://public.oed.com/blog/early-grey-the-results-of-the-oed-appeal-on-earl-grey-tea/|title = Early Grey: The results of the OED Appeal on Earl Grey tea|date = 3 April 2013}}

References

=Other sources=

{{citation|first=Charles|last=Mosley|title=Burke's Peerage and Baronetage of Great Britain and Ireland|publisher=Cassells|date=1999|edition=106th}}
{{citation|last=Mosley|first= Charles|editor=Charles Mosley|title= Burke's Peerage & Baronetage|edition=106th|date=1999}}
{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Grey, Charles Grey, 2nd Earl |volume= 12 |last= Payne |first= Edward John |author-link= Edward John Payne | pages = 586–588 }}
{{citation |url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/earl-grey |title=10 Downing Street website, PMs in history |access-date=26 July 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825211207/http://www.number10.gov.uk/history-and-tour/prime-ministers-in-history/earl-grey |archive-date=25 August 2008 }}
Temperley, Harold and L.M. Penson, eds. Foundations of British Foreign Policy: From Pitt (1792) to Salisbury (1902) (1938), primary sources [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.2629 online]