Chemistry and Camera complex

ChemCam has the ability to record up to 6,144 different wavelengths of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light.{{cite web|url=https://mars.nasa.gov/news/1315/rovers-laser-instrument-zaps-first-martian-rock/|title=Rover's Laser Instrument Zaps First Martian Rock.|access-date=2021-03-17|year=2012}} Detection of the ball of luminous plasma is done in the visible, near-UV and near-infrared ranges, between 240 nm and 800 nm. The first initial laser testing of the ChemCam by Curiosity on Mars was performed on a rock, N165 ("Coronation" rock), near Bradbury Landing on August 19, 2012.{{cite web|last1=Webster|first1=Guy|last2=Agle|first2=D.C.|title=Mars Science Laboratory/Curiosity Mission Status Report|url=http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-248|date=August 19, 2012|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 3, 2012}}{{cite web|title='Coronation' Rock on Mars|url=http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=4492|publisher=NASA|access-date=September 3, 2012|author=Staff}}{{cite news|last=Amos|first=Jonathan|title=Nasa's Curiosity rover prepares to zap Martian rocks|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-19302886|date=August 17, 2012|publisher=BBC News|access-date=September 3, 2012}}

Using the same collection optics, the RMI provides context images of the LIBS analysis spots. The RMI resolves {{convert|1|mm|in|abbr=on}} objects at {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} distance, and has a field of view covering {{convert|20|cm|in|abbr=on}} at that distance. The RMI has also been used to take images of distant geologic features and landscapes.

The ChemCam instrument suite was developed by the Los Alamos National Laboratory and the French CESR laboratory.{{cite journal|title=Comparative study of different methodologies for quantitative rock analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy in a simulated Martian atmosphere|author1=Salle B. |author2=Lacour J. L. |author3=Mauchien P. |author4=Fichet P. |author5=Maurice S. |author6=Manhes G. |journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy|volume=61|issue=3|pages=301–313|year=2006|doi=10.1016/j.sab.2006.02.003|url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2005/pdf/1580.pdf|bibcode=2006AcSpe..61..301S}}{{cite journal|title=Corrections and Clarifications, News of the Week|author1=Wiens R.C. |author2=Maurice S. |journal=Science|volume=322|issue=5907|page=1466|year=2008|doi=10.1126/science.322.5907.1466a|pmid=|pmc=1240923}} The flight model of the mast unit was delivered from the French CNES to Los Alamos National Laboratory.[http://libs.lanl.gov/ChemCam_status.html ChemCam Status April, 2008] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109004956/http://libs.lanl.gov/ChemCam_status.html |date=2013-11-09 }}. Los Alamos National Laboratory.

File:Chantrey_-_Sol_325.png

ChemCam marks the first use of Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) as part of a planetary science mission.{{Cite journal|date=2013-04-01|title=Pre-flight calibration and initial data processing for the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument on the Mars Science Laboratory rover|journal=Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=82|pages=1–27|doi=10.1016/j.sab.2013.02.003|issn=0584-8547|doi-access=free|last1=Wiens |first1=R.C. |last2=Maurice |first2=S. |last3=Lasue |first3=J. |last4=Forni |first4=O. |last5=Anderson |first5=R.B. |last6=Clegg |first6=S. |last7=Bender |first7=S. |last8=Blaney |first8=D.|author8-link= Diana Blaney |last9=Barraclough |first9=B.L. |last10=Cousin |first10=A. |last11=Deflores |first11=L. |last12=Delapp |first12=D. |last13=Dyar |first13=M.D. |last14=Fabre |first14=C. |last15=Gasnault |first15=O. |last16=Lanza |first16=N. |last17=Mazoyer |first17=J. |last18=Melikechi |first18=N. |last19=Meslin |first19=P.-Y. |last20=Newsom |first20=H. |last21=Ollila |first21=A. |last22=Perez |first22=R. |last23=Tokar |first23=R.L. |last24=Vaniman |first24=D. |bibcode=2013AcSpe..82....1W }}{{Cite journal|last1=Maurice|first1=S.|last2=Clegg|first2=S. M.|last3=Wiens|first3=R. C.|last4=Gasnault|first4=O.|last5=Rapin|first5=W.|last6=Forni|first6=O.|last7=Cousin|first7=A.|last8=Sautter|first8=V.|author8-link=Violaine Sautter|last9=Mangold|first9=N.|last10=Deit|first10=L. Le|last11=Nachon|first11=M.|date=2016-03-30|title=ChemCam activities and discoveries during the nominal mission of the Mars Science Laboratory in Gale crater, Mars|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ja/c5ja00417a|journal=Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry|language=en|volume=31|issue=4|pages=863–889|doi=10.1039/C5JA00417A|s2cid=102209936 |issn=1364-5544}} The laser is positioned on the mast of the Curiosity rover and focused by the telescope that also resides on the mast, while the spectrometer is housed in the rover's body. Typically, the laser fires 30 shots at a single point, gathering spectroscopic readings from the vaporized rock for each laser shot, and samples multiple points on a chosen target. For bedrock observations, the first 5 shots of a point are discarded as they are considered to be contaminated by Martian dust.{{Cite journal|last1=Meslin|first1=P.- Y.|last2=Gasnault|first2=O.|last3=Forni|first3=O.|last4=Schroder|first4=S.|last5=Cousin|first5=A.|last6=Berger|first6=G.|last7=Clegg|first7=S. M.|last8=Lasue|first8=J.|last9=Maurice|first9=S.|last10=Sautter|first10=V.|author10-link=Violaine Sautter|last11=Le Mouelic|first11=S.|date=2013-09-27|title=Soil Diversity and Hydration as Observed by ChemCam at Gale Crater, Mars|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1238670|journal=Science|language=en|volume=341|issue=6153|pages=1238670|doi=10.1126/science.1238670|pmid=24072924 |bibcode=2013Sci...341E...1M |s2cid=7418294 |issn=0036-8075}} The remaining shots of one point are averaged together for chemical composition calculations.{{Cite journal|last1=Maurice|first1=S.|last2=Wiens|first2=R. C.|last3=Saccoccio|first3=M.|last4=Barraclough|first4=B.|last5=Gasnault|first5=O.|last6=Forni|first6=O.|last7=Mangold|first7=N.|last8=Baratoux|first8=D.|last9=Bender|first9=S.|last10=Berger|first10=G.|last11=Bernardin|first11=J.|date=2012|title=The ChemCam Instrument Suite on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) Rover: Science Objectives and Mast Unit Description|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11214-012-9912-2|journal=Space Science Reviews|language=en|volume=170|issue=1–4|pages=95–166|doi=10.1007/s11214-012-9912-2|bibcode=2012SSRv..170...95M |s2cid=255064964 |issn=0038-6308|url-access=subscription}} It is common for there to be 9 or 10 points of analysis on any given target, but this is not always the case. Some targets have as few as 4 points while some targets have 20 points. 

The Remote Micro-Imager is primarily used to capture high-resolution, black and white images of ChemCam targets for context and documentation. Usually, an image of the target of interest is captured before and after the laser is fired. Often, the laser makes "LIBS pits" that can be visible in the RMI to show where the laser sampled specifically on a particular target. The resolution of the RMI is higher than the black and white navigational camera (navcam) and the color mast cameras (mastcam).

The RMI is primarily used to obtain close-up images of targets sampled by ChemCam, but it can also be used to gather high-resolution images of distant outcrops and landscapes.{{Cite journal|last1=Le Mouélic|first1=S.|last2=Gasnault|first2=O.|last3=Herkenhoff|first3=K. E.|last4=Bridges|first4=N. T.|last5=Langevin|first5=Y.|last6=Mangold|first6=N.|last7=Maurice|first7=S.|last8=Wiens|first8=R. C.|last9=Pinet|first9=P.|last10=Newsom|first10=H. E.|last11=Deen|first11=R. G.|date=2015-03-15|title=The ChemCam Remote Micro-Imager at Gale crater: Review of the first year of operations on Mars|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103514002838|journal=Icarus|series=Special Issue: First Year of MSL|language=en|volume=249|pages=93–107|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.030|bibcode=2015Icar..249...93L |issn=0019-1035|url-access=subscription}} The RMI has a higher spatial resolution than the mastcam M100 camera, which is a color camera also capable of imaging nearby objects or distant geologic features. The RMI has been used by the mission for reconnaissance of up-coming terrain as well as imaging distant features such as the rim of Gale Crater.

ChemCam has been used, in conjunction with other instruments of the Curiosity rover, to make advancements in understanding the chemical composition of rocks and soils on Mars. LIBS makes it possible to detect and quantify the major oxides: SiO₂, Al₂O₃, FeO_T, MgO, TiO₂, CaO, Na₂O, and K₂O of bedrock targets. There are distinguishable geologic units determined from orbital analyses that have been confirmed by averaged bedrock compositions determined from ChemCam and other instruments aboard Curiosity.{{Cite journal|last1=Frydenvang|first1=J.|last2=Mangold|first2=N.|last3=Wiens|first3=R. C.|last4=Fraeman|first4=A. A.|last5=Edgar|first5=L. A.|last6=Fedo|first6=C. M.|last7=L'Haridon|first7=J.|last8=Bedford|first8=C. C.|last9=Gupta|first9=S.|last10=Grotzinger|first10=J. P.|last11=Bridges|first11=J. C.|date=2020|title=The Chemostratigraphy of the Murray Formation and Role of Diagenesis at Vera Rubin Ridge in Gale Crater, Mars, as Observed by the ChemCam Instrument|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2019JE006320|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|language=en|volume=125|issue=9|pages=e2019JE006320|doi=10.1029/2019JE006320|bibcode=2020JGRE..12506320F |s2cid=225649505 |issn=2169-9100|url-access=subscription}} The identification is based on multivariate PLS and PCA models classified using SIMCA with calibration models made using "The Unscrambler" software.{{Cite journal|last1=Lanza|first1=Nina L.|last2=Wiens|first2=Roger C.|last3=Clegg|first3=Samuel M.|last4=Ollila|first4=Ann M.|last5=Humphries|first5=Seth D.|last6=Newsom|first6=Horton E.|last7=Barefield|first7=James E.|date=2010-05-01|title=Calibrating the ChemCam laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy instrument for carbonate minerals on Mars|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=ao-49-13-C211|journal=Applied Optics|language=en|volume=49|issue=13|pages=C211|doi=10.1364/AO.49.00C211|bibcode=2010ApOpt..49C.211L |issn=0003-6935}} ChemCam has also quantified soil chemistry. ChemCam has seen two distinct soil types at Gale crater: a fine-grained mafic material that is more representative of global Martian soils or dust and a coarse-grained felsic material that originates from local Gale crater bedrock. ChemCam has the capability to measure minor or trace elements such as lithium, manganese, strontium, and rubidium.{{Cite journal|last1=Lanza|first1=Nina L.|last2=Wiens|first2=Roger C.|last3=Arvidson|first3=Raymond E.|last4=Clark|first4=Benton C.|last5=Fischer|first5=Woodward W.|last6=Gellert|first6=Ralf|last7=Grotzinger|first7=John P.|last8=Hurowitz|first8=Joel A.|last9=McLennan|first9=Scott M.|last10=Morris|first10=Richard V.|last11=Rice|first11=Melissa S.|date=2016|title=Oxidation of manganese in an ancient aquifer, Kimberley formation, Gale crater, Mars|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/2016GL069109|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|language=en|volume=43|issue=14|pages=7398–7407|doi=10.1002/2016GL069109|bibcode=2016GeoRL..43.7398L |s2cid=6768479 |issn=1944-8007}}{{Cite journal|last1=Payré|first1=V.|last2=Fabre|first2=C.|last3=Cousin|first3=A.|last4=Sautter|first4=V.|author4-link=Violaine Sautter|last5=Wiens|first5=R. C.|last6=Forni|first6=O.|last7=Gasnault|first7=O.|last8=Mangold|first8=N.|last9=Meslin|first9=P.-Y.|last10=Lasue|first10=J.|last11=Ollila|first11=A.|date=2017|title=Alkali trace elements in Gale crater, Mars, with ChemCam: Calibration update and geological implications|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets|language=en|volume=122|issue=3|pages=650–679|doi=10.1002/2016JE005201|bibcode=2017JGRE..122..650P |issn=2169-9100|doi-access=free}} ChemCam has measured MnO up to 25 wt% in fracture fills that suggests Mars was once a more oxygenating environment.   

Image:Mars Curiosity Rover-Coronation Rock-N165.jpg|First target on Mars of the ChemCam laser analyzer on the Curiosity rover ("Coronation" rock, August 19, 2012).

Image:PIA16089.jpg|First laser spectrum of chemical elements from ChemCam on Curiosity ("Coronation" rock, August 19, 2012).

Image:PIA17592-MarsCuriosityRover-IthacaRock-20131030.jpg|Target on Mars of the ChemCam laser analyzer on Curiosity ([http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/multimedia/images/?ImageID=5760 closeup]) ("Ithaca" rock, October 30, 2013).

Image:PIA17592-MarsCuriosityRover-IthacaRock-Spectrum-20131030.jpg|Laser spectrum of chemical elements from ChemCam on Curiosity ("Ithaca" rock, October 30, 2013).

Image:PIA18396-MarsCuriosityRover-WinnipesaukeeRock-20140625.jpg|Target on Mars of the ChemCam laser analyzer on Curiosity ("Winnipesaukee" rock, June 8, 2014).

Image:PIA18401-MarsCuriosityRover-NovaRock-LaserSpark-20140712.jpg|First laser spark imaged on Mars by Curiosity ("Nova" rock; July 12, 2014; [https://web.archive.org/web/20140808083944/http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/video/?id=1317 video (01:07)]).

Image:PIA18388-MarsCuriosityRover-NovaRock-ChemCam-20140712.jpg|Laser spectrum of chemical elements from ChemCam by Curiosity ("Nova" rock; July 12, 2014).

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• Composition of Mars
• Curiosity rover (ChemCam)
• Exploration of Mars
• Geology of Mars
• List of rocks on Mars
• Mars Science Laboratory
• Scientific information from the Mars Exploration Rover mission
• SuperCam
• Timeline of Mars Science Laboratory

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{{Reflist|30}}

{{Wiktionary|ChemCam}}

• {{Commons category-inline|Chemistry and Camera complex (ChemCam)}}
• [http://mars.nasa.gov/msl/ Curiosity home page] at NASA.gov
• [http://www.msl-chemcam.com/index.php?menu=inc&page_consult=textes&rubrique=64&sousrubrique=224&soussousrubrique=0&titre_url=ChemCam%20-%20How%20does%20ChemCam%20work? How Does ChemCam Work?] at MSL-ChemCam.com

{{MSL}}

{{Mars}}

Category:Mars imagers

Category:Mars Science Laboratory instruments

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Category:Space science experiments