SuperCam

File:PIA22103-Mars2020Rover-23Cameras-20171031.jpg rover's Mast]]

For measurements of chemical composition, the instrument suite uses a version of the successful ChemCam instruments of the Curiosity rover that have been upgraded with two different lasers and detectors.[https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/instruments/supercam/for-scientists/ SuperCam – For Scientists]. NASA, Mars 2020 Rover. Retrieved 7 July 2018. SuperCam's instruments are able to identify the kinds of chemicals that could be evidence of past life on Mars. SuperCam is a suite of various instruments, and the collection of correlated measurements on a target can be used to determine directly the geochemistry and mineralogy of samples.[http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2018/0427-supercam-update-mars-2020.html 'SuperCam' Update: Multi-purpose Instrument Coming Together for 2020 Launch to Mars]. Roger Wiens, The Planetary Society. 27 April 2018.[http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/supercam-remote-sensing-instrument-suite-mars-2020-rover-preview?pageID=1 The SuperCam Remote Sensing Instrument Suite for the Mars 2020 Rover: A Preview]. Roger C. Wiens, Sylvestre Maurice, Fernando Rull Perez. Spectroscopy. Volume 32, Issue 5, pg 50–55. 1 May 2017.[https://phys.org/news/2017-09-mars-rover-features-spectral-abilities.html The Mars 2020 Rover features new spectral abilities with its new SuperCam.] Optical Society of America. Published by PhysOrg. 25 September 2017.

The suite has several integrated instruments: Raman spectroscopy, time-resolved fluorescence (TRF) spectroscopy, and Visible and InfraRed (VISIR) reflectance spectroscopy to provide preliminary information about the mineralogy and molecular structure of samples under consideration, as well as being able to directly measure organic compounds.[http://www.ibtimes.com/nasas-mars-2020-rover-update-supercam-will-detect-organic-materials-2593996 NASA's Mars 2020 Rover Update: SuperCam Will Detect Organic Materials]. Himanshu Goenka, International Business Times. 26 September 2017. The total is four complementary spectrometers, making the suite sensitive enough to measure trace amounts of chemicals.

{{multiple image |header=SuperCam rocks (AEGIS targeted) |direction=vertical | caption_align=center |align=right |width=250 |image1=PIA25289-MarsPerseveranceRover-SuperCamTargets-20220518.jpg |caption1=Context view |width1= |image2=PIA25289-MarsPerseveranceRover-SuperCam-RockB-20220518.jpg |caption2=Target rock: "AEGIS_0442B" |width2= |footer= }}

The remote laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) system emits a 1064-nm laser beam to investigate targets as small as a grain of rice from a distance of more than 7 meters, allowing the rover to study targets beyond the reach of its arm. The beam vaporizes a tiny amount of rock, creating a hot plasma. SuperCam then measures the colors of light in the plasma, which provide clues to the target's elemental composition. Its laser is also capable of remotely clearing away surface dust, giving all of its instruments a clear view of the targets. LIBS unit contains three spectrometers. Two of these handle the visible and violet portion of the VISIR spectra, while the IR portion is recorded in the mast.[http://www.spectroscopyonline.com/supercam-remote-sensing-instrument-suite-mars-2020-rover-preview?pageID=4 The SuperCam Remote Sensing Instrument Suite for the Mars 2020 Rover: A Preview]. Roger C. Wiens, Sylvestre Maurice, Fernando Rull Perez. Spectroscopy. Volume 32, Issue 5, pg 54. 1 May 2017.

SuperCam's Raman spectrometer (at 532 nm) investigates targets up to 12 m from the rover. In the Raman spectroscopy technique, most of the green laser light reflects back at the same wavelength that was sent, but a small fraction of the light interacts with the target molecules, changing the wavelength in proportion to the vibrational energy of the molecular bonds. By spectrally observing the returned Raman light, the identity of the minerals can be determined.{{cite book| last = Gardiner| first = D.J. | title = Practical Raman spectroscopy| publisher = Springer-Verlag| date = 1989| isbn = 978-0-387-50254-0}}{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2016.036.epdf|doi=10.1038/nprot.2016.036|pmid=26963630|language=en|access-date=2017-05-22|title=Using Raman spectroscopy to characterize biological materials|journal=Nature Protocols|volume=11|issue=4|pages=664–87|date=April 2016|last1=Martin|first1=Francis L.|last2=Stone|first2=Nicholas|last3=McAinsh|first3=Martin R.|last4=Walsh|first4=Michael J.|last5=Martin-Hirsch|first5=Pierre L.|last6=Gardner|first6=Benjamin|last7=Fullwood|first7=Nigel J.|last8=Esmonde-White|first8=Karen|last9=Dorney|first9=Jennifer|last10=Curtis|first10=Kelly|last11=Cinque|first11=Gianfelice|last12=Bird|first12=Benjamin|last13=Ashton|first13=Lorna|last14=Butler|first14=Holly J.|s2cid=12315122}}

The infrared spectrometer, provided by France, operates in the near-infrared (1.3 to 2.6 micrometers) wavelengths and its photodiodes, or detectors, are cooled by small thermoelectric coolers to ensure that they operate between −100 °C and −50 °C at all times. This instrument will analyze many of the clay minerals and help unravel the history of liquid water on Mars. The types of clay minerals and their abundances give clues about the nature of the water that was present, whether fresh or salty, acidic or neutral pH, whether it might have been icy or warm, and whether the water was present for a long period of time. These are key questions to understand how habitable the surface environment was in the distant past.

SuperCam's optical camera acquires high-resolution color images of samples under study, which also help determine the surface geology. This camera can also study how atmospheric water and dust absorb or reflect solar radiation, which may help to develop weather forecasts. SuperCam is also equipped with a microphone to capture the first audio recordings from the surface of Mars. The microphone is the same model (Knowles Corp EK) as the ones that flew to Mars on the 1998 Mars Polar Lander and the 2007 Phoenix lander. However, neither mission was able to record sounds.

The detectors of all four spectrometers are cooled to just below 0 °C by thermoelectric coolers. The photodiodes for the infrared (IR) spectrometer are further cooled to between −100 °C and −50 °C at all times.

{{multiple images |header=SuperCam |align=right | caption_align=center |direction=vertical |width= |image1=PIA24207-MarsPerseveranceRover-SuperCam-20210120.jpg |caption1= |width1=200 |image2=PIA24208-MarsPerseveranceRover-SuperCam-MastUnit-20210120.jpg |caption2=Mast Unit |width2=200 |footer= }}

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