Chhattisgarhi language

{{short description|Indo-Aryan language spoken in the Chhattisgarh, India}}

{{Use Indian English|date=August 2017}}{{Infobox language

| name = Chhattisgarhi

| nativename = {{lang|hne-Deva|छत्तीसगढ़ी}}

| states = India

| region = Chhattisgarh and a minority of speakers in Odisha and Maharashtra

| nation = India

Chhattisgarh (additional){{Cite web |url=https://www.indiacode.nic.in/bitstream/123456789/12800/1/the_chhattisgarh_official_language_act%2c_1957_no._5_of_1958%2c_date_24.01.1958.pdf |title=The Chhattisgarh Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2007 |publisher=indiacode.nic.in |year=2008 |access-date=25 December 2022 }}

| speakers = {{sigfig|16.245190|3}} million, partial count

| date = 2011 census

| speakers2 = (additional speakers counted under Hindi)

| ref = {{cite news |date=2011 |title=Census of India 2011 |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/42458/download/46089/C-16_25062018.pdf |work=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India |page=8 |access-date=25 September 2024}}

| familycolor = Indo-European

| fam2 = Indo-Iranian

| fam3 = Indo-Aryan

| fam4 = Central Zone

| fam5 = Eastern Hindi

| script = Devanagari, Odia

| dia1 = Surgujia

| lc1 = hne

| ld1 = Chhattisgarhi

| lc2 = sgj

| ld2 = Surgujia

| lingua = 59-AAF-ta

| glotto = chha1249

| glottorefname = Chhattisgarhi

| image = Chhattisgarhi language.svg

| imagecaption = The word "Chhattisgarhi" written in Devanagari script

| imagescale =

}}

Chhattisgarhi ({{lang|hne-Deva|छत्तीसगढ़ी}}) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by approximately 16.25 million people from Chhattisgarh, Odisha, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra in India.{{Cite web|title=Languages of Chhattisgarh|url=http://www.chhattisgarhtourism.co.in/languages-of-chhattisgarh.html|url-status=live|access-date=2021-10-14|website=Chhattisgarh Tourism|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180412024750/http://chhattisgarhtourism.co.in:80/languages-of-chhattisgarh.html |archive-date=2018-04-12 }} It is the official language of Chhattisgarh.{{Cite news|title=Include Chhattisgarhi in 8th schedule of constitution: CM Bhupesh Baghel to PM|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/Aug/16/include-chhattisgarhi-in-8th-schedule-of-constitution-cm-bhupesh-baghel-to-pm-2183955.html|work=New Indian Express|date=16 August 2020|access-date=22 January 2025}} It is grouped within the Eastern Hindi languages and is counted by the Indian national census as a dialect of Hindi.{{Cite news|title=What census data reveals about use of Indian languages|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/india/what-census-data-reveals-about-use-of-indian-languages-738340.html|work=Deccan Herald|date=6 June 2019|access-date=22 January 2025}}

Phonology

= Consonants =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" \| !Labial !Dental/ Alveolar !Retroflex !Post-alv./ Palatal !Velar !Glottal
colspan="2" \|Nasal \|{{IPA link\|m}} \|{{IPA link\|n}} \|{{IPA link\|ɳ}} \|{{IPA link\|ɲ}} \|{{IPA link\|ŋ}} \|
rowspan="4" \|Stop/ Affricate !{{small\|voiceless}} \|{{IPA link\|p}} \|{{IPA link\|t}} \|{{IPA link\|ʈ}} \|{{IPA link\|tʃ}} \|{{IPA link\|k}} \|
{{small\|aspirated}} \|{{IPA link\|pʰ}} \|{{IPA link\|tʰ}} \|{{IPA link\|ʈʰ}} \|{{IPA link\|tʃʰ}} \|{{IPA link\|kʰ}} \|
{{small\|voiced}} \|{{IPA link\|b}} \|{{IPA link\|d}} \|{{IPA link\|ɖ}} \|{{IPA link\|dʒ}} \|{{IPA link\|ɡ}} \|
{{small\|breathy}} \|{{IPA link\|bʱ}} \|{{IPA link\|dʱ}} \|{{IPA link\|ɖʱ}} \|{{IPA link\|dʒʱ}} \|{{IPA link\|ɡʱ}} \|
colspan="2" \|Fricative \| \|{{IPA link\|s}} \| \| \| \|{{IPA link\|h}}
rowspan="2" \|Trill/Tap !{{small\|voiced}} \| \|{{IPA link\|r}} \|{{IPA link\|ɽ}} \| \| \|
{{small\|breathy}} \| \| \|{{IPA link\|ɽʱ}} \| \| \|
rowspan="2" \|Lateral !{{small\|voiced}} \| \|{{IPA link\|l}} \| \| \| \|
{{small\|breathy}} \| \|{{IPA link\|lʱ}} \| \| \| \|
colspan="2" \|Approximant \|{{IPA link\|ʋ}} \| \| \|{{IPA link\|j}} \| \|

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

! colspan="2" |

colspan="2" |Nasal

|{{IPA link|m}}

|{{IPA link|n}}

|{{IPA link|ɳ}}

|{{IPA link|ɲ}}

|{{IPA link|ŋ}}

rowspan="4" |Stop/
Affricate

!{{small|voiceless}}

|{{IPA link|p}}

|{{IPA link|t}}

|{{IPA link|ʈ}}

|{{IPA link|tʃ}}

|{{IPA link|k}}

|{{IPA link|pʰ}}

|{{IPA link|tʰ}}

|{{IPA link|ʈʰ}}

|{{IPA link|tʃʰ}}

|{{IPA link|kʰ}}

|{{IPA link|b}}

|{{IPA link|d}}

|{{IPA link|ɖ}}

|{{IPA link|dʒ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡ}}

|{{IPA link|bʱ}}

|{{IPA link|dʱ}}

|{{IPA link|ɖʱ}}

|{{IPA link|dʒʱ}}

|{{IPA link|ɡʱ}}

colspan="2" |Fricative

|{{IPA link|s}}

|{{IPA link|h}}

rowspan="2" |Trill/Tap

!{{small|voiced}}

|{{IPA link|r}}

|{{IPA link|ɽ}}

|{{IPA link|ɽʱ}}

rowspan="2" |Lateral

!{{small|voiced}}

|{{IPA link|l}}

|{{IPA link|lʱ}}

colspan="2" |Approximant

|{{IPA link|ʋ}}

|{{IPA link|j}}

{{IPA|/r/}} can also be heard as a tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}}.

= Vowels =

class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"

!Front

!Central

!Back

align="center"

! rowspan="2" |High

|{{IPA link|iː}}

|{{IPA link|uː}}

|{{IPA link|ʊ}}

align="center"

! rowspan="2" |Mid

|{{IPA link|eː}}

| rowspan="2" |{{IPA link|ə}}

|{{IPA link|oː}}

|{{IPA link|ɔ}}

align="center"

!Low

| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|aː}}

{{IPA|/ə/}} can also be heard as back {{IPA|[ʌ], [ɐ]}}.
Nasalization is also phonemically distinctive.

Sample text

The following is a sample text in Chhattisgarhi, of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription (IPA).{{Cite web |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/chhattisgarhi.htm |title=Chhattisgarhi (छत्तीसगढ़ी) |access-date=2023-11-09 |website=Omniglot}}

; Chhattisgarhi in Devanagari Script

सबो लोगन मन के गौरव अऊ अधिकार मन के मामला म जनम ले मिले स्वतंत्रता अऊ बरोबरी मिले हे। ओमन ल बुद्धि अऊ अन्तरात्मा के देन मिले हे अऊ ओमन ल एक दूसर ल परेम भाईचारा के भाव ले बेवहार करना चाही।

; Transliteration (ISO)

Sabo loɡan man ke ɡaurav aū adhikār man ke māmlā ma janam le mile svatantratā aū barobari mile he. Oman la buddhi aū antarātmā ke den mile he aū oman la ek dūsar la parem bhāīcārā ke bhāv le bevahār karnā cāhī.

; Transcription (IPA)

səbo loɡən mən ke ɡɔrəʋ əuː əd̪ʰikaːr mən ke maːmlaː mə dʒənəm le mile sʋət̪ənt̪rət̪aː auː bərobəri mile he. omən lə bud̪d̪ʰi auː ant̪əraːt̪maː ke d̪en mile he auː omən lə ek d̪uːsər lə pərem bʰaːiːtʃaːraː ke bʰaːʋ le beʋəhaːr kərnaː tʃaːhiː

; Translation (grammatical)

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Bibliography

G. A. Zograph: Languages of South Asia, 1960 (translated by G.L. Campbell, 1982), Routledge, London.
H. L. Kavyopadhyaya, G. A. Grierson and L. P. Kavya-Vinod. 1921. A grammar of the Chhattisgarhi dialect of Eastern Hindi.
Masica, Colin P. 1993. The Indo-Aryan languages. (Cambridge Language Surveys.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Boehm, Kelly Kilgo. 2022. A Preliminary Sociolinguistic Survey of the Chhattisgarhi-Speaking Peoples of India. SIL International.
C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Shabadkosh"
C. K. Chandrakar, "Manak Chhattisgarhi Vyakaran"
C. K. Chandrakar, "Chhattisgarhi Muhawara Kosh"
Chhattisgarh Rajbhasha Aayog, "Prashashnik Shabdkosh Vol. I & II"