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Central Indo-Aryan languages

{{short description|Group of Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Redirect-distinguish2|Hindi languages|the Hindi language or Middle Indo-Aryan languages}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}

{{Use Indian English|date=May 2016}}

{{Infobox language family

|name=Central Indo-Aryan

|altname=Hindi languages

|region=South Asia

|familycolor=Indo-European

|fam2=Indo-Iranian

|fam3=Indo-Aryan

|child1=Western Hindi

|child2=Eastern Hindi

|glotto=none

|glotto2=west2812

|glottoname2=Western Hindi

|glotto3=east2726

|glottoname3=Eastern Hindi

|map=Central Indo-Aryan languages.png

|mapcaption=

}}

{{Hindustani_language}}

The Central Indo-Aryan languages or Hindi languages are a group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken across Northern and Central India. They historically form a dialect continuum that descends from the Middle Prakrits. Located in the Hindi Belt, the Central Zone includes the Dehlavi (Delhi) dialect (one of several called 'Khariboli') of the Hindustani language, the lingua franca of Northern India that is the basis of the Modern Standard Hindi and Standard Urdu literary standards. In regards to the Indo-Aryan language family, the coherence of this language group depends on the classification being used; here only Eastern and Western Hindi languages will be considered.

Languages

If there can be considered a consensus within the dialectology of Hindi proper, it is that it can be split into two sets of dialects: Western and Eastern Hindi.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=276}} Western Hindi evolved from the Apabhraṃśa form of Shauraseni Prakrit, Eastern Hindi from Ardhamagadhi Prakrit.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=305}}

File:Central Indo-Aryan languages.png

{{Tree list}}

Parya (2,600), spoken in Gissar Valley in Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

{{Tree list/end}}

{{Tree list}}

  • Eastern Hindi{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=277}}
  • Awadhi (4.35 m), spoken in north and north-central Uttar Pradesh as well as the Caribbean, Fiji, Mauritius and South Africa
  • Caribbean Hindustani (300 k) {{small|(mostly based on Bhojpuri but has major Awadhi influence)}}
  • Fiji Hindi (460 k) {{small|(mostly based on Awadhi with Bhojpuri influence)}}
  • Bagheli (8 m), spoken in north-central Madhya Pradesh and south-eastern Uttar Pradesh.
  • Chhattisgarhi (18 m), spoken in southeast Madhya Pradesh and northern and central Chhattisgarh.
  • Surgujia (1.7 m), spoken in Chhattisgarh

{{Tree list/end}}

This analysis excludes varieties sometimes claimed for Hindi for mere political reasons, such as Bihari, Rajasthani, and Pahari.

Seb Seliyer (or at least its ancestor) appear to be Central Zone languages that migrated to the Middle East and Europe ca. 500–1000 CE.

To Western Hindi Ethnologue adds Sansi (Sansiboli), Bagheli, Chamari (a spurious language), Bhaya, Gowari (not a separate language), and Ghera.

Use in non-Hindi regions

Comparison

The Delhi Hindustani pronunciations {{IPA|[ɛː, ɔː]}} commonly have diphthongal realizations, ranging from {{IPA|[əɪ]}} to {{IPA|[ɑɪ]}} and from {{IPA|[əu]}} to {{IPA|[ɑu]}}, respectively, in Eastern Hindi varieties and many non-standard Western Hindi varieties.{{sfnp|Shapiro|2003|p=283}}

Notes

{{notelist}}

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{Citation

|last=Shapiro

|first=Michael C.

|year=2003

|chapter=Hindi

|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jPR2OlbTbdkC&q=indo-aryan&pg=PA250

|editor1-last= Cardona

|editor1-first= George

|editor2-last= Jain

|editor2-first= Dhanesh

|title=The Indo-Aryan Languages

|publisher=Routledge

|isbn=978-0-415-77294-5

|pages=276–314

}}

{{Central Indo-Aryan languages}}

Category:Indo-Aryan languages

Category:Languages of India

Category:North India