China Martyrs of 1900
{{for|the use of this term relating to other churches|Chinese Martyrs}}
The "China Martyrs of 1900" is a term used by some Protestant Christians to refer to American and European missionaries and converts who were murdered during the Boxer Rebellion, when Boxers carried out violent attacks targeting Christians and foreigners in northern China.
Events
At least 189 Protestant missionaries and 500 native Chinese Protestant Christians were murdered in 1900 alone.{{cite web|url=http://home.snu.edu/~hculbert/line.htm|quote=Ecumenical Missionary Conference in Carnegie Hall, New York (162 mission boards represented); 189 missionaries and their children killed in Boxer Rebellion in China|title=Christian mission history: Important events, locations, people and movements in World Evangelism|publisher=Southern Nazarene University|last=Culbertson|first=Howard|year=2011|access-date=2013-12-25}} Though some missionaries considered themselves non-denominationally Protestant, among those killed were Baptists, Evangelical,{{cite web|url=http://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion|title=The Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901|access-date=2015-07-22|archive-date=2015-07-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723083627/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion|url-status=dead}} Anglicans, Lutherans,{{cite web|url=http://dinofbattle.blogspot.com/2011/02/boxer-campaign-battle-of-feng-go-forest.html|date=February 16, 2011|title=Boxer Campaign - Battle of Feng Go Forest - Part 12 of 12|access-date=2013-12-25}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2013}} Methodists,{{cite web|title=History of Missions in China|author=D. L. Hartman|url=http://www.imarc.cc/reghist/reghist1.html|access-date=2013-12-25}} citing Walter N. Lacy, A Hundred Years of China Methodism, Nashville, Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1964. Presbyterians{{cite web|url=http://www.phcmontreat.org/BoxerRebellion-Presbyterians.htm|title=American Presbyterian Missionaries Killed During 1900 in the Boxer Rebellion|publisher=Presbyterian Heritage Center|year=2007|access-date=2013-12-25}} and Plymouth Brethren.
The murder of eleven Anglican missionaries and their children on August 1, 1895 in Huashan, Fujian Province foreshadowed the devastation.{{cite web|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/china/welch2005.pdf|title=Women's Work for Women: Women Missionaries in 19th Century China|author=Ian Welch|publisher=Australian National University|access-date=2013-12-25}} Foreigners, their religion, and spiritual disruptions associated with new railroad and telegraph lines were all blamed for the unusually severe flooding of the Yellow River annually since 1896, as well as the Yangtze River's flooding in 1898, and drought across north China in the spring of 1900—all of which led to famine and ultimately violence. Chinese also vehemently objected to foreign political interference (having lost the First Sino-Japanese War in 1895), the opium trade, and economic manipulations against Chinese interests.
The China Inland Mission, which lost 58 adult missionaries and 21 children in 1900, had the highest losses of any missionary agency that year. Several died in the Taiyuan Massacre; Catholic and Baptist missionaries were also decapitated in the Shanxi Province's capitol on July 9 and 11 after travelling there under the governor's orders and nominal guarantees of protection. In 1901, when the allied nations demanded compensation from the Chinese government, Hudson Taylor, a British Protestant Christian missionary to China and founder of the China Inland Mission (CIM) (later Overseas Missionary Fellowship, now OMF International), refused to accept payment for loss of property or life in order to demonstrate the meekness of Christ to the Chinese.{{cite book | last=Broomhall | first=Marshall | author-link=Marshall Broomhall | title=Martyred Missionaries of the China Inland Mission with a record of the Perils and Sufferings of Some Who Escaped| year= 1901 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yVtXfdulqUMC&dq=broomhall+martyred&pg=PR3 | access-date=2006-06-21 | publisher=Morgan and Scott | location=London}} The funds instead went to found the Shansi Imperial University, whose first chancellor was the Baptist missionary Timothy Richard. other reparations founded Tsinghua University in Beijing.
The Christian and Missionary Alliance lost 36 people in its North China missions in 1900, including 21 missionaries, 12 children and three Chinese Christian assistants.{{cite web|url=https://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion|title=The Boxer Rebellion, 1899-1901|publisher=The Christian and Missionary Alliance|access-date=2013-12-25|archive-date=2013-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024113145/http://www.cmalliance.org/about/history/in-the-line-of-fire/boxer-rebellion|url-status=dead}}{{unreliable source?|date=December 2013}}
Seventy American missionaries (including spouses and children) and a large number of British missionaries took refuge in the British legation in Beijing during the Siege of the International Legations. All of them survived the siege, although British missionary, Joseph Stonehouse, was killed in the aftermath of the siege, the last missionary to die in the Boxer Rebellion.Thompson, Larry Clinton (1909), William Scott Ament and the Boxer Rebellion: Heroism, Hubris, and the Ideal Missionary, Jefferson, NC: MacFarland Publishing, pp. 200, 221-222
The decapitation of missionary and Yale graduate Horace Tracy Pitkin in Baoding{{cite web|url=http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/p/pitkin-horace-tracy.php|title=Horace Tracy Pitkin|publisher=Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity|last=Scherer|first=James|access-date=2012-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215103208/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/p/pitkin-horace-tracy.php|archive-date=2015-02-15|url-status=dead}} led to the founding of the Yale China Mission, the papers of which remain a significant research source concerning early 20th century Chinese history.{{cite web|url=http://www.library.yale.edu/div/spc/ChinaMissionariesYDSL.html|title=Papers of Missionaries to China|publisher=Yale University Divinity School Library Special Collections|access-date=2013-12-25}} Another large collection of missionary papers is in London.{{cite web|url=http://www.soas.ac.uk/library/archives/collections/missionary-collections/|publisher=SOAS University of London|title=Missionary Collections|access-date=2013-12-25}}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- {{cite book |last = Bryson |first = Mary |year = 1904 |title = Cross and Crown: The Story of the Chinese Martyrs |publisher = London Missionary Society |location = London|url=https://archive.org/stream/crosscrownstorie00brysiala#page/n5/mode/2up }}
- {{cite book |last = Forsyth |first = Robert Coventry |year = 1904 |title = The China Martyrs of 1900 |publisher = Fleming H. Revell| location = New York, Chicago|url=https://archive.org/details/chinamartyrsof1900fors }}
- {{cite book |last = Glover |first = Archibald |year = 1904 |title = A Thousand Miles of Miracle |publisher = Pickering & Inglis |location = Glasgow |url=https://archive.org/stream/thousandmilesofm00glovuoft#page/n9/mode/2up }}
- {{cite book |last = Headland |first = Isaac Taylor |year = 1902 |title = Chinese Heroes; Being a Record of Persecutions Endured by Native Christians in the Boxer Uprising |publisher = Eaton & Mains |location = New York|url=https://archive.org/stream/chineseheroesbei00head#page/n5/mode/2up }}
- {{cite book |last = Miner |first = Luella |year = 1903 |title = China's Book of Martyrs |publisher = The Westminster Press |location = Philadelphia|url=https://archive.org/stream/chinasbookofmart00mine#page/n5/mode/2up }}
- Historical Bibliography of the China Inland Mission
External links
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20130501054605/http://www.bdcconline.net/en/stories/by-time-period/ Biographical Dictionary of Chinese Christianity online]
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20080113182859/http://www.omf.org/omf/us OMF International (formerly China Inland Mission and Overseas Missionary Fellowship)]
- [https://missiology.org.uk/pdf/e-books/broomhall-m/last-letters_broomhall.pdf Missiology website, Last Letters and Further Records of Martyred Missionaries of the China Inland Mission]
{{Protestant missions to China}}
Category:People of the Boxer Rebellion
Category:Christian missions in China
Category:19th-century mass murder in China
Category:19th-century Protestant martyrs
Category:Year of birth unknown
Category:1900 murders in China