China National Nuclear Corporation#ACP100

The Ministry of Nuclear Industry built China's first atom bomb, hydrogen bomb and nuclear submarine.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}} It functioned as a government bureau for the national nuclear industry and reported directly to the State Council. It oversaw China's nuclear-related corporations, manufacturers, institutions, research institutes, and plants, including those related to nuclear weapons. It was responsible for the design and operation of nuclear power plants; nuclear fuel production and supply, including the processing of natural uranium, uranium conversion and enrichment, fuel assembly fabrication, spent fuel reprocessing, and nuclear waste disposal.{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}

In 1988 the Ministry of Nuclear Industry was re-organised and became the CNNC.{{Rp|page=202}} The corporatization was partly carried out to gain funds from outside of the government via exports.{{r|nti}}

In the mid-1990s, CNNC had 300,000 employees and managed 200 organisations.{{r|nti}}

Kang Rixin, a senior general manager is currently being investigated (as of August 10, 2009) for $260 million that was earmarked for the construction of three nuclear plants and allegedly used the funds for the stock market sustaining heavy losses. He is also accused of accepting bribes from a foreign company that intended to build nuclear power stations in China.{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8189042.stm|title=Beijing airport ex-head executed|date=August 7, 2009|via=news.bbc.co.uk|access-date=August 10, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112124436/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8189042.stm|archive-date=November 12, 2019|url-status=live}}[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/business/global/16chinanuke.html?_r=1&partner=rss&emc=rss&pagewanted=all China’s Rapid Reactor Expansion Raises Concerns] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211200259/http://www.nytimes.com/2009/12/16/business/global/16chinanuke.html?_r=1 |date=2017-02-11 }} KEITH BRADSHER, Published: December 15, 2009

{{As of|2014}} CNNC has 100,000 employees and 110 subsidiaries. It has 4 nuclear power plants with 9 reactors in operation with a generation capacity of 6.5 GWe, with a further 12 reactors under construction.{{r|cnnc-20140127}}

In June 2015, CNNC announced it would aim to raise 13.19 billion Chinese yuan in an initial public offering, that if successful, would be the largest in China in almost four years previously.[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-national-nuclear-ipo-idUSKBN0OH13B20150601 Reuters] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151002195915/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/06/01/us-china-national-nuclear-ipo-idUSKBN0OH13B20150601 |date=2015-10-02 }}, China National Nuclear aims to raise $2.13 billion in largest IPO since 2011, Reuters, 31 May 2015 In September 2015, CNNC signed a memorandum of understanding with Bill Gates-backed TerraPower for the construction of a traveling wave reactor.{{Cite web|date=25 September 2015|title=TerraPower, CNNC team up on travelling wave reactor|url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-TerraPower-CNNC-team-up-on-travelling-wave-reactor-25091501.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200602165033/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-TerraPower-CNNC-team-up-on-travelling-wave-reactor-25091501.html|archive-date=2 June 2020|access-date=2020-07-25|website=World Nuclear News}}

In September, CNNC announced a project with the UK's National Nuclear Laboratory to create the Joint Research and Innovation Centre. The centre will investigate aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle. The UK and China will jointly fund the project over five years at the cost of £50 million.{{r|nnl}}

As of 2017, CNNC was developing a 400 MW_th heat-only reactor for district heating.{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclear-heating/china-looks-to-nuclear-option-to-ease-winter-heating-woes-idUSKBN1E404J |title=China looks to nuclear option to ease winter heating woes |date=2017-12-10 |website=Reuters |access-date=2017-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034920/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclear-heating/china-looks-to-nuclear-option-to-ease-winter-heating-woes-idUSKBN1E404J |archive-date=2017-12-16 |url-status=live }}

In 2018, CNNC acquired nuclear power plant builder China Nuclear Engineering & Construction Corp (CNECC).{{cite news |url=http://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsmore-consolidation-for-chinas-nuclear-industry-6043616 |title=More consolidation for China's nuclear industry |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=1 February 2018 |access-date=4 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112132943/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newsmore-consolidation-for-chinas-nuclear-industry-6043616 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |url-status=live }}{{cite web|date=2018-01-31|title=CNNC merges China Nuclear Engineering & Construction Co|url=http://en.cnnc.com.cn/2018-01/31/c_131916.htm|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830211503/http://en.cnnc.com.cn/2018-01/31/c_131916.htm|archive-date=30 August 2020|access-date=30 August 2020|website=CNNC}}

It is one of the two most significant companies in China's uranium mining and nuclear power sectors (the other being China General Nuclear Power Group).{{Cite book |last=Massot |first=Pascale |title=China's Vulnerability Paradox: How the World's Largest Consumer Transformed Global Commodity Markets |date=2024 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-777140-2 |location=New York, NY, United States of America |pages=}}{{Rp|page=201}} CNNC is supervised by the State Council via the State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission.{{Rp|page=202}}

In August 2020, the United States Department of Defense published the names of companies linked to the People's Liberation Army operating directly or indirectly in the United States. CNNC and CNECC were included on the list.{{cite web|date=August 28, 2020|title=DOD Releases List of Additional Companies, in Accordance with Section 1237 of FY19 NDAA|url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Releases/Release/Article/2328894/dod-releases-list-of-additional-companies-in-accordance-with-section-1237-of-fy/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830192407/https://www.defense.gov/Newsroom/Releases/Release/Article/2328894/dod-releases-list-of-additional-companies-in-accordance-with-section-1237-of-fy/|archive-date=30 August 2020|access-date=30 August 2020|website=U.S. Department of Defense}}{{cite web|date=August 28, 2020|title=Qualifying Entities Prepared in Response to Section 1237 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999 (PUBLIC LAW 105–261)|url=https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/28/2002486689/-1/-1/1/LINK_1_1237_TRANCHE-23_QUALIFYING_ENTITIES.PDF|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200828202056/https://media.defense.gov/2020/Aug/28/2002486689/-1/-1/1/LINK_1_1237_TRANCHE-23_QUALIFYING_ENTITIES.PDF|archive-date=28 August 2020|access-date=30 August 2020|website=U.S. Department of Defense}} In November 2020, Donald Trump issued an executive order prohibiting any American company or individual from owning shares in companies that the United States Department of Defense has listed as having links to the People's Liberation Army, which included the two companies above.{{Cite news|last=Chen|first=Shawna|date=November 12, 2020|title=Trump bans Americans from investing in 31 companies with links to Chinese military|work=Axios|url=https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html|access-date=November 12, 2020|archive-date=October 28, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028203620/https://www.axios.com/china-military-trump-investments-ban-a0458e29-2245-4bde-920b-d1c6bc698370.html|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last1=Pamuk|first1=Humeyra|last2=Alper|first2=Alexandra|last3=Ali|first3=Idrees|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump bans U.S. investments in firms linked to Chinese military|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3|access-date=2020-11-12|archive-date=2021-10-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028175811/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-securities-exclusive-idUSKBN27S2X3|url-status=live}}{{Cite news|last=Swanson|first=Ana|date=2020-11-12|title=Trump Bars Investment in Chinese Firms With Military Ties|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html|access-date=2020-11-13|issn=0362-4331|archive-date=2020-11-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113000328/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/12/business/economy/trump-china-investment-ban.html|url-status=live}}

CNNC is the only exporter of Chinese nuclear power plants.{{Rp|page=202}}

{{main|CNP / ACP nuclear reactors}}

The CNP Generation II nuclear reactors (and Generation III successor ACP) were a series of nuclear reactors developed by China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC), and are predecessors of the more current Hualong One design.

The CNP series of Generation II reactors started with the CNP-300 pressurized water reactor, was the first reactor design developed domestically in China. The first unit began operation at Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant in 1991.

A larger version of the reactor, the CNP-600 was developed based on both the CNP-300{{cite news|last1=Biello|first1=David|title=China forges ahead with nuclear energy|url=https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110329/full/news.2011.194.html|accessdate=28 May 2018|journal=Nature|date=29 March 2011|language=en|doi=10.1038/news.2011.194|archive-date=19 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201219003635/https://www.nature.com/news/2011/110329/full/news.2011.194.html|url-status=live}} and the M310 reactor design used in Daya Bay Nuclear Power Plant.{{cite web|title=China's commercial reactors|url=https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/chinas-commercial-reactors-proof.pdf|publisher=Nuclear Engineering International|accessdate=29 May 2018|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529202959/https://www.belfercenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/files/chinas-commercial-reactors-proof.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite web|last1=(IAEA)|first1=International Atomic Energy Agency|title=- Nuclear Power - IAEA|url=https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/aris/|website=www.iaea.org|accessdate=29 May 2018|language=en|archive-date=29 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529130308/https://www.iaea.org/NuclearPower/aris/|url-status=live}} It was installed at Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant, with two units operational from 2015 and 2016, respectively. A Generation III ACP-600 successor was also developed but none were built.

A three loop, 1000-MW version of the CNP reactor, the CNP-1000, was under development since the 1990s with the help of vendors Westinghouse and Framatome (now AREVA). 4 units of the CNP-1000 were later built at Fuqing NPP. Further work on the CNP-1000 was stopped in favour of the ACP-1000.

In 2013, China announced that it had independently developed the Generation III ACP-1000, with Chinese authorities claiming full intellectual property rights over the design. As a result of the success of the Hualong One project, no ACP-1000 reactors have been built to date. CNNC had originally planned to use the ACP-1000 in Fuqing reactor 5 and 6 but switched over to the Hualong One.{{cite web | url=https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ | title=Chinese reactor design evolution - Nuclear Engineering International | access-date=2020-07-20 | archive-date=2019-12-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191228044848/https://www.neimagazine.com/features/featurechinese-reactor-design-evolution-4272370/ | url-status=live }}

{{main|Hualong One}}

In 2012, central planners in Beijing directed China General Nuclear (CGN) and the other large nuclear builder and operator, CNNC to 'rationalise' their Generation III reactor design programs. This meant CGN's ACPR1000 and CNNC's ACP1000, both of which were based on the French Generation II M310, were 'merged' into one standardised design - the Hualong One.{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ |title=Nuclear Power in China |publisher=World Nuclear Association |date=24 September 2013 |access-date=30 September 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103023128/http://world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-A-F/China--Nuclear-Power/ |archive-date=3 November 2013 |url-status=live}} After the merger, both companies retain their own supply chain and their versions of the Hualong One will differ slightly (units built by CGN will retain some features from the ACPR1000) but the design is considered to be standardised. Some 85% of its components will be made domestically.{{cite web | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Chinese-reactor-design-passes-safety-review-0812145.html | title=Chinese reactor design passes safety review - World Nuclear News | access-date=2022-02-02 | archive-date=2022-02-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202151223/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/NN-Chinese-reactor-design-passes-safety-review-0812145.html | url-status=live }}

The Hualong One power output will be 1170 MWe gross, 1090 MWe net, with a 60-year design life, and would use a combination of passive and active safety systems with a double containment.{{cite journal |title=HPR1000: Advanced Pressurized Water Reactor with Active and Passive Safety |author1=Ji Xing |author2=Daiyong Song |author3=Yuxiang Wu |journal=Engineering |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=79–87 |date=March 2016 |doi=10.1016/J.ENG.2016.01.017 |doi-access=free}} It has a 177 assembly core design with an 18-month refuelling cycle. The power plant's utilisation rate is as high as 90%. CNNC has said its active and passive safety systems, double-layer containment and other technologies meet the highest international safety standards.{{cite web | url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 | title=China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 - Nuclear Engineering International | access-date=2022-02-02 | archive-date=2022-02-02 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202155408/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 | url-status=live }}

The Hualong One is now largely seen as the replacement for all previous Chinese nuclear reactor designs, and has been exported overseas.

CNNC plans to start building Hualong Two by 2024. It will be a more economical version using similar technology, taking a year less to build with about a quarter less in construction costs.{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 |title=China to begin construction of Hualong Two in 2024 |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=15 April 2021 |access-date=2 February 2022 |archive-date=2 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202155408/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-to-begin-construction-of-hualong-two-in-2024-8673029 |url-status=live }}

In September 2016 it was announced that SNC-Lavalin has signed an agreement in principle with CNNC and the Shanghai Electric Group to design, market and build the advanced CANDU reactor. Its ability to use reprocessed uranium will reduce China's stock of spent nuclear fuel.{{cite web | title = SNC-Lavalin strikes deal to build nuclear reactors in China | url = https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/snc-lavalin-strikes-deal-to-build-nuclear-reactors-in-china/article32000350/ | date = 2016-09-22 | work = The Globe and Mail | first1 = Bertrand | last1 = Marotte | access-date = 2017-08-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170419140011/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/industry-news/energy-and-resources/snc-lavalin-strikes-deal-to-build-nuclear-reactors-in-china/article32000350/ | archive-date = 2017-04-19 | url-status = live}}

CNNC has developed a pool-type light-water reactor for district heating, called the DHR-400 (District Heating Reactor 400 MWt). It operates at low temperature and air pressure, so is easy to operate and decommission.{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/CNNC-completes-design-of-district-heating-reactor |title=CNNC completes design of district heating reactor |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=7 September 2018 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608062302/http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/CNNC-completes-design-of-district-heating-reactor |archive-date=8 June 2019 |url-status=live}} Building cost is 1.5 billion yuan ($230 million), taking three years to build. It is well suited for the existing centralised heating systems of northern Chinese cities, currently often coal fueled.{{cite news |url=https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclear-heating/china-looks-to-nuclear-option-to-ease-winter-heating-woes-idUKKBN1E404J |title=China looks to nuclear option to ease winter heating woes |last1=Stanway |first1=David |publisher=Reuters |date=10 December 2017 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180609133102/https://uk.reuters.com/article/us-china-nuclear-heating/china-looks-to-nuclear-option-to-ease-winter-heating-woes-idUKKBN1E404J |archive-date=9 June 2018 |url-status=dead }}

In February 2019, China's State Power Investment Corporation (SPIC) signed a cooperation agreement with the Baishan municipal government in Jilin province for the Baishan Nuclear Energy Heating Demonstration Project, which would use a DHR-400.{{cite news |url=https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-signs-agreement-for-nuclear-heating-demonstration-project-7039593 |title=China signs agreement for nuclear heating demonstration project |publisher=Nuclear Engineering International |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111183802/https://www.neimagazine.com/news/newschina-signs-agreement-for-nuclear-heating-demonstration-project-7039593 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |url-status=live }}

In July 2019, CNNC announced it would start building a demonstration ACP100 small modular reactor on the north-west side of the existing Changjiang Nuclear Power Plant by the end of the year.{{cite news |url=http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/CNNC-launches-demonstration-SMR-project |title=CNNC launches demonstration SMR project |publisher=World Nuclear News |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809083650/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/CNNC-launches-demonstration-SMR-project |archive-date=9 August 2019 |url-status=live }} Design of the ACP100 started in 2010. It will be a fully integrated reactor module with an internal coolant system, with a 2-year refueling interval, producing 385 MWt and about 125 MWe.{{cite web |url=https://gnssn.iaea.org/NSNI/SMRP/Shared%20Documents/TM%202%20-%205%20October%202017/Specific%20Design%20Consideration%20of%20ACP100%20for%20Application%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf |title=Specific Design Consideration of ACP100 for Application in the Middle East and North Africa Region |publisher=CNNC |date=2 October 2017 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=11 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200111183744/https://gnssn.iaea.org/NSNI/SMRP/Shared%20Documents/TM%202%20-%205%20October%202017/Specific%20Design%20Consideration%20of%20ACP100%20for%20Application%20in%20the%20Middle%20East%20and%20North%20Africa%20Region.pdf |url-status=live }} In July 2021 the announcement was made that the construction of the first ACP100 has been started.{{cite web | url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-launches-first-commercial-onshore-small-reactor-project-2021-07-13/ | title=China launches first commercial onshore small reactor project | website=Reuters | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713114952/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-launches-first-commercial-onshore-small-reactor-project-2021-07-13/ | archive-date=2021-07-13 |date=14 July 2021 | access-date=14 July 2021 }} The beginning of the installation phase was announced in December 2022;{{cite web | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chinese-SMR-project-enters-installation-phase | title=Chinese SMR project enters installation phase | website=World Nuclear News | access-date=6 January 2023 | archive-date=6 January 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106162000/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Chinese-SMR-project-enters-installation-phase | url-status=live }} by March 2023, the main internal structure of the reactor building was completed.{{cite web | url=https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Reactor-building-internal-structures-completed-at | title=Reactor building internal structures completed at Chinese SMR | website=World Nuclear News | access-date=23 March 2023 | archive-date=25 March 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325004454/https://www.world-nuclear-news.org/Articles/Reactor-building-internal-structures-completed-at | url-status=live }} The reactor type is also called Linglong One.

• China Atomic Energy Authority
• Nuclear power in China
• China Nuclear International Uranium Corporation
• China General Nuclear Power Group
• CNNC International Limited

{{Reflist|refs=

{{cite web |url=http://www.slideshare.net/UKTI2014/galleon-suite-27th-market-briefings |title=CNNC: The Main Force of Nuclear Power Development in China |author=CNNC |publisher=UK Trade & Industry (Market Briefing) |pages=64–98 |date=27 January 2014 |access-date=7 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303213254/http://www.slideshare.net/UKTI2014/galleon-suite-27th-market-briefings |archive-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live }}

{{cite web|title=UK-China Joint Research and Innovation Centre|url=http://www.nnl.co.uk/news-media-centre/news-archive/uk-china-joint-research-and-innovation-centre/|publisher=National Nuclear Laboratory|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319194213/http://www.nnl.co.uk/news-media-centre/news-archive/uk-china-joint-research-and-innovation-centre/|archive-date=19 March 2016|url-status=live}}

{{cite web|title=China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC)|url=http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/707/|publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative|access-date=5 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417110207/http://www.nti.org/learn/facilities/707/|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=live}}

}}

• The Impact of Government Restructuring on Chinese Nuclear Arms Control and Nonproliferation Policymaking, Wen L. Hsu, The Nonproliferation Review, Fall 1999, p. 155.

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