Chiquitano language

Chiquitano is usually considered to be a language isolate. Joseph Greenberg linked it to the Macro-Jê languages in his proposal,Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press. but the results of his study have been later questioned due to methodological flaws.Rankin, Robert. (1992). [Review of Language in the Americas by J. H. Greenberg]. International Journal of American Linguistics, 58 (3), 324-351.Campbell, Lyle. (1988). [Review of Language in the Americas, Greenberg 1987]. Language, 64, 591-615.

Kaufman (1994) suggests a relationship with the Bororoan languages.Kaufman, Terrence. 1994. The native languages of South America. In: Christopher Moseley and R. E. Asher (eds.), Atlas of the World’s Languages, 59–93. London: Routledge. Adelaar (2008) classifies Chiquitano as a Macro-Jê language,Adelaar, Willem F. H. Relações externas do Macro-Jê: O caso do Chiquitano. In: Telles de A. P. Lima, Stella Virgínia; Aldir S. de Paula (eds.). Topicalizando Macro-Jê. Recife: Nectar, 2008. p. 9–27. while Nikulin (2020) suggests that Chiquitano is rather a sister of Macro-Jê.Nikulin, Andrey. 2020. [http://etnolinguistica.org/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo]. Doctoral dissertation, University of Brasília.

Mason (1950) lists:{{cite book |last=Mason |first=John Alden |author-link=John Alden Mason |date=1950 |chapter=The languages of South America |editor-first1=Julian |editor-last1=Steward |title=Handbook of South American Indians |volume=6 |pages=157–317 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143 |location=Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office}}

{{tree list}}

• Chiquito
• North (Chiquito)
• Manasí (Manacica)
• Penoki (Penokikia)
• Pinyoca; Kusikia
• Tao; Tabiica
• Churapa

{{tree list/end}}

File:Jesuit Missions of the Chiquitos-en.png with present international borders]]

According to Čestmír Loukotka (1968), dialects are Tao (Yúnkarirsh), Piñoco, Penoqui, Kusikia, Manasi, San Simoniano, Churapa.{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian Languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles |pages=[https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk/page/60 60]}}

• Tao (Yúnkarirsh) - spoken at the old missions of San Rafael, Santa Ana, San Miguel, San Ignacio, San Juan, Santo Corazón, and Concepción, Bolivia.
• Piñoco - spoken at the missions of San Xavier, San José, and San José de Buenaventura.
• Penoqui - spoken at the old mission of San José. (However, Combès suggests that Penoqui was a synonym of Gorgotoqui and may have been a Bororoan language.Combès, Isabelle. 2010. Diccionario étnico: Santa Cruz la Vieja y su entorno en el siglo XVI. Cochabamba: Itinera-rios/Instituto Latinoamericano de Misionología. (Colección Scripta Autochtona, 4.)Combès, Isabelle. 2012. Susnik y los gorgotoquis. Efervescencia étnica en la Chiquitania (Oriente boliviano), p. 201–220. Indiana, v. 29. Berlín. {{doi|10.18441/ind.v29i0.201-220 }})
• Cusiquia - once spoken north of the Penoqui tribe.
• Manasi - once spoken at the old missions of San Francisco Xavier and Concepción, Santa Cruz province.
• San Simoniano - now spoken in the Sierra de San Simón and the Danubio River.
• Churapa - spoken on the Piray River, Santa Cruz province.

Otuke, a Bororoan language, was also spoken in some of the missions.

Chiquitano varieties listed by Nikulin (2020):

{{tree list}}

• Chiquitano
• Bésɨro (also known as Lomeriano Chiquitano), spoken in the Lomerío region and in Concepción, Ñuflo de Chávez Province. Co-official status and has a standard orthography.
• Migueleño Chiquitano (in San Miguel de Velasco and surroundings), moribund with fewer than 30 speakers
• Eastern
• Ignaciano Chiquitano (in San Ignacio de Velasco and surroundings)CIUCCI, L.; MACOÑÓ TOMICHÁ, J. 2018. Diccionario básico del chiquitano del Municipio de San Ignacio de Velasco. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Ind. Maderera “San Luis” S. R. L., Museo de Historia. U. A. R. G. M. 61 f.
• Santiagueño Chiquitano (in Santiago de Chiquitos)
• Divergent varieties
• Sansimoniano (spoken in the far northeast of Beni Department)
• Piñoco (formerly spoken in the missions of San José de los Boros, San Francisco Xavier de los Piñoca, and San José de Buenavista/Desposorios; see also Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos)

{{tree list/end}}

Nikulin (2019) proposes that Camba Spanish has a Piñoco substratum. Camba Spanish was originally spoken in Santa Cruz Department, Bolivia, but is now also spoken in Beni Department and Pando Department.

Some Chiquitano also prefer to call themselves Monkóka (plural form for 'people'; the singular form for 'person' is Monkóxɨ).

Nikulin also tentatively proposes an Eastern subgroup for the varieties spoken in San Ignacio de Velasco, Santiago de Chiquitos, and Brazil.

In Brazil, Chiquitano is spoken in the municipalities of Cáceres, Porto Esperidião, Pontes e Lacerda, and Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade in the state of Mato Grosso.Santana, Áurea Cavalcante. 2012. [http://www.etnolinguistica.org/tese:santana-2012 Línguas cruzadas, histórias que se mesclam: ações de documentação, valorização e fortalecimento da língua Chiquitano no Brasil]. Doutorado, Universidade Federal de Goiás.FUNAI/DAF. Plano de Desenvolvimento de Povos Indígenas (PDPI) – Grupo Indígena Chiquitano, MT. Diretoria de Assuntos Fundiários: Brasília, 2002.

The following list of Jesuit and pre-Jesuit-era historical dialect groupings of Chiquitano is from Nikulin (2019), after Matienzo et al. (2011: 427–435)MATIENZO, J.; TOMICHÁ, R.; COMBÈS, I.; PAGE, C. Chiquitos en las Anuas de la Compañía de Jesús (1691–1767). Cochabamba: Itinerarios, 2011. and Hervás y Panduro (1784: 30).HERVÁS Y PANDURO, L. Idea dell’Universo che contiene la storia della vita dell’uomo, elementi cos-mografici, viaggio estatico al mondo planetario, e storia della terra, e delle lingue. Vol. XVII: Ca-talogo delle lingue conosciute. Cesena: Gregorio Biasini, 1784. The main dialect groups were Tao, Piñoco, and Manasi.

Penoquí (Gorgotoqui?), possibly a Bororoan language, was spoken in San José.

{{Cite book|title=Phonology of Chiquitano|last=Krusi|first=Dorothee, Martin|year=1978}}

Chiquitano has regressive assimilation triggered by nasal nuclei {{IPA|/ ɨ̃ ĩ ũ õ ã ẽ/}} and targeting consonant onsets within a morpheme.

• {{IPA|/suβũ/}} → {{IPA|[suˈmũ]}} 'parrot (sp.)'{{citation |last1=Sans |first1=Pierric |year=2011 |title=Proceedings of the VII Encontro Macro-Jê.Brasilia, Brazil }}

The language has CV, CVV, and CVC syllables. It does not allow complex onsets or codas. The only codas allowed are nasal consonants.

Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for different dialects of Chiquito (Chiquitano).{{cite book |last=Loukotka |first=Čestmír |author-link=Čestmír Loukotka |title=Classification of South American Indian languages |url=https://archive.org/details/classificationof0007louk |url-access=registration |publisher=UCLA Latin American Center |year=1968 |location=Los Angeles}}

:

For a vocabulary list of Chiquitano by Santana (2012),Santana, Áurea Cavalcante. 2012. Línguas cruzadas, histórias que se mesclam: ações de documentação, valorização e fortalecimento da língua Chiquitano no Brasil. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás. see the Portuguese Wiktionary.

Chiquitano has borrowed extensively from an unidentified Tupí-Guaraní variety; one example is Chiquitano takones [takoˈnɛs] ‘sugarcane’, borrowed from a form close to Paraguayan Guaraní takuare'ẽ ‘sugarcane’.{{rp|8}} There are also numerous Spanish borrowings.

Chiquitano (or an extinct variety close to it) has influenced the Camba variety of Spanish. This is evidenced by the numerous lexical borrowings of Chiquitano origin in local Spanish. Examples include bi ‘genipa’, masi ‘squirrel’, peni ‘lizard’, peta ‘turtle, tortoise’, jachi ‘chicha leftover’, jichi ‘worm; jichi spirit’, among many others.{{cite journal |last=Nikulin |first=Andrey |title=Contacto de lenguas en la Chiquitanía |url=https://periodicos.unifap.br/index.php/linguasindigenas/article/view/6025 |journal=Revista Brasileira de Línguas Indígenas |year=2020 |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=5–30|doi=10.18468/rbli.2019v2n2.p05-30 |s2cid=225674786 |doi-access=free }}

• Galeote Tormo, J. (1993). Manitana Auqui Besüro: Gramática Moderna de la lengua Chiquitana y Vocabulario Básico. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: Los Huérfanos.
• Santana, A. C. (2005). Transnacionalidade lingüística: a língua Chiquitano no Brasil. Goiânia: Universidade Federal de Goiás. (Masters dissertation).
• Nikulin, Andrey. 2019. ¡Manityaka au r-ózura! Diccionario básico del chiquitano migueleño: El habla de San Miguel de Velasco y de San Juan de Lomerío.

{{Reflist|1}}

• {{Cite encyclopedia

| last = Fabre

| first = Alain

| title = Chiquitano

| encyclopedia = Diccionario etnolingüístico y guía bibliográfica de los pueblos indígenas sudamericanos.

| access-date = 2009-01-16

| date = 2008-07-21

| url = http://www.ling.fi/Entradas%20diccionario/Dic=Chiquitano.pdf

}}

{{sister project |project=wiktionary |text=Wiktionary has a word list at Appendix:Chiquitano word list}}

• [http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/ Lenguas de Bolivia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190904080403/http://www.ru.nl/lenguasdebolivia/ |date=2019-09-04 }} (online edition)

{{Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos}}

{{Languages of Bolivia}}

{{language families}}

{{South American languages}}{{Macro-Jê languages}}{{Authority control}}

Category:Languages of Bolivia

Category:Indigenous languages of South America (Central)

Category:Language isolates of South America

Category:Jesuit Missions of Chiquitos

Category:Mamoré–Guaporé linguistic area