Chonemorpha fragrans
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2020}}
{{short description|Species of flowering plant in the family Apocynaceae}}
{{Speciesbox
|image = Chonemorpha fragrans, bloeiwyse, Manie van der Schijff BT, c.jpg
|image_caption =
|genus = Chonemorpha
|species = fragrans
|synonyms = {{Species list
|Beluttakaka grandieriana |Pierre [Invalid]
|Beluttakaka griffithii (Hook.f.) Kuntze
|Beluttakaka macrophylla (G.Don) Kuntze
|Cercocoma macrantha |Teijsm. & Binn. [Invalid]
|Chonemorpha blancoi |Merr. [Illegitimate]
|Chonemorpha elliptica |Merr. & Rolfe
|Chonemorpha grandieriana |Pierre ex Spire
|Chonemorpha grandiflora |G.Don
|Chonemorpha griffithii |Hook.f.
|Chonemorpha macrantha |Pit.
|Chonemorpha macrophylla |G.Don
|Chonemorpha macrophylla var. grandis |A.DC.
|Chonemorpha penangensis |Ridl.
|Chonemorpha rheedei |Ridl. [Illegitimate]
|Chonemorpha valvata |Chatterjee
|Chonemorpha yersinii |Vernet
|Echites fragrans |Moon
|Echites grandiflorus |Roth [Illegitimate]
|Echites grandis |Wall. [Invalid]
|Echites latifolius |Buch.-Ham. ex Wall. [Invalid]
|Echites macranthus |Spreng. [Illegitimate]
|Echites macrophyllus |Roxb. [Illegitimate]
|Epichysianthus macrophyllus |(G.Don) Voigt
|Rhynchodia macrantha |Pharm. ex Wehmer
|Tabernaemontana elliptica |Blanco [Illegitimate]}}
|synonyms_ref = {{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-39736 |publisher=theplantlist.org (The Plant List)|accessdate=22 April 2020}}
}}
Chonemorpha fragrans, the frangipani vine or climbing frangipani, is a plant species in the genus Chonemorpha. It is a vigorous, generally evergreen, climbing shrub producing stems {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} or more long that can climb to the tops of the tallest trees in the forests of Southeast Asia. It has scented, white flowers and large shiny leaves. It is native to China, India (the Himalayas), Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Thailand. It is very commonly used in Ayurveda (an Indian traditional medicine) and it is also cultivated mostly worldwide in frost-free places.
Description
File:Chonemorpha fragrans - Franginpani vine leaves.jpg
Chonemorpha fragrans is a vigorous climber,{{cite web |title=PLANT OF THE MONTH – Chonemorpha fragrans, Frangipani Vine – GREAT ON A TRELLIS! |date=9 April 2014 |url=http://gardenexpressions.com.au/plant-of-the-month-chonemorpha-fragrans-frangipani-vine-great-on-a-trellis/ |publisher=gardenexpressions.com |accessdate=17 December 2016}} reaching up to {{convert|30|m|0|abbr=on}}.T. Pullaiah, P.B. Raghavendra, S. Karuppusamy, V. Raveendran and M. Anuradha {{google books|G6_YDwAAQBAJ|Camptothecin and Camptothecin Producing Plants: Botany, Chemistry, Anticancer Activity, and Biotechnology (2020)|page=145}}{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 16 Page 170 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=210000296 |website=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=22 April 2020}}
It can also grow or spread to about {{convert|7|m|0|abbr=on}} wide, depending on the support.{{cite web |last1=O’Brien |first1=Mick |title=Landscape Plant of the Month The Climbing Frangipani: Chonemorpha fragrans |url=https://www.islandandsurrounds.com/single-post/2020/03/11/Landscape-Plant-of-the-Month-The-Climbing-Frangipani-Chonemorpha-fragrans |website=islandsurrounds |accessdate=27 July 2020 |language=en |date=10 March 2020}} It has a rusty brown,P.K. Warrier, V.P.K. Nambiar and C. Ramankutty {{google books|uDzsHbrVV-UC|Indian Medicinal Plants: A Compendium of 500 Species, Volume 2 (1994)|page=66}} or grey barked stem which is numerously lenticelled.K. Vanangamudi, V. Anbukkarasi and M. Prabhu {{google books|e-c4DwAAQBAJ|Medicinal Seeds and Plants|page=273}} The bark can produce fibre of good quality.
It is evergreen in most tropical climates.{{cite web |title=Climbing Frangipani - Plant Guide - Lifestyle |url=https://www.lifestyle.com.au/plant-guide/climbing-frangipani-4625.aspx |website=www.lifestyle.com.au |accessdate=22 April 2020}} Elsewhere, in the spring, the fresh new leaves are bright green with a bronze hue.
The mature leaves are large, deep green,{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans (Plumeria or Frangipani vine) |url=https://www.bradsbudsandblooms.com/shop/plumeria/plumeria-from-australia/chonemorpha-fragrans-plumeria-or-frangipani-vine/ |website=Brad's Buds and Blooms |accessdate=3 August 2020 |date=18 March 2015}} shiny,{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans, Chonemorpha macrophylla, Frangipani vine - |url=https://toptropicals.com/catalog/uid/Chonemorpha_fragrans.htm |website=TopTropicals.com - rare plants for home and garden |accessdate=22 April 2020 |language=en}}{{cite web |title=Frangipani Vine |url=http://www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Frangipani%20Vine.html |website=flowersofindia.net |accessdate=22 April 2020}} and hirsute (hairy), especially underneath. They are broadly ovate, orbicular, or elliptic in shape. They have a 2cm long petiole, and they are {{convert|15|-|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|13|-|45|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, with 10-12 pairs of lateral, prominent veins.
It has terminal (end of stem), clusters of blooms, appearing from spring to autumn, from May to July, or between April and October. They are highly fragrant, and the scent is thought to be very similar to that of the Singapore White plumeria.{{cite web |last1=Ross |first1=Linda |title=Climbing Frangipani |url=https://www.gardenclinic.com.au/how-to-grow-article/plant-of-the-month-january-climbing-frangipani |website=gardenclinic.com.au |accessdate=23 April 2020 |date=3 March 2015}}
They have tubular sepals, which are 1 cm long, a white corolla which is {{convert|8|-|10|cm|0|abbr=on}} long. It has a hairy throat, which is yellow.
After it has bloomed, between July and September, it produces a lanceolateWiart Christophe {{google books|-t_ICgAAQBAJ|Medicinal Plants Of The Asia-pacific: Drugs For The Future (2006)|page=454}} or oblong seedcase. Inside the seed case, are flat seeds, shortly beaked with long white silky coma.
All parts of the plant produce a milk-like substance when damaged.
=Biochemistry=
Chonemorpha fragrans contains alkaloids including camptothecin (CPT), {{chem name|chonemorphine}}, and funtumafrine.{{cite journal |last1=Kedari |first1=Pradnya Prakash |last2=Malpathak |first2=Nutan Padmanabh |title=Screening of Chonemorpha fragrans Bioactive Extracts for Cytotoxicity Potential and Inhibition Studies of Key Enzymes Involved in Replication |journal=Pharmacognosy Magazine |date=May 2016 |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=297–302 |doi=10.4103/0973-1296.185708|pmid=27563215 |pmc=4971947 |doi-access=free }}{{rs|date=June 2021}} Camptothecin is a monoterpene indole alkaloid and several synthetic drugs which are analogs of camptothecin are used in chemotherapy for cancer of various types.{{cite journal |last1=Isah |first1=Tasiu |last2=Umar |first2=Shahid |title=Influencing in vitro clonal propagation of Chonemorpha fragrans (moon) Alston by culture media strength, plant growth regulators, carbon source and photo periodic incubation |journal=Journal of Forestry Research |date=September 2018 |volume=31 |pages=27–43 |doi=10.1007/s11676-018-0794-3|s2cid=52297102 }} Chonemorphine is a steroidal alkaloid which has been studied in Wistar rats for its possible use for intestinal infections.Chatterjee DK et al (1987) Parasitol Res 74, 1, 30-33 {{full|date=June 2021}}
Chonemorpha fragrans has two sets of chromosomes with a count of 2n=20.
Taxonomy
The Latin name is pronounced as Chonemorpha (koh-nee-MORF-a) fragrans (FRAY-granz).{{cite web |title=Frangipani Vine |url=https://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/100536/ |website=davesgarden.com |accessdate=22 April 2020}}
It is commonly known as 'Frangipani Vine', or 'Climbing Frangipani' and rarely in India as 'Funnel-Flower Vine'.
The flowers are very similar to the Frangipani in scent and shape, hence the common names.
Due to its wide range it has various local names such as; 'Gardhedaro' in hindi,{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha Fragrans Herb Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients |url=https://herbpathy.com/Uses-and-Benefits-of-Chonemorpha-Fragrans-Cid821 |website=Herbpathy |accessdate=22 April 2020}}
'Manjinaru', or 'Chandra hoovina balli' in Kannada, 'Perunkurumpa', 'Paal valli', or {{lang|ms|akar gerip merah}} in Malayalam, 'Murva' or 'morala' in Sanskrit, 'velutha kaaka kodi' in Tamil and 'Chaga' in Telugu.
Also within parts of China (such as Guangxi, Yunnan and Tibet) and the Indian Subcontinent and Indochina, its name in Khmer is /vɔə crẹj cruəj/ វល្លិជ្រៃជ្រួយ or /vɔə ʔɑŋkɑt krəhɑːm/ វល្លិអង្កត់ក្រហម.LETI, Mathieu, HUL Sovanmoly, Jean-Gabriel FOUCHÉ, CHENG Sun Kaing, Bruno DAVID, Flore photographique du Cambodge, Paris: Privat, 2013, p. 78.),
It is written as 大叶鹿角藤 in Chinese script and known as da ye lu jiao teng in Pidgin in China.
It was first originally described and published by botanist Alexander Moon as Echites fragrans Moon, in his 'Catalogue of the indigenous and exotic Plants growing in Ceylon' (Cat. Pl. Ceylon.) Vol.20 in 1824.{{cite web |title=Echites fragrans {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/78523-1 |website=www.ipni.org |accessdate=25 July 2020}} The species was then renamed and it was then re-published by English botanist Arthur Hugh Garfit Alston (1902-1958) in Annals of the Royal Botanic Gardens (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard.) Vol.11 on page 203 in 1929.{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/78008-1 |website=www.ipni.org |accessdate=22 April 2020}}
It was verified by United States Department of Agriculture and the Agricultural Research Service on 20 January 2012.{{cite web |title=Taxon: Chonemorpha fragrans (Moon) Alston |url=https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=102195 |website=ars-grin.gov |accessdate=22 April 2020}}
It is an RHS Accepted name and was last-listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2005.{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans {{!}} /RHS Gardening |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/3769/Chonemorpha-fragrans/Details |website=www.rhs.org.uk |accessdate=25 July 2020 |language=en-gb}}
Distribution and habitat
File:Chonemorpha fragrans - Franginpani vine buds.jpg
It is native to temperate Asia and Tropical and subtropical Asia.
=Range=
It is native to a large area of Asia, from the Himalayas to Java.
In temperate Asia, it is found within China (within the provinces of Yunnan Sheng and Guangxi).
Within tropical Asia, it is found in the countries of Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, (including Nicobar Islands,) Nepal, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Brunei, East Timor, Indonesia, (including the islands of Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands and Sumatra) Malaysia and the Philippines.
=Habitat=
Cultivation
File:Chonemorpha fragrans, habitus, Manie van der Schijff BT, c.jpg. South Africa]]
As the plant is semi-deciduous in subtropical areas, it can tolerate some colder temperatures (about 30 - 40°F,) but will then be fully dormant during the winter months, but it prefers a frost-free warm position. It may lose leaves if temperature drops below 45°F.
In USA, it is hardy to between USDA Zone 9b: to -3.8 °C (25 °F) and USDA Zone 11: above 4.5 °C (40 °F).
It prefers to grow in well-drained, acid soils, which are rich and free draining.
Loamy soil is the ideal soil type as it does not like poor soils.
It needs ample moisture during the summer months, but not constantly moist.
It can grown in full or partial sun. but is best in full sun, for better flowering.
Within the garden setting, it is best grown on large structures (such as pergolas, trellises or columns). Alternatively it can naturally ramble over tall trees, as they do not cling to walls.
It is used to create a 'tropical' feel within the garden.
It is a disease free, and are not affected by frangipani rust.
They can be grown in pots but prefer to be directly into the ground.
During the winter, is the preferred time to prune to restrict the climbing growth to a manageable size.
=Propagation=
File: Chonemorpha fragrans - Franginpani vine flower.jpg
It is possible to propagate Chonemorpha fragrans via seed. These can be collected from a mature plant via paper bags placed over the flower heads. Then the pods are dried and then broken open to reveal the seeds. Germination of the seed usually takes 3-6 weeks.{{cite web |title=Chonemorpha fragrans - Vines & Climbers, C |url=http://www.sunshine-seeds.de/product_info.php?products_id=45726&language=en |website=www.sunshine-seeds.de |accessdate=30 July 2020 |language=German}} It can also be grown from cuttings.
The only known pests of the plant, are Spider mites, which are most common if grown in greenhouses.
Uses
It has been used in folk medicine to help treat various disorders.
It is used (roots,{{cn|date=January 2021}} leaves, bark-stem,) in Ayurveda (an Indian traditional medicine), to treat various things such as skin diseases, leprosy, scabies, syphilis, gynecological disorders, inflammation, constipation, worm infestations (ascaris), hyperacidity, diabetes, jaundice, coughs, bronchitis, stomach disorders, intermittent fevers,Umberto Quattrocchi {{google books|-37OBQAAQBAJ|CRC World Dictionary of Medicinal and Poisonous Plants: Common Names, Scientific Names, Eponyms, Synonyms, and Etymology (2012)|page=936}} anaemia, typhoid, polyuria, boils, eye diseases, poisoning, and bronchitis. It is also used as a laxative.Rashtra Vardhana {{google books|V4AnCJo6Y14C|Direct Uses of Medicinal Plants and Their Identification (2008)|page=85}}
The crushed roots of the plant, which are sweet and bitter, are used to make a decoction drink to help remove a retained placenta, or to treat amebic dysentery. The stem of the plant is used to treat fractures and rheumatalgia.
The leaves of the plant are used a churna or extract used in combination with the other plant materials.
As the plant has diverse biological activities including muscle relaxant and antiparasitic properties.
The plant is sometimes cultivated for the fibre that is obtained from its stem, which is used to make fishing nets,Rashtra Vardhana {{google books|hH4AFtTzL9AC|Floristic Plants of the World (2006)|page=191}} especially in East Java.{{cite web |last1=Brink |first1=M. |last2=Jansen |first2=P.C.M. |last3=Bosch |first3=C.H. |title=Chonemorpha fragrans (PROSEA) - PlantUse English |url=https://uses.plantnet-project.org/en/Chonemorpha_fragrans_(PROSEA) |website=uses.plantnet-project.org |accessdate=6 August 2020}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Other sources
- Chinese Academy of Sciences. 1959-. Flora reipublicae popularis sinicae. Note: = Chonemorpha macrophylla
- Dassanayake, M. D. & F. R. Fosberg, eds. 1980-. A revised handbook to the flora of Ceylon.
- Kiew, R. et al., eds. 2010-. Flora of peninsular Malaysia Note: Forest Research Institute Malaysia.
- Personal Care Products Council. INCI
- Rao, R. S. 1953. A revision of the Indo-Malayan species of Chonemorpha G. Don. J. Indian Bot. Soc. 32:36.
- Smitinand, T. & K. Larsen, eds. 1970-. Flora of Thailand.
- Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994-. Flora of China (English edition).
External links
- {{Commons-inline|2=Chonemorpha fragrans}}
- {{Wikispecies-inline|Chonemorpha fragrans|Chonemorpha fragrans}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q11780649}}
Category:Medicinal plants of Asia
Category:Flora of tropical Asia