Nicobar Islands

{{Infobox islands

| name = Nicobar Islands

| native_name =

| sobriquet =

| image_name = Nicobar Islands.PNG

| image_size =

| image_caption = Location of the Nicobar Islands in the Indian Ocean.

| image_alt =

| map_image = Nicobar Islands.jpg

| location = Bay of Bengal

| coordinates = {{Coord|7|05|N|93|48|E|region:IN_type:isle|display=inline,title}}

| archipelago = Andaman and Nicobar Islands

| total_islands = 22

| major_islands = Car Nicobar, Great Nicobar, Little Nicobar

| area_km2 = 1,841

| area_footnotes =

| rank =

| length_km =

| length_footnotes =

| width_km =

| width_footnotes =

| coastline_km =

| coastline_footnotes =

| elevation_m = 642

| elevation_footnotes =

| highest_mount = Mount Thullier

| country = {{IND}}

| country_admin_divisions_title = Union territory

| country_admin_divisions = Andaman and Nicobar Islands

| country_admin_divisions_title_1 =

| country_admin_divisions_1 =

| country_admin_divisions_title_2 =

| country_admin_divisions_2 =

| country_capital = Port Blair (on South Andaman Island)

| country_largest_city = Malacca, Car Nicobar

| country_largest_city_population = 1,637

| country_leader_name =

| demonym =

| population = [http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_ani.html 36,842]

| population_as_of = 2011

| density_km2 = 20

| density_footnotes =

| ethnic_groups = Nicobarese
Shompen
Mainland Indians

| timezone1 = IST

| utc_offset1 = +5:30

| timezone1_DST = {{nowrap|not observed}}

| utc_offset1_DST = +5:30

| website = https://andaman.nic.in/

| additional_info =

}}The Nicobar Islands {{IPAc-en|'|n|I|k|@|b|ɑːr}} are an archipelagic island chain in the eastern Indian Ocean. They are located in Southeast Asia, {{convert|150|km}} northwest of Aceh on Sumatra, and separated from Thailand to the east by the Andaman Sea. Located {{convert|1,300|km}} southeast of the Indian subcontinent, across the Bay of Bengal, they are part of India, as the Nicobar district within the union territory of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Together with the Andaman Islands to their north, the Nicobar Islands serve as a maritime boundary between the Bay of Bengal to the west and the Andaman Sea to the east.

UNESCO has declared the Great Nicobar Island as one of the World Network of Biosphere Reserves.[http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/mab-2013/], The International Coordinating Council of UNESCO’s Man and the Biosphere Programme (MAB), added the following new sites to the World Network of Biosphere Reserves (WNBR) http://www.unesco.org/new/en/media-services/multimedia/photos/mab-2013/india/.

Geography

The Nicobar Islands cover a land area of {{convert|1,841|km2}}[https://www.britannica.com/place/Nicobar-Islands Nicobar Islands]. Encyclopedia Britannica. and had a population of 36,844 during the 2011 Census. They comprise three distinct groups:

Northern Group:

Central Group:

Chowra, Chaura or Sanenyo
Teressa or Luroo
Bompuka or Poahat
Katchal
Camorta
Trinket
Nancowry or Nancowrie
Tillangchong
Laouk or "Isle of Man"

Southern Group (Sambelong):

Great Nicobar ({{cvt|922|km2||disp=or}}, largest island of the Nicobars)
Kondul Island, located between Great Nicobar and Little Nicobar
Kabra Island, located between Great Nicobar and Little Nicobar
Little Nicobar
Pulo Milo or Pillomilo (Milo Island)
Menchal Island
Treis (Albatei) Island
Trak (Mafuya) Island
Meroe
Pigeon Island
Megapod Island

Indira Point ({{coord|6.756378|93.827765}}) is the southernmost point of Great Nicobar Island and also of India itself, lying about {{convert|150|km}} north of Sumatra, Indonesia.

=Geology=

The Nicobar Islands are part of a great island arc created by the collision of the Indo-Australian Plate with Eurasia. The collision lifted the Himalayas and most of the Indonesian islands, and created a long arc of highlands and islands, which includes the Arakan Yoma range of Burma, the Andaman and Nicobar islands, and the islands off the west coast of Sumatra, including the Banyak Islands and the Mentawai Islands.{{WWF ecoregion|name=Nicobar Islands rain forests|id=im0133}}

=Climate=

The climate is warm and tropical, with temperatures ranging from {{cvt|22|to|30|°C}}. Rainfall is heavy due to annual monsoons and measures around {{cvt|3000|to|3800|mm}} each year.

=Ecology=

File:Caloenas nicobarica1.jpg. While named after the Nicobar Islands, it is also found widely in the Malay Archipelago]]

The Nicobar Islands are recognised as a distinct terrestrial ecoregion, the Nicobar Islands rain forests, with many endemic species.

The vegetation of the Nicobars is typically divided into the coastal mangrove forests and the interior evergreen and deciduous tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests. Additionally, several islands contain extensive inland grasslands, though these are thought to have resulted from human intervention.

As a result of lower sea levels during the ice ages, the Andaman Islands were linked to the Southeast Asian mainland, but it is not believed that the Nicobar Islands ever had a land bridge to the continent. Lower sea levels did link the islands to one another: Great Nicobar and Little Nicobar were linked to each other, and Nancowry, Chaura, Katchall, Trinka, Camorta, and the nearby smaller islands were linked to one another as well.

==Protected areas==

Protected areas include Campbell Bay National Park and Galathea National Park on Great Nicobar.

A World Biosphere Reserve was declared on Grand Nicobar by UNESCO on May 31, 2013.{{cite news|title=Nicobar Islands declared as world biosphere reserve|work=The Times of India|date=31 May 2013|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/environment/flora-fauna/Nicobar-Islands-declared-as-world-biosphere-reserve/articleshow/20358478.cms|access-date=31 May 2013}} Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserve has a total area of {{convert|103,870|ha}}. The core area of {{convert|53,623|ha}} comprises Cambell Bay and Galathea National Parks. A buffer area of {{convert|34,877|ha}} includes lands adjacent to and between the two parks. There is also a transitional area of {{convert|10,070|ha}}, including {{convert|5,300|ha||adj=pre|marine}}."Great Nicobar". Man and Biosphere Programme, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Accessed 1 August 2021. http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/india/great-nicobar

Population

{{historical populations|11=1901|12=6,511|13=1911|14=8,818|15=1921|16=9,272|17=1931|18=10,240|19=1941|20=12,452|21=1951|22=12,009|23=1961|24=14,563|25=1971|26=21,665|27=1981|28=30,454|29=1991|30=39,208|31=2001|32=42,068|33=2011|34=36,842|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]|align=right}}

The islands had a population of 36,842 in 2011.{{Cite web| title = Demography {{!}} District Nicobar, Government of Andaman and Nicobar {{!}} India | url = https://nicobars.andaman.nic.in/demography/| access-date = 7 November 2022}} The indigenous ethnic groups are the Nicobarese and the Shompen. Local languages include Shompen and the languages of the tin Nicobarese group.

History

= Prehistory =

File:Natives of Nicobar Islands.jpg, {{c.|1870}}]]

The Nicobar Islands are believed to have been inhabited for thousands of years. Six indigenous Nicobarese languages are spoken on the islands, which are part of the Austroasiatic language family, which includes the Mon, Khmer, and Vietnamese languages of Southeast Asia, and the Munda languages of India. An indigenous tribe living at the southern tip of Great Nicobar called the Shompen, may be of Mesolithic Southeast Asian origin.{{cite journal

| author = Rajni Trivedi| title = Molecular insights into the origins of the Shompen, a declining population of the Nicobar archipelago

| journal = Journal of Human Genetics | issue = 3 | volume = 51 | date = March 2006

| doi = 10.1007/s10038-005-0349-2 | pages = 217–226

| pmid = 16453062

|display-authors=etal| doi-access = free}}

= Origin of the name =

The earliest extant references to the name "Nicobar" is in the Sri Lankan Pali Buddhist chronicles, the Dipavamsa (c. 3rd or 4th century CE) and the Mahavamsa (c. 4th or 5th century), which state that the children of the followers of the legendary founder of the Sri Lankan Kingdom, Vijaya, landed on Naggadipa (the island of the children, from the Pali nagga meaning 'naked').{{Cite book| title=The Mahavamsa or The Great Chronicle of Ceylon| author=Wilhelm Geiger (Tr)| year=1912| access-date=8 July 2013| publisher=Pali Text Society| url=http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf| quote=P54 "The island where the children landed was called Naggadipa..." N: "l That is,'Island of children', from nagga 'naked'..." | isbn=978-81-206-0218-2| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512133050/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf| archive-date=12 May 2012| url-status=dead}} {{Cite web |url=http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 July 2013 |archive-date=12 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512133050/http://what-buddha-said.net/library/pdfs/mahavamsa.geiger.pdf |url-status=dead }} In the ninth century, the Persian explorer Abū Zayd al-Sīrāfī referred to the Nicobar Islands as Lanjabālūs. {{Cite book| title=Accounts of China and India| author=Abū Zayd al-Sīrāfī| year=2017| publisher=New York University Press}}

The modern name is likely derived from the Chola dynasty name for the islands, Nakkavaram (may be referring to open/naked land or naked man's land in Tamil) which is inscribed on the Thanjavur (Tanjore) inscription of 1050 CE.{{Cite book | title=Ancient Jaffna| author=C Rasanayagam| year=1926 | publisher=Asian Educational Society (reprint)| quote= P53 "Naggadipa, where the children are alleged to have landed, is certainly Nicobars, the Nakkavaram of the Tamils, ...| isbn= 978-81-206-0210-6}}{{Cite book | title=India: A History | author=John Keay | year=2001 | publisher=Grove Press | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibLUu6RlvqwC | quote=... and 'Nakkavaram' certainly represents the Nicobar islands ... | isbn=978-0-8021-3797-5}}{{Cite book | title=The New Encyclopædia Britannica | year=1998 | access-date = 16 November 2008 | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=abRYAAAAMAAJ | quote=... The name Nicobar probably is derived from Nakkavaram ("Land of the Naked") ... | isbn=978-0-85229-633-2}} Marco Polo (12th-13th century) also referred to this island as 'Necuverann'.

In the 15th century, Great Nicobar Island was recorded as "Cui Lan island" (翠蘭嶼) during the voyages of Zheng He in the Mao Kun map of the Wu Bei Zhi.{{cite web |title=Wu Bei Zhi Map 17 |url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/g7821rm.gct00058/?sp=17 |website=Library of Congress}}

= Colonial period =

Organised European colonisation on the islands began with the Danish East India Company in 1754/56. During this time they were administered from Tranquebar (in continental Danish India) under the name of Frederiksøerne. Missionaries from the Moravian Church Brethren's settlement in Tranquebar attempted a settlement on Nancowry and died in great numbers from disease. The islands were repeatedly abandoned due to outbreaks of malaria: 1784–1807/09, 1830–1834, and finally from 1848 gradually for good. Between 1778 and 1783, William Bolts attempted to establish an Austrian colony on the islands on the mistaken assumption that Denmark–Norway had abandoned its claims to the islands.{{cite web

|url = http://www.colonialvoyage.com/DanishP.html

|title = Chronoly of Danish Colonial Settlements

|first = Marco

|last = Ramerini

|publisher = ColonialVoyage.com

|access-date = 3 January 2010

|url-status = dead

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050404001731/http://www.colonialvoyage.com/DanishP.html

|archive-date = 4 April 2005

}}

Italy attempted to buy the Nicobar Islands from Denmark between 1864 and 1865. The Italian Minister of Agriculture and Commerce Luigi Torelli started a negotiation that looked promising but failed due to the unexpected end of his office and the second La Marmora Cabinet. The negotiations were interrupted and never brought up again.Ministero della Guerra, Ufficio Storico, Storia Militare della Colonia Eritrea, Vol. I, Roma 1935, pp. 15-16

Denmark's presence in the islands ended formally on 16 October 1868 when it sold the rights to the Nicobar Islands to the UK, which, in 1869, made them part of British India.

=Second World War=

During the Second World War, the islands were invaded and occupied by Japan between 1942 and 1945. In May 1945, {{HMS|Ceylon|30|6}} shelled Japanese positions on the islands. The British regained possession of the islands after the Surrender of Japan announced on 15 August and formally signed on 2 September 1945. After the war, Choudhry Rahmat Ali proposed that the Nicobars (which he called the "Balus Islands") would have a sizeable Muslim population and thus would be integrated to the Dominion of Pakistan. This hasn't materialized either.

=Indian union territory=

Together with the Andaman Islands, it became part of India in 1950 and was declared as a union territory of the nation in 1956.{{Cite book|last=Planning Commission of India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ujf2N5O4iKgC|title=Andaman and Nicobar Islands Development Report|publisher=Academic Foundation|year=2008|isbn=978-81-7188-652-4|edition=illustrated|series=State Development Report series|access-date=12 March 2011}}

=26 December 2004 tsunami=

On 26 December 2004, the coast of the Nicobar Islands was devastated by a {{convert|10|to|15|m||adj=mid|-high}} tsunami following the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake. At least 6,000 people were killed on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with reports putting the death toll on Katchal Island alone at 4,600{{Citation needed|reason=This contradicts the number 1549 mentioned here https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katchal_Island (also with no reference attached)|date=January 2023}}.

Several islands were heavily damaged with initial reports of islands broken in two or three pieces and coral reefs moved above water. Teressa Island was said to have been split into two pieces and Trinkat Island into three pieces. Some estimates said that the islands were moved as much as {{convert|100|ft|m|order=flip}} by the earthquake and tilted.

Indira Point subsided {{convert|4.25|m}} and the lighthouse there was damaged.

Transportation

Airport: Car Nicobar has an airstrip on Car Nicobar Air Force Base of {{convert|2717|by|43|m}} on the South East coast near Malacca but does not offer commercial service. Great Nicobar has a small airstrip of approximately {{convert|1000|m}} at Campbell Bay/Tenlaa on its East Coast.
Seaport: At least one small shipping dock is located in Campbell Bay on the East coast of Great Nicobar. Car Nicobar has a small dock at its Northern tip near Keating Point and Mus.