Chongzuo

Chongzuo is located in southwestern Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. It borders Nanning to the east, Baise to the north, Fangchenggang to the south and Lạng Sơn, Vietnam to the west.{{cite news|last1=Chongzuo Transportation Bureau |first1= |title=Location and Transportation |url= http://www.chongzuo.gov.cn/zjcz/qhrk/t18415082.shtml | publisher=Chongzuo Government}} The Zuo or Left River and the You or Right River have their confluence in Chongzuo after which the river becomes the Yong River. Chongzuo is mountainous and hilly with numerous karst formations similar to Guilin and northern Vietnam's Ha Long Bay.{{cite news|last1=Chongzuo Hydrological Centre |first1= |title=Hydrological Overview of Chongzuo |url= http://www.chongzuo.gov.cn/zjcz/zrdl/t10467033.shtml | publisher=Chongzuo Government}} Its area is {{convert|17732|km²|abbr=on}}, {{convert|10529|km²|abbr=on}} of which is forested.{{cite news|last1=Chongzuo Natural Resources Bureau |first1= |title=Natural Environment |url= http://www.chongzuo.gov.cn/zjcz/zrdl/t61338.shtml | publisher=Chongzuo Government}}

Chongzuo's climate is humid subtropical and monsoon-influenced. January's average temperature is {{convert|14.1|°C|°F|abbr=on}} and in July it is {{convert|28.9|°C|°F|abbr=on}}. Within the prefecture, the annual mean is {{convert|20.8|–|23|C|F}}. There are 330 frost-free days. Annual precipitation is between 1100-1300mm, much lower than other areas in Guangxi

{{Weather box|width=auto

|metric first=y

|single line=y

|collapsed = Y

|location = Chongzuo, elevation {{convert|196|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991−2020 normals, extremes 1991−present)

|Jan record high C = 31.7

|Feb record high C = 36.5

|Mar record high C = 36.9

|Apr record high C = 41.5

|May record high C = 41.2

|Jun record high C = 41.0

|Jul record high C = 40.2

|Aug record high C = 39.2

|Sep record high C = 38.4

|Oct record high C = 36.0

|Nov record high C = 34.4

|Dec record high C = 31.4

|Jan record low C = 1.5

|Feb record low C = 2.8

|Mar record low C = 6.6

|Apr record low C = 9.5

|May record low C = 15.1

|Jun record low C = 20.3

|Jul record low C = 22.3

|Aug record low C = 22.3

|Sep record low C = 16.0

|Oct record low C = 11.0

|Nov record low C = 5.9

|Dec record low C = 1.8

|Jan high C = 18.4

|Feb high C = 20.0

|Mar high C = 23.3

|Apr high C = 29.0

|May high C = 32.4

|Jun high C = 33.5

|Jul high C = 33.8

|Aug high C = 33.6

|Sep high C = 32.5

|Oct high C = 29.9

|Nov high C = 25.8

|Dec high C = 21.0

| Jan mean C = 14.1

| Feb mean C = 16.3

| Mar mean C = 19.2

| Apr mean C = 24.2

| May mean C = 27.3

| Jun mean C = 28.7

| Jul mean C = 28.9

| Aug mean C = 28.5

| Sep mean C = 27.4

| Oct mean C = 24.6

| Nov mean C = 20.4

| Dec mean C = 15.9

|Jan low C = 11.1

|Feb low C = 13.3

|Mar low C = 16.4

|Apr low C = 20.8

|May low C = 23.7

|Jun low C = 25.4

|Jul low C = 25.6

|Aug low C = 25.2

|Sep low C = 23.9

|Oct low C = 20.9

|Nov low C = 16.6

|Dec low C = 12.5

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 34.6

|Feb precipitation mm = 27.5

|Mar precipitation mm = 48.7

|Apr precipitation mm = 79.5

|May precipitation mm = 138.3

|Jun precipitation mm = 178.4

|Jul precipitation mm = 205.8

|Aug precipitation mm = 197.1

|Sep precipitation mm = 110.6

|Oct precipitation mm = 62.8

|Nov precipitation mm = 42.6

|Dec precipitation mm = 27.4

|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm

|Jan precipitation days = 9.6

|Feb precipitation days = 9.3

|Mar precipitation days = 12.4

|Apr precipitation days = 11.2

|May precipitation days = 13.8

|Jun precipitation days = 17.0

|Jul precipitation days = 16.9

|Aug precipitation days = 16.3

|Sep precipitation days = 11.1

|Oct precipitation days = 7.1

|Nov precipitation days = 6.7

|Dec precipitation days = 6.2

|year precipitation days =

|Jan humidity = 76

|Feb humidity = 75

|Mar humidity = 78

|Apr humidity = 75

|May humidity = 74

|Jun humidity = 78

|Jul humidity = 79

|Aug humidity = 80

|Sep humidity = 77

|Oct humidity = 73

|Nov humidity = 73

|Dec humidity = 72

|Jan sun = 72.9

|Feb sun = 69.8

|Mar sun = 61.3

|Apr sun = 107.6

|May sun = 164.6

|Jun sun = 165.9

|Jul sun = 188.1

|Aug sun = 189.0

|Sep sun = 181.1

|Oct sun = 165.9

|Nov sun = 139.4

|Dec sun = 117.6

|year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 22

| Feb percentsun = 22

| Mar percentsun = 16

| Apr percentsun = 28

| May percentsun = 40

| Jun percentsun = 41

| Jul percentsun = 46

| Aug percentsun = 48

| Sep percentsun = 50

| Oct percentsun = 46

| Nov percentsun = 42

| Dec percentsun = 35

| year percentsun =

|Jan snow days = 0.1

|Feb snow days = 0

|Mar snow days = 0

|Apr snow days = 0

|May snow days = 0

|Jun snow days = 0

|Jul snow days = 0

|Aug snow days = 0

|Sep snow days = 0

|Oct snow days = 0

|Nov snow days = 0

|Dec snow days = 0

|year snow days =

|source 1 = China Meteorological Administration{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans |access-date=27 August 2023}}

{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=China Meteorological Administration |language = zh-hans | access-date =27 August 2023 |title=Experience Template }}

}}

File:1Office building of the Chongzuo government.jpg

Chongzuo is one of the earliest centers of Zhuang culture. Important sites dating back to the Stone Age have been found here. The Rock Paintings of Hua Mountain along the Ming River at Huashan date back 1800 to 2500 year and are one of the largest groups of pictographs in China and in the world. On several cliff faces are hundreds of large red pictographs depicting a large battle. The red pigment is still bright and vivid and individual figures, weapons, and animals are easy to distinguish. The cliffs, part of the sacred Frog Mountain, were important site to the early Zhuang.

In 214 BC, during the Qin dynasty, Chongzuo was part of the Xiang ({{lang|zh|象郡}}) commandry. Chinese general Feng Zicai beat back a French attack here at the Battle of Bang Bo in 1885. Sun Yat-sen fired the first cannon shot of the anti-Qing revolution in Chongzuo in 1907. In the 1930s, after fomenting rebellion in other parts of Guangxi, Deng Xiaoping helped organize the peasants and workers here during the Longzhou rebellion and eventually formed the Red Army's 8th Army. Later, in 1979, the Chinese army invaded Vietnam from here.

Chongzuo has 1 district, 1 county-level city, 5 counties, 57 towns, 72 townships, 146 residential communities, and 1,724 villages.

District:

File:Central square of the Chongzuo city.jpg

• Jiangzhou District ({{lang|zh-hans|江州区}})

County-level city:

• Pingxiang City ({{lang|zh-hans|凭祥市}})

Counties:

• Fusui County ({{lang|zh-hans|扶绥县}})
• Daxin County ({{lang|zh-hans|大新县}})
• Tiandeng County ({{lang|zh-hans|天等县}})
• Ningming County ({{lang|zh-hans|宁明县}})
• Longzhou County ({{lang|zh-hans|龙州县}})

Chongzuo's population is 2,347,700.[http://www.gxtj.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpc/201208/t20120822_19939.html Main data bulletin of the sixth national census in 2010/Chongzuo Statistics Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620091239/http://www.gxtj.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpc/201208/t20120822_19939.html |date=2013-06-20 }}, 2011-07-21{{in lang|zh}} 88% of the people belong to the Zhuang ethnic group. The rest include Han, Yao, and other ethnic groups.

• These figures are based on the following official statistics:

[https://archive.today/20130219214322/http://www.gxmw.gov.cn/index.php?m=content&c=index&a=show&catid=20&id=5055 Jiangzhou District 's population/ Official website], 26 March 2012.{{in lang|zh}}[http://www.czsjzq.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=1033&cid=14 Official website of Jiangzhou District Government] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140408084102/http://www.czsjzq.gov.cn/show.aspx?id=1033&cid=14 |date=2014-04-08 }}{{in lang|zh}}[http://www.gxtj.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpc/201208/t20120822_19939.html Main data bulletin of the sixth national census in 2010/Chongzuo Statistics Bureau] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130620091239/http://www.gxtj.gov.cn/tjsj/tjgb/rkpc/201208/t20120822_19939.html |date=2013-06-20 }}, 2011-07-21{{in lang|zh}}

File:Zhuang's beautiful maiden in Chongzuo Fusui.jpg

Forestry and agriculture are two of Chongzuo's biggest industries. Oranges, rice, beans, corn, cassava, cinnamon, bananas, vegetables, durian, pineapples, longan, and tea are all major crops, but sugarcane is the center of Chongzuo agriculture. Farm raised animals include beef and dairy cattle, sheep, ducks, chickens, geese, and bees. Aquaculture for fish is also big. Chinese medicinal herbs are picked from the wild and also grown. Important mineral resources include manganese, gold, ferberite, coal, barite, bentonite, uranium, and vanadium. It is China's biggest manganese producer and the world's biggest producer of bentonite. Other industries include export infrastructure, paper, forest products such as timber and turpentine, building materials, pharmaceuticals, and electronics manufacturing.

Chongzuo has amazing biodiversity with more than 4000 species of plants and more than 450 kinds of animals. There are more than 30 rare and protected animals including white headed and Indo-Chinese black langurs, crested striped hornbills, pangolins, and clouded leopards. 1/4 of China's wild animal species can be found in Chongzuo.

File:DeTianPuBu.jpg

Chongzuo is famous for its beautiful natural scenery. The most famous attraction is Detian Waterfall in Daxing County along the border with Vietnam. It is the second largest waterfall along a national border after Niagara Falls and was one of the crossing points for China's army during the brief Sino-Vietnamese War. Nearby there is the Tongling Gorge accessible only through a cavern from an adjoining gorge. Rediscovered only recently, it has many species of endemic plants, found only in the gorge, and used to be used as a hideout by local bandits whose treasure is occasionally still found in the cliff-side caves. West of Chongzuo city, there are several forest and animal preserves, some with minor tourist facilities.

These findings might give some support to the claim that modern humans from Africa arrived at southern China about 100,000 years BP (Zhiren Cave, Mulanshan{{cite web |title=Sinanthropus: An Early Entry of Modern Humans into East Asia? |url=http://sinanthropus.blogspot.com/2010/07/entry-of-modern-humans-into-east-asia.html }}{{self-published inline|date=July 2020}}), Chongzuo City: 100,000 years BP;{{cite journal |last1=Liu |first1=Wu |last2=Jin |first2=Chang-Zhu |last3=Zhang |first3=Ying-Qi |last4=Cai |first4=Yan-Jun |last5=Xing |first5=Song |last6=Wu |first6=Xiu-Jie |last7=Cheng |first7=Hai |last8=Edwards |first8=R. Lawrence |last9=Pan |first9=Wen-Shi |last10=Qin |first10=Da-Gong |last11=An |first11=Zhi-Sheng |last12=Trinkaus |first12=Erik |last13=Wu |first13=Xin-Zhi |date=9 November 2010 |title=Human remains from Zhirendong, South China, and modern human emergence in East Asia |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America |volume=107 |issue=45 |pages=19201–19206 |bibcode=2010PNAS..10719201L |doi=10.1073/pnas.1014386107 |issn=0027-8424 |pmc=2984215 |pmid=20974952 |doi-access=free}}{{cite journal |last1=Dennell |first1=Robin |date=24 November 2010 |title=Early Homo sapiens in China |journal=Nature |volume=468 |issue=7323 |pages=512–513 |doi=10.1038/468512a |issn=0028-0836 |pmid=21107416 |s2cid=205060486}}{{cite news |title=Modern humans emerged far earlier than previously thought, fossils from China suggest |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/10/101025172924.htm |work=ScienceDaily }}{{cite journal |title=Oldest Modern Human Outside of Africa Found |journal=National Geographic News |date=25 October 2010 |url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/101025-oldest-human-fossil-china-out-of-africa-science/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101027083341/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/10/101025-oldest-human-fossil-china-out-of-africa-science/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 27, 2010 }} and the Liujiang hominid: controversially dated at 139,000–111,000 years BP{{cite journal |last1=Shen |first1=Guanjun |last2=Wang |first2=Wei |last3=Wang |first3=Qian |last4=Zhao |first4=Jianxin |last5=Collerson |first5=Kenneth |last6=Zhou |first6=Chunlin |last7=Tobias |first7=Phillip V. |date=1 December 2002 |title=U-Series dating of Liujiang hominid site in Guangxi, Southern China |journal=Journal of Human Evolution |volume=43 |issue=6 |pages=817–829 |doi=10.1006/jhev.2002.0601 |issn=0047-2484 |pmid=12473485|bibcode=2002JHumE..43..817S }}).

• Tan Haoming (1871–1925) - a member of the Old Guangxi Clique, born in Chongzuo Longzhou County, Zhuang.
• Huang Xianfan (1899–1982) - a Chinese historian, ethnologist and educator, born in Chongzuo Fusui County, Zhuang.

• Detian – Ban Gioc Falls

{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

• {{Official website|http://www.chongzuo.gov.cn/ }} {{in lang|zh}}

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