Choo Seng Quee

{{Short description|Singaporean footballer and manager (1914–1983)}}

{{Infobox football biography

| name = Choo Seng Quee
朱成贵

| image = uncle choo seng quee.jpg

| image_size =

| caption =

| fullname = Joseph Choo Seng Quee{{cite news|title=Obituaries - 143 Acknowledgements|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830706-1.2.98.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=36|date=6 July 1983}}

| birth_date = {{birth date|1914|12|1|df=yes}}

| birth_place = Singapore, Straits Settlements

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1983|6|30|1914|12|1|df=y}}

| death_place = Singapore

| height =

| position = Centre-half{{cite news|title=Missed place in Olympic XI|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/freepress19490406-1.1.10|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|page=10|date=6 April 1949}}

| years1 = 1933–1939

| clubs1 = Singapore Chinese FA

| years2 = 1939–1940

| clubs2 = Chinese Athletic Association{{cite news|title=Chinese Play First Game In League|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19390521-1.2.213|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=28|date=21 May 1939}}

| years3 = 1940–1941

| clubs3 = Sing Tao

| years4 = 1945–1949

| clubs4 = Chinese Athletic Association

| nationalyears1 = 1936–1939

| nationalteam1 = Singapore

| nationalcaps1 =

| nationalgoals1 =

| manageryears1 = 19??–19??

| managerclubs1 = Chinese Athletic Association (player-coach)

| manageryears2 = 1945–1949

| managerclubs2 = Chinese Athletic Association (player-coach)

| manageryears3 = 1949–1950

| managerclubs3 = Singapore FA

| manageryears4 = 1951–1953

| managerclubs4 = Indonesia

| manageryears5 = 1952–1957

| managerclubs5 = Star Soccerites

| manageryears6 = 1957

| managerclubs6 = Marine Department Sports Club

| manageryears7 = 1958–1964

| managerclubs7 = Malaya / Malaysia

| manageryears8 = 1964–1965

| managerclubs8 = Singapore

| manageryears9 = 1967

| managerclubs9 = Singapore

| manageryears10 = 1968–1969

| managerclubs10 = Police Sports Association

| manageryears11 = 1971

| managerclubs11 = Singapore

| manageryears12 = 1976–1977

| managerclubs12 = Singapore

| manageryears13 = 1980–1981

| managerclubs13 = Johor FA

}}

Joseph Choo Seng Quee {{post-nominals|list=PBM}} ({{zh|s=朱成贵|p=Zhū Chéngguì}};{{cite news|script-title=zh:无标题|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/lhzb19830701-1.2.34.6|newspaper=联合早报 (Lianhe Zaobao)|page=18|date=1 July 1983|language=Chinese}} 1 December 1914 – 30 June 1983), popularly known as Uncle Choo,{{cite web|title=Choo Seng Quee|url=http://www.sportsmuseum.com.sg/heroes/roll_of_honour/coach/choo_seng_quee.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140424100522/http://www.sportsmuseum.com.sg/heroes/roll_of_honour/coach/choo_seng_quee.html|publisher=SSC Sports Museum|archive-date=24 April 2014}} was a Singaporean footballer and football coach. He was coach of the Indonesia, Malaya/Malaysia and Singapore national teams. He is widely recognised as one of Singapore's best football coaches.{{cite news|title=He was the best|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singmonitor19830630-2.2.42.7|newspaper=Singapore Monitor|page=29|date=30 June 1983}}

Choo began his playing career playing as a right full-back with Singapore Chinese Football Association in the SAFA leagues in 1933. His performances led to a call-up to the Singapore FA team in the Malaya Cup competition. He was converted to a centre-half as the Lions won the Malaya Cup in 1937 and 1939. During World War II, he wrote propaganda for the British in Macau. In 1939, he helped to found the Chinese Athletic Association where he took on the role of player-coach. He retired as a player to concentrate on his coaching duties in 1949.

From 1951 to 1953, Choo coached the Indonesia national team on an honorary basis. The team toured Hong Kong in 1953, achieving wins over professional Hong Kong outfits. Choo was appointed Malaya national coach in 1958. He led the team to three Merdeka Tournament titles from 1958 to 1960. With Choo, Malaya also won the 1961 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games football competition and the bronze at the 1962 Asian Games. Choo left Malaysia and returned to Singapore in 1964. He was appointed Singapore national coach over four stints from 1964 to 1977. He won the Malaysia Cup in 1977, twelve years after Singapore's last triumph. His achievements earned him the 1977 Coach of the Year award. The following year, he was honoured with the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat medal for his services to Singapore football.

Choo had a skin infection of his leg which he left untreated during the 1977 season. With diabetes as a complication, his condition worsened and he was forced to amputate his gangrenous right leg in September 1977. He returned to coaching during a brief stint with Johor FA in 1980 but left in early 1981. In June 1983, he was admitted to hospital with kidney problems. He died at the age of 68 on 30 June.

Early life

As a teenager, Choo would spurn his violin lessons to play football. This angered his elder brother that he ruined Choo's football kits and boots. His brother finally gave his approval and bought Choo a set of football equipment when he made Singapore's Malaya Cup squad.

Choo received his education at Victoria Bridge School and Raffles Institution.{{cite news |date=2018-04-23 |title='Uncle Choo' epitomised heart and soul of Farrer Park |url=https://www.tnp.sg/sports/others/uncle-choo-epitomised-heart-and-soul-farrer-park |access-date=2025-05-28 |work=The New Paper}}{{citation|title=Jalan Besar: A Heritage Trail|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qMndMAAACAAJ|page=25|year=2006|publisher=National Heritage Board}} He picked up football when he was studying for his Senior Cambridge certificate at Raffles Institution. He represented the school in the inter-school competition in 1930, playing as a right full-back. National player Lim Yong Liang began to mentor him after he was impressed by his ability.

Club career

Choo began his playing career for Singapore Chinese F.A.'s third team in the Third Division in 1933.{{cite news|title=Soccer notes - A forecast for senior league|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19490319-1.2.111|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=12|date=19 March 1949}} The club won all of their league games that season to win the title.{{cite web|title=Singapore League Tables 1904-1958|website=RSSSF|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/singhist.html|access-date=20 April 2014}} The following year, he was selected for their Second Division title-winning team. He broke into the S.C.F.A.'s senior team in 1935 and won the SAFA First Division in 1937 and 1938, and the SAFA Challenge Cup in 1935, 1937 and 1939.

His performances led to a call-up by Singapore FASingapore FA were the representative state team which participated in Malayan competitions. for the Malaya Cup. He was converted to the centre-half position he played in the team from 1936 to 1939.{{cite news|title=S.A.F.A. coach has plan for victory|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19490318-1.2.84|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=8|date=18 March 1949}} Choo won the Malaya Cup with Singapore in 1937 and 1939, after defeating Selangor in both finals.{{cite web|last=Fujioka|first=Atsushi |display-authors=etal |title=Malaysia - List of Cup Winners|website=RSSSF|url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesm/malaycuphist.html|access-date=23 April 2014}}

In 1939, Choo was part of the Malayan Chinese F.A. side that toured Manila, Hong Kong and Macau. The China national team selectors expressed interest in calling Choo for the 1940 Summer Olympics but the event was cancelled with the impending World War II.

Choo left S.C.F.A. in 1939 to help found the Chinese Athletic AssociationAlso known as Chung Wah FC. as well as assuming the role of player-coach.{{cite news|title=C.A. To Re-affiliate|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19480505-1.2.108|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=12|date=5 May 1948}} The club was admitted to the SAFA league in 1941. He played for Hong Kong club Sing Tao from 1940 to 1941.{{cite news|title=Sing Tao team meet Siong Boo today|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/singfreepressb19400906-1.2.92|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser|page=10|date=6 September 1940}} Choo stayed in Macau and China during World War II, and wrote propaganda while an agent for the British as manager of the British-backed Macao Tribune.{{cite news |last=Dorai |first=Joe |date=11 March 1978 |title=Ex-agent Seng Quee gets an offer |page=31 |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19780311-1.2.111.10 |via=NewspaperSG}} He once had to secretly relocate the fiancée of a Singapore friend from Macao to China and although he was found out by the Japanese, escaped capture by walking back to Macao over five nights. Despite his activities, he was never caught during the Japanese occupation.

After the war, Choo returned to Chinese A.A. as player-coach. He retired as a player in 1949 to concentrate on his coaching duties.{{cite news|title=C.A. start training for league|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19490110-1.2.86|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|page=7|date=10 January 1949}}{{cite news|title=Darul Bahar F.C. need $1,000|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19490115-1.2.58|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|page=7|date=15 January 1949}}

Coaching career

= Early career =

Choo was elected coach of Singapore Chinese F.A. in early 1949.{{cite news|title=Three Teams Will Support S.C.F.A.|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19490126-1.2.92|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=8|date=26 January 1949}} He started coaching Singapore FA for their Malaya Cup campaign in March 1949. He stepped down as coach of S.C.F.A. in July 1949{{cite news|title=S.C.F.A. coach resigns|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19490723-1.2.121|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=12|date=23 July 1949}} and as manager and coach of Chinese A.A. a month later.{{cite news|title=Resigns|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19490812-1.2.127|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=8|date=12 August 1949}}

In 1952, Choo became manager and coach of SAFA Second Division Star Soccerites,{{cite news|title=Soccerites may star in Jnr. division|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19520226-1.2.134|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=8|date=26 February 1952}} a club he founded.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=The football club that almost died of desertion sets its ambitions high|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570222-1.2.145|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=22 February 1957}}{{cite news|title=A just reward for FAM coach|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19601206-1.2.88|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|page=11|date=6 December 1960}} The club had ended 7th in the league the previous season but finished runners-up in 1952 to secure promotion to the First Division. Star Soccerites won the title in 1954. On 5 March 1957, the club opened their league season with a record 17–1 win over Royal Engineers Civilian Association.{{cite news|title=17 goals! The shooting stars are off|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19570306-1.2.144|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=6 March 1957}} Choo left Star Soccerites in 1957 and joined Marine Department Sports Club, coaching them to the First Division title.{{cite web|author1=Fujioka, Atsushi |author2=Manaschev, Erlan |title=Singapore - List of Champions|website=RSSSF |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tabless/singchamp.html|access-date=20 April 2014}}

Choo was appointed the first foreign coach of the Indonesia national team in 1951, which he held in an honorary position concurrent with his club duties. He led the team at the 1951 Asian Games. In April 1953, Indonesia toured Hong Kong, beating professional sides Hong Kong Interport 4–1, Hong Kong Selection 3–2, and Hong Kong Combined Chinese 5–1.{{cite news|last=Boey|first=Francis|title=Coach: How to beat HK...|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19601028-1.2.140|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=17|date=28 October 1960}}{{cite web|author1=Morrison, Neil |author2=Stokkermans, Karel |title=All-Indonesia tour of the Far East 1953|website=RSSSF |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablesf/fareast-indo53.html|access-date=23 April 2014}}

= Malaya / Malaysia =

On 1 February 1958, Choo was employed on $700 monthly wages to coach the Malaya national team and hold coaching clinics for the Malay states.{{cite news|last=Fernandez|first=Ken|title=First job will be to tour states|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580131-1.2.154|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=31 January 1958}} Choo's first match in charge ended in a 5–2 victory over Singapore on 2 March.{{cite news|title=Rahim scores 3 in Malaya's 5–2 victory|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580302-1.2.103|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=2 March 1958}} Malaya hosted the five-nation Merdeka Tournament at the end of August,{{cite news|title=FAM offers $1,000 cup|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580818-1.2.121|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=12|date=18 August 1958}} defeating 1958 Asian Games bronze medalists Indonesia 3–2{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Daring young men lead Malaya to glorious victory|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580831-1.2.120|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=31 August 1958}} and Hong Kong 3–0{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Malaya triumph|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580902-1.2.102|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=2 September 1958}}{{refn|group=nb|The Hong Kong players apparently made up the same team that won the 1958 Asian Games gold medal for the Republic of China.[https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580904-1.2.155 "Malayans get gift to mark 'finest hour'"]. The Straits Times. 4 September 1958. p. 16}} en route to winning the tournament.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Malaya are champs|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19580905-1.2.152|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=5 September 1958}} Malaya started their defence of the Merdeka Tournament in 1959 with a 4–3 win over South Vietnam.{{cite news|title=Malaya beat Vietnam 4–3|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590903-1.2.156|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=18|date=3 September 1959}} The team then drew 1–1 with India{{cite news|title=All square in Merdeka soccer|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19590905-1.2.52|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|page=9|date=5 September 1959}} before a 2–1 win over Hong Kong confirmed them as champions.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Guts and glory!|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590907-1.2.108|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=11|date=7 September 1959}} Nine countries took part in the 1960 Merdeka Tournament. Malaya began with a 3–0 win over Japan.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Ghani the magnificent|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19600806-1.2.128|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=6 August 1960}} An 8–2 defeat of Thailand{{cite news|title=Ghani leads 8–2 taming of the Thais|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19600808-1.2.118|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=8 August 1960}} and a one-goal win over Pakistan{{cite news|title=Malaya beat Pak. by 1-nil|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19600813-1.2.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=13 August 1960}} followed. Malaya shared the trophy with South Korea after a goalless draw in the final.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Malaya and Korea share Cup|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19600815-1.2.123|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=15 August 1960}}

In January 1961, Choo signed a two-year contract extension with the FAM.{{cite news|title=Seng Quee is signed on for 2 years|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610119-1.2.124|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=13|date=19 January 1961}} Right after extending his contract, Choo departed on a six-month coaching course in England where he was attached to champions Burnley{{cite news|title=Coach Choo of Malaya a guest of Burnley|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/freepress19610125-1.2.149|newspaper=The Singapore Free Press|page=14|date=25 January 1961}} and other clubs like Everton, Sheffield United for the 1960–61 Football League season.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Seng Quee gets UK trip|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19601201-1.2.122|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=1 December 1960}}{{cite news|last=Low|first=Jeffrey|title=A beautiful dreamer|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830701-1.2.141.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=47|date=1 July 1983}}{{cite news|last=Fernandez|first=Ken|title=Coach Choo goes with a resolution|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610117-1.2.115.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=15|date=17 January 1961}}{{cite news|last=Lackersteen|first=Doug|title=Two trophies for Malaya|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610614-1.2.137|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=18|date=14 June 1961}} The trip was made under a personal arrangement by FAM president Tunku Abdul RahmanTunku was also the Malayan Prime Minister. with a British Council bursary.{{cite news|last=Lackersteen|first=Doug|title=Choo hands over gifts from Tengku|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19610301-1.2.110|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=1 March 1961}} Choo tendered his resignation as Malayan national coach in 1961 but was persuaded by Tunku to continue in his coaching position. Tunku declared that his resignation "will certainly be a calamity to the football fraternity of Malaya".

At the Southeast Asian Peninsular Games in December 1961, Malaya defeated Burma 2–1 and Cambodia 4–0 to top their group. They advanced to the final by virtue of winning the coin toss after a 2–2 draw with Thailand in the semi-finals.{{cite news|title=A great effort – Kwok|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19611218-1.2.119|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=18|date=18 December 1961}} Malaya scored two late goals in the final ten minutes to defeat hosts Burma 2–0 to win the football competition.{{cite news|title=Soccer win gives Malaya 12 golds in Games|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19611217-1.2.7|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=17 December 1961}}

Malaya opened their 1962 Asian Games campaign with a 15–1 win over the Philippines in the preliminary group stage.{{cite news|title=The full results|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620827-1.2.116|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=22|date=27 August 1962}} They finished second in the group and were drawn against South Korea in the semi-final, which they lost 2–1 after extra time.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=It's another gold|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620902-1.2.145.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=22|date=2 September 1962}} In the third-place play-off, Malaya defeated South Vietnam 4–1 to clinch the bronze medal.{{cite news|title=Yesterday's results|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19620904-1.2.135.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=4 September 1962}}

Choo's contract ended in March 1963 and was not renewed.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Seng Quee's 5-year term will end next month|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630212-1.2.117.6|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=15|date=12 February 1963}} He was appointed the national schools coach responsible for training and scouting youth players on 1 April.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Govt servant Choo Seng Quee now Schools coach|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630305-1.2.140|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=17|date=5 March 1963}}{{cite news|title=New job for Choo hailed|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630306-1.2.120|page=15|newspaper=The Straits Times|date=6 March 1963}} With the delay in the appointment of a new national coach, Choo was tasked by Tunku with coaching the MalaysiaThe country of Malaysia was formed through the merger of Malaya, North Borneo, Sarawak and Singapore on 16 September 1963. team from 10 September to prepare the players for the 1964 Olympics qualifiers and other upcoming tournaments.{{cite news|title=Tengku to Choo: We need you|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630825-1.2.121|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=25 August 1963}}{{cite news|title=Hopeful|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630827-1.2.145|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=20|date=27 August 1963}}{{cite news|last=Boey|first=Francis|title=Malaysia team will be under Choo's wing from Sept. 10|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19630827-1.2.144|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=20|date=27 August 1963}} Choo left Malaysia at the end of the Merdeka Tournament in September 1964{{cite news|last=Fernandez|first=Ken|title=Choo may lose coaching job|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650130-1.2.151.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=23|date=30 January 1965}} after he felt he was under-utilised in his coaching capacity.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Coach Choo explains|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650202-1.2.117.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=2 February 1965}} Choo had also rejected coaching offers from Japan, Thailand, Hong Kong and Indonesia during his time with the FAM.{{cite news|title=Japanese want Seng Quee to coach them|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19590108-1.2.154|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=8 January 1959}}

= Singapore =

The SAFA had rejected Choo's previous offers to coach the Singapore national team. Choo again indicated his availability to coach the team over his three months' leave from April 1964.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee offers to coach S'pore 3 months|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19640415-1.2.126.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=18|date=15 April 1964}} The next month, SAFA put in a request to engage Choo's services in training Singapore FA for the Malaya Cup.{{cite news|title=S'pore bid to get Seng Quee as coach|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19640528-1.2.147|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=28 May 1964}} Tunku Abdul Rahman, the Malaysian Prime Minister and President of the FAM, approved Choo's secondment to SAFA in June.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Tengku gives SAFA OK on Choo|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19640609-1.2.118.2|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=9 June 1964}} Following a 1–1 draw,{{cite news|title=HK force replay with Singapore in Aw Hoe Cup|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19640705-1.2.134|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=5 July 1964}} Singapore beat Hong Kong 2–1 in the replay to claim the Aw Hoe Cup, an annual competition between Singapore and Hong Kong, in July.{{cite news|last=Eng Tatt|first=Teoh|title=Singapore keep Aw Cup with extra-time goal|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19640706-1.2.114|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=18|date=6 July 1964}} The next month, Singapore defeated Perak 3–2 in the final to clinch the 1964 Malaya Cup.{{cite news|last=Pidgeon|first=Bob|title=90-minute Malaya Cup thriller|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19640809-1.2.135|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=14|date=9 August 1964}} Choo offered to coach Singapore in January 1965{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Choo wants SAFA position|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650126-1.2.136.4|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=21|date=26 January 1965}} and SAFA responded with a contract offer of $250 monthly wages plus a cut of the gate receipts in February{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Choo gets an offer|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650213-1.2.141.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=13 February 1965}} which Choo accepted in March. Singapore retained the Malaya Cup in 1965, defeating Selangor 3–1 in the final.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Singapore's Cup again|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19650801-1.2.41.21|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=20|date=1 August 1965}} For the second consecutive year, Singapore won the Aw Hoe Cup after a replay.{{cite news|title=Singapore and Hong Kong draw|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19651206-1.1.18|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=18|date=6 December 1965}}{{cite news|title=Singapore keep Cup after extra time|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=22|date=9 December 1965}}

In December 1965, Singapore was eliminated at the group stage of the 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games after losses to Burma and South Vietnam. On 28 December, the SAFA sacked Choo with immediate effect and dropped six players from national team due to alleged misconduct and insubordination at the 1965 Southeast Asian Peninsular Games.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Safa axe six national team men and coach|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651228-1.2.94.10|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=15|date=28 December 1965}} Team manager Tan Peng Yee had reported that Choo "was being difficult from the very moment the team arrived in Kuala Lumpur from Hong Kong". Choo was also charged with not following the manager's instructions and inciting resentment and undisciplined behaviour of the team in general.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Coach Choo calls for independent inquiry by SOSC|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19651229-1.2.146|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=16|date=29 December 1965}} He offered to assist in coaching the national team in June 1966{{cite news|last=Pawanchee|first=Abu Bakar|title=Choo offered to assist in coaching S'pore team|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660625-1.2.134.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=21|date=25 June 1966}} but was rejected by the Football Association of Singapore (FAS), formerly known as SAFA, which cited a lack of funds to pay his salary.{{cite news|title=Services' Briggs is appointed coach|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19660720-1.2.119|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=20 July 1966}}

Choo was one of three coaches appointed to coach the national team reserves in January 1967{{cite news|title=Choo is back on coaches panel|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19670117-1.2.108.7|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=17|date=17 January 1967}} and took full reins over the reserves in March.{{cite news|title=FAS want Choo to coach Reserves|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19670308-1.2.93.6|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=17|date=8 March 1967}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Choo says 'yes' to offer by FAS|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19670316-1.2.123.4|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=19|date=16 March 1967}} He returned as national coach on 8 August 1967,{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Youth stars in Spore team to KL|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19670809-1.2.143|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=21|date=9 August 1967}} taking charge of the squad for the Merdeka Tournament in the same month. Singapore ended up last in the 10-team competition.{{cite news |date=25 August 1967 |title=Aussies sink S'pore |page=21 |newspaper=The Straits Times |url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19670825-1.2.143 |via=NewspaperSG}} Due to concerns expressed by Sports Minister Othman Wok that an inter-state competition is inappropriate for the national team, Singapore withdrew from the Malaysia CupThe Malaya Cup was renamed the Malaysia Cup in 1967. and FAM Cup in 1968 and 1969.{{cite news|last=Siebel|first=Norman|title=Break sad but not surprising|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19680517-1.2.157.4|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=22|date=17 May 1968}} In his time outside the national team set-up, Choo coached Police Sports Association from September 1968 and led them to the 1968 President's Cup.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=President's Cup goes to Police|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19690112-1.2.128|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=20|date=12 January 1969}}

In June 1971, the National Sports Promotion BoardCaretakers of FAS pending election of new FAS council. assigned Choo to the national team coaching panel.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee gets comeback chance|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710605-1.2.125.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=5 June 1971}} Singapore was invited to the 12-nation Merdeka Tournament in August. The team defeated Hong Kong 2–1{{cite news|title=S'pore shock Hong Kong|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710806-1.2.11|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=6 August 1971}}{{cite news|last=Ng|first=Conrad|title=M-soccer triumph by S'pore|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710806-1.2.122.12|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=28|date=6 August 1971}} and achieved a shock 1–0 win over pre-tournament favourites and 1970 Asian Games champions Burma.{{cite news|title=Burma are Merdeka soccer favourites|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710803-1.2.111.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=3 August 1971}}{{cite news|last=Ng|first=Conrad|title=Hurrah! It's a great S'pore win|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710808-1.2.132|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=22|date=8 August 1971}} Singapore failed to make the semi-finals after a 4–4 draw with the Philippines.{{cite news|author1=Francis, Tony |author2=Chua, Huck Cheng |title=Singapore fail|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19710816-1.2.123.8|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=29|date=16 August 1971}} Choo later resigned in December due to poor health. In 1973, Choo rejected a coaching contract worth $2,800 per month, with first-class board and lodging, and free transport from professional Hong Kong club Caroline Hill FC. He accepted an $2,500 per month offer by the PSSI to coach the West Irian state team in December{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Choo accepts coaching job in West Irian|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19731219-1.2.120.7|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=33|date=19 December 1973}} but resigned after two months.{{cite news|title=Happy Valley keen to play here|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19740703-1.2.123.10|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=3 July 1974}} The FAS rejected Choo's application for national coach in September 1974.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Choo and Rahim fail to get coaching jobs with FAS|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19740911-1.2.116.2|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=11 September 1974}} Between 1971 and 1975, Choo was also honorary coach of local clubs including Burnley United, Singapore Marble,Later renamed Toa Payoh United.{{cite news|title=Junior AA regain their FAS Div One status|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19720522-1.2.131.7|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=26|date=22 May 1972}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Toa Payoh XI stars flop|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19750915-1.2.141|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=29|date=15 September 1975}} Tampines Rovers,{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Injured Saba hit for five|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19740705-1.2.130.3|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=29|date=5 July 1974}} and Farrer Park.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Farrer Park edge Jurong with clever tactics|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19750521-1.2.111.10|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=21 May 1975}}

On 2 September 1976, Choo was appointed to coach Singapore for the preliminary World Cup tournament in February 1977 in his 4th stint with the FAS.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee is in and three quit|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19760903-1.2.114|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=27|date=3 September 1976}} His appointment prompted FAS advisor Trevor Hartley, coach Hussein Aljunied and trainer Andrew Yap to resign from the coaching panel{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Rahim and Majid are 'enlisted'|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19760907-1.2.125|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=29|date=7 September 1976}} although Hussein would return to assist Choo in late September.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Hussein returns to the fold...|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19760926-1.2.113|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=32|date=26 September 1976}} With the support of newly elected FAS chairman N. Ganesan, Choo was able to have non-interference in matchday selection of players for the first time. Singapore started the tournament with a 2–0 win over Thailand and a 2–2 draw with Hong Kong.{{cite news|last=Raymond|first=Jose|title=A salute to 'Uncle' Choo's Lions|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/today20070621-1.1.59|newspaper=Today|page=59|date=21 June 2007}} They then defeated fancied Malaysia 1–0 {{cite news|title=Singapore upset Malaysia in 1-0 win|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770307-1.2.7|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=7 March 1977}} to secure a play-off spot despite losing to Indonesia in the last group match. In the play-off match on 12 March, Singapore lost 1–0 to Hong Kong to eliminate their chances of reaching the final qualifying round.{{cite news|last=Seneviratne|first=Percy|title=S'pore go down fighting|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770313-1.2.97|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=28|date=13 March 1977}} Choo had announced his intention to relinquish his position after the play-off due to his advanced age and a need to focus on his business.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Coach Seng Quee to quit after Mar. 12|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770305-1.2.114|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=23|date=5 March 1977}} but eventually stayed on as national coach on a voluntary basis{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=FAS call back Arshad, Seak|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770316-1.2.108|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=16 March 1977}} with performance-based payouts.

{{Quote box

|quote = "But Singapore players let the ball do work for them because my theory has always been that a player can never be fitter than the ball. And the ball can never get tired."

|source = – Choo on the 1977 Malaysia Cup final.

|width = 22%

|align = right

|bgcolor = #E5EAFE

}}

In the 1977 Malaysia Cup, Singapore overcame defending champions Selangor 4–2 over two legs to advance to the final.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=S'pore take one-goal lead|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19770516-1.1.29|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=29|date=16 May 1977}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=S'pore make it!|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770524-1.2.118|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=23|date=24 May 1977}} Twelve years after its last triumph, Singapore defeated Penang 3–2 to win the Malaysia Cup on 28 May.{{cite news|last=Seneviratne|first=Percy|title=The Malaysia Cup is ours after twelve long years|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770529-1.2.127|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=22|date=29 May 1977}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=How 'Uncle' planned the M-Cup coup|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770605-1.2.100|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=24|date=5 June 1977}} Choo was praised for his tactical substitutes in the second half in which he replaced captain Samad Allapitchay and free-kick specialist S. Rajagopal with Lim Teng Sai and Nasir Jalil respectively.{{cite news|last=Seneviratne|first=Percy|title=A gamble for victory|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19770529-1.1.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=29 May 1977}} Following reported unhappiness of the players over the disparity in bonuses and mistreatment by the management leading to an alleged boycott of training,{{cite news|author1=Dorai, Joe |author2=Yeo, Wilfred |title=Boycott by the players|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770625-1.2.117|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=25 June 1977}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=FAS pave the way for Seng Quee|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770702-1.2.116.2|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=2 July 1977}} Choo rejected a one-year contract offer by the FAS{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee declines|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770624-1.2.149|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=24 June 1977}} and tendered his resignation on 27 June{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=FAS team meets Seng Quee|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770628-1.2.124|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=27|date=28 June 1977}} but withdrew it after talks with the FAS and the national players.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee returns today|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770704-1.2.120.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=4 July 1977}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee gets his assurance|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770705-1.2.120|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=23|date=5 July 1977}}

Choo had developed a skin infection on his right leg after a fall sustained during the Malaysia Cup semi-final second leg against Selangor in May.{{cite news|author1=Singh, Dharsan |author2=Yeo, Wilfred |title=Seng Quee in high spirits|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770908-1.2.130|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=8 September 1977}} He failed to seek treatment and with diabetes as a complication, gangrene set in. He had his lower right leg amputated in September. Following his operation, Choo was relieved of his duties as national coach. Despite the loss of his leg, Choo stated his intention to continue coaching.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Uncle Choo has a March date|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19780102-1.2.115.3|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=23|date=2 January 1978}} He returned to coaching with Malaysian outfit Johor FA midway through the 1980 season{{cite news|title=Choo to coach Johore again|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19801008-1.2.108.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=8 October 1980}} but left the team abruptly in January 1981.{{cite news|title=Out...|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19810108-1.2.108.3|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=31|date=8 January 1981}}

Personal life

Choo and wife Margaret Boon Khin Siang had three children - son Boon Keng, Robert and daughters Geok Lan, Theresa and Geok Kim, Helen.{{cite news|title=Obituaries - 184 In Memoriam|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19850630-1.2.40.3|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=17|date=30 June 1985}}

Choo was the owner of the Maju Jaya Sports Store at Owen Road, Singapore. Choo had donated trophies made by his store for football competitions.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Spore soccer team invited to Medan|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19730126-1.2.115.15|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=28|date=26 January 1973}}{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee to donate big trophy|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19771019-1.2.97.9|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=19 October 1977}}

Choo was a diabetic. He refused treatment for a leg infection leading into the 1977 Malaysia Cup final. His condition worsened and he had his gangrenous right lower leg amputated to the knee on 14 September 1977.{{cite news|title=Seng Quee loses leg|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19770915-1.1.28|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=28|date=15 September 1977}} As a result of spreading gangrene, a further amputation on his right upper leg was performed five days later.{{cite news|last=Singh|first=Dharsan|title=Seng Quee loses more of his leg|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19770920-1.2.12|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=20 September 1977}} Choo's heart stopped thrice - during the first and second operations, and a third following internal bleeding.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Seng Quee 'died' three times|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19771029-1.2.110.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=30|date=29 October 1977}}

Death

Choo was hospitalised with kidney problems in June 1983.{{cite news|title=Seng Quee in hospital|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19830629-1.2.108|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=42|date=29 June 1983}} On 30 June, he died at the age of 68 in his sleep at home.{{cite news|title=Farewell...|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19830701-1.1.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=1 July 1983}} Over 1,500 fans attended his funeral wake and around 500 mourners were present at his burial. Players Edmund Wee, Quah Kim Song, Ho Kwang Hock, R. Suriamurthi, T. Pathmanathan were among the pallbearers.{{cite news|title=Last goodbye|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Page/straitstimes19830703-1.1.5|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=5|date=3 July 1983}}

Honours

Choo's performances in the preliminary World Cup tournament and the 1977 Malaysia Cup win earned him recognition with the 1977 SNOC Coach of the Year award.{{cite news|title=Top award goes to Junie|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19780301-1.2.10|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=1|date=1 March 1978}} He was honoured with the Pingat Bakti Masyarakat medal in 1978 for his services to Singapore football.{{cite news|last=Dorai|first=Joe|title=Spore honours Ganesan, Choo|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19780809-1.2.99.1|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=25|date=9 August 1978}} On 3 August 1982, he received a First Class gold medal from the PSSI for his contributions to Indonesian football.{{cite news|title=Award for Seng Quee|url=https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19820804-1.2.103.3|newspaper=The Straits Times|page=39|date=4 August 1982}}

= Player =

Singapore Chinese Football Association

SAFA First Division: 1937, 1938
SAFA Second Division: 1934
SAFA Third Division: 1933
SAFA Challenge Cup: 1935, 1937, 1939

Singapore FA

Malaya Cup: 1937, 1939

References:

= Coach =

Star Soccerites

SAFA First Division: 1954

Marine Department Sports Club

SAFA First Division: 1957

Police SA

President's Cup: 1968

Singapore FA

Malaya Cup: 1964, 1965, 1977
FAM Cup: 1967

Malaya

Merdeka Tournament: 1958, 1959, 1960 (shared)
Southeast Asian Peninsular Games: 1961
Asian Games: Bronze medal – 1962

= Individual =

SNOC Coach of the Year: 1977

= Civil =

Pingat Bakti Masyarakat: 1978