Cilly Aussem

Aussem was born in Cologne on 4 January 1909, the daughter of a wealthy salesman Johann Joseph 'Jean' Aussem and Ulrike Franziska 'Helen' Wisbaum.{{cite web|title=Cilly Aussem (1909–1963), Tennisspielerin|url=http://www.rheinische-geschichte.lvr.de/persoenlichkeiten/A/Seiten/CillyAussem.aspx|publisher=Landschaftsverband Rheinland|author=Björn Thomann|date=15 May 2011}} At the age of 14, she returned to Cologne after spending several years in Geneva getting a boarding school education. It was at this time that she started taking tennis lessons at the local club KTHC Stadion Rot-Weiss, driven by her mother, who was the first to notice her talent. She contacted Roman Najuch, the reigning world professional champion. Najuch referred Aussem to Willy Hanneman, a tennis coach from Cologne. Hannemann taught Aussem a sliced backhand, a precisely placed serve, and an effective drop shot. In 1925 she won the junior singles title at the German Championships in Erfurt and was ranked no. 6 nationally.

Aussem won the German Championships for the first time in 1927 when she was 18 years old. In Hamburg, she defeated reigning champion Ilse Friedleben in the final in straight sets.{{cite news|title=Die Internationalen Tennis-Meisterschaften von Deutschland|url=http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/fullscreen/3000126344144?page=6|work=Hamburger Nachrichten|date=15 August 1927|page=6|language=German|via=European Library}} Aussem, who was described as a graceful, small, and psychologically sensitive girl, seemed incapable of withstanding the mental and physical pressures of competitive sports. Usually, the family traveled to exclusive places all over Europe. During the family's summer vacation at the French Riviera, Aussem's ambitious mother asked Bill Tilden, the world's best player, for advice. After having a look at small, shy Cilly, he replied: "My dear lady, Cilly will become a great champion if you take the next train back to Germany!"{{cite web|title=Cilly Aussem: Ein Hauch von Tragik|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/sport/mehr-sport/die-erste-deutsche-wimbledon-siegerin-cilly-aussem-ein-hauch-von-tragik-1759358.html|publisher=Frankfurter Allgemeine|author=Christian Eichler|date=4 January 2009}}

Tilden became Aussem's coach and made her a world-class player. Aussem's trademark became her powerful, flat forehand. Newspapers wrote that Aussem had a great sliced backhand and effective drop shots.{{cite web|title=Cilly Aussem – Gedenken an Kölns Wimbledonsiegerin|url=http://www.ksta.de/sport/cilly-aussem-gedenken-an-koelns-wimbledonsiegerin,15189364,13027832.html|publisher=Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger|date=2 January 2009}} Her bst qualities were her precision, athletic conditioning, and fighting spirit.

File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09475, Cilly Aussem.jpg

In 1928, Aussem's mother claimed that Paula von Reznicek had twice beaten her daughter by using hypnotism, which led to a lawsuit in which Von Reznicek filed charges of defamation of character, and Aussem's mother charged her with "insulting assault".{{cite news|title=German Tennis Fraus Stage 'Court' Battle|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Y_EuAAAAIBAJ&sjid=pdkFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6321%2C5640931|newspaper=Ottawa Citizen|date=21 August 1928}}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article85158820 |title=Fraulein Aussem |newspaper=The Daily News |location=Perth |date=29 September 1928 |page=3|edition=Final Sporting|via=National Library of Australia}}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article129123974 |title=Tennis Incident. |newspaper=The News |location=Adelaide |date=21 August 1928 |page=9|edition=Home |via=National Library of Australia}} She lost her German Championships singles title in 1928 after a three-set defeat in the final to Daphne Akhurst.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article3941983 |title=Tennis in Germany |newspaper=The Argus |issue=25,587 |location=Melbourne|date=14 August 1928 |page=13 |via=National Library of Australia}}

Aussem suffered from eye inflammation throughout 1929, but in 1930, she had her breakthrough.{{cite book|last=Brady|first=Maurice|title=The Encyclopedia of Lawn Tennis|year=1958|publisher=Robert Hale Ltd.|location=London|pages=17, 18|edition=1}} With Tilden, she won all the titles for mixed doubles on the Riviera that season. At the French Championships, Aussem and Tilden defeated the world's top two mixed doubles teams, Elizabeth Ryan / Jean Borotra and Eileen Bennett Whittingstall / Henri Cochet, and took the French title.{{cite news|title=Tilden and Teuton Partner Win Mixed Doubles at Auteuil|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NB0gAAAAIBAJ&sjid=lWYFAAAAIBAJ&dq=aussem%20tennis&pg=2470%2C5467145|newspaper=The Lewiston Daily Sun|date=29 May 1930|via=Google News Archive}} Aussem also reached a singles semifinal, losing to Helen Jacobs.

At Wimbledon, Aussem won against Jacobs in the quarterfinals and faced Ryan in the semifinals. The match ended unexpectedly. While running, Aussem tumbled, fell, twisted her ankle and lost consciousness.{{cite news|title=Fraulein Cilli Aussem|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Ie5hAAAAIBAJ&sjid=5pEDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5899%2C5648294|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=24 May 1934|via=Google News Archive}}{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article16692755 |title=Collapse at Wimbledon|newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |date=2 August 1930 |page=18 |via=National Library of Australia}} After that incident, health problems hampered the remainder of Aussem's tennis career. Her eyes became more sensitive, and she had to spend hours in a darkened room waiting for her matches to start.{{cite news |url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article83391905 |title=Eye Almost Sightless |newspaper=The Daily News |location=Perth |date=18 March 1929 |page=1|edition=Home (Final) |via=National Library of Australia}}

In August 1930, she won her second German Championships singles title after a straight-sets victory in the final against compatriot Hilde Krahwinkel.{{cite news|title=Deutsche Tennismeisterschaften|url=http://www.theeuropeanlibrary.org/tel4/newspapers/issue/3000117634119?hp=1&count=10&page=13|work=Hamburger Nachrichten|date=14 August 1930|page=13|language=German|via=European Library}} At the end of 1930, three years after starting to play in international championships, she reached no. 2 in the world rankings.

1931 was Aussem's most successful year. She won the French Championships, defeating Betty Nuthall of the United Kingdom, and the German Championships after a win in the final against Irmgard Rost. Aussem also won the Wimbledon singles championship, defeating her compatriot Hilde Krahwinkel in the final in straight sets. She became the first German woman to do so. Aussem again was ranked world no. 2 behind Helen Wills Moody. An English newspaper described Aussem as follows: "There is a Paavo Nurmi of tennis from Germany, a beautiful young girl. Her quickness and her fighting spirit are singular!"

All seemed to be prepared for a great international career when something happened that stopped Aussem's rapid rise. Celebrating the successful year of 1931, Aussem and her friend and teammate Irmgard Rost traveled to Argentina, Brazil and Chile. Aussem won some tournaments, but caught a serious liver inflammation.{{cite news|title=Frauleins Rost and Aussem Make Tennis Sweep in Chile|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1931/12/06/archives/frauleins-rost-and-aussem-make-tennis-sweep-in-chile.html|newspaper=The New York Times|date=5 December 1931}} Back in Germany, she underwent surgery from which she recovered slowly.

She joined the Nazi Party on 1 May 1933 (membership number 3,526,491); her membership lapsed automatically when she moved to Italy three years later.Bundesarchiv R 9361-VIII KARTEI/210760

In 1933, Aussem returned to the courts, but was not able to regain her form. In 1934, she again reached ninth place in the world rankings, but started losing to players she always had beaten. She lost at Wimbledon to Helen Jacobs in the quarterfinals and quit the tour at age 25.{{cite web|title=Die erste deutsche Tenniskönigin|url=http://www.deutschlandfunk.de/die-erste-deutsche-tenniskoenigin.871.de.html?dram:article_id=127383|publisher=Deutschlandradio|author=Eduard Hoffmann|date=3 July 2011}}

During her winter holidays in Garmisch-Partenkirchen in 1935, Aussem met Italian Earl Fermo Murari dalla Corte Brà;{{cite news|title=German Tennis Champion – Fraulein Aussem Engaged|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=IuxjAAAAIBAJ&sjid=yZUDAAAAIBAJ&pg=5591%2C2837091|newspaper=The Age|date=30 September 1935|via=Google News Archive}}{{cite web|title=Aussem wäre heute 100 Jahre alt geworden|url=http://www.focus.de/sport/tennis/tennis-aussem-waere-heute-100-jahre-alt-geworden_aid_359509.html|publisher=FOCUS|date=4 January 2009}} they married in Munich on 11 March 1936, and the pair moved to Mombasa, Kenya. During her stay, she contracted malaria. Aussem spent the last two decades of her life mainly in her husband's castle in Portofino.

In 1963, she underwent another liver surgery, a late consequence of that trip to South America three decades before. Aussem did not recover. She died on 22 March 1963 at the age of 54.

German tennis player and writer Roderich Menzel wrote: "Everywhere where she swung her racket and warmed the spectators hearts with her magic smile, she unknowingly inspired young girls to play tennis the way she did. If we remember her today, we feel deep love in our hearts. And we confess proudly: She was our mistress of tennis."{{cite web|title=Cilly Aussem|url=http://www.hall-of-fame-sport.de/|publisher=Hall of Fame des Deutschen Sports}}

Since 1965 the Junior Championships of the German Tennis Association are held under the name Grosse Cilly Aussem Spiele.{{cite web|title=Große Cilly Aussem-Spiele|url=http://www.dtb-tennis.de/5899.php|publisher=DTB|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223144055/http://dtb-tennis.de/5899.php|archivedate=23 February 2013}} However the proposal in 2018 to name a street after her in the city of her birth was rejected on the grounds of her Nazi Party membership.{{cite web |access-date=2020-03-14 |author=Susanne Esch |date=2018-04-03 |title=Keine Straße für Wimbledon-Siegerin |url=https://www.ksta.de/koeln/tennis-keine-strasse-fuer-wimbledon-siegerin-29957270 |website=Kölner Stadt-Anzeiger}}

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¹ Aussem did not play. Her opponent got a walkover.

• Bernd Tuchen: Ich galt als Wunderkind ... Cilly Aussem – das Leben der ersten deutschen Wimbledon-Siegerin. Shaker Media, Aachen 2008, {{ISBN|978-3-86858-089-1}}.

• Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final

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{{Commons category|Cilly Aussem}}

• {{Wimbledon player}}

{{Women's tennis players who won two or more Grand Slam singles titles in one calendar year}}

{{French Open women's singles champions}}

{{Wimbledon women's singles champions}}

{{French Open mixed doubles champions}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aussem, Cilly}}

Category:1909 births

Category:1963 deaths

Category:German female tennis players

Category:Wimbledon champions (pre-Open Era)

Category:French Championships (tennis) champions

Category:Tennis players from Cologne

Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in women's singles

Category:Grand Slam (tennis) champions in mixed doubles

Category:20th-century German sportswomen