Ciudad Real

It was founded in 1255 with the name Villa Real ('Royal Town') under the auspices of Alfonso X,{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Ciudad Real (city)|volume=6|page=402}} who granted it a charter that followed the model of Cuenca's.{{Cite journal|last=Villegas Díaz|first=Luis Rafael|date=1983|title=Calatrava y Ciudad Real: unas notas sobre las relaciones entre la Ciudad y la Orden (siglos XIII-XV)|url=https://digibug.ugr.es/bitstream/handle/10481/30221/CEM-008-009.001-Art%C3%ADculo-008.pdf|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Medievales y de Ciencias y Técnicas Historiográficas|issue=8–9|pages=218|issn=1132-7553}}{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=49}} It was not founded from scratch, but founded over Pozuelo de San Gil, a hamlet belonging to the land of Alarcos.{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=49}} An independent royal demesne enclave embedded within the dominion of the Military Order of Calatrava, repopulation struggled initially.{{Sfn|Villegas Díaz|1983|p=218}} Weary of the influence of Villa Real, the masters of the Order of Calatrava established a rival market in nearby Miguelturra seeking to disrupt the town's economic activity.{{sfn|Blázquez|1915|p=292}}

Jews soon settled in Villa Real, with the existence of a middle-sized jewry already documented by 1290, only three decades after the foundation of Villa Real.{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=64}}

Friction between Villa Real and the Order of Calatrava reached its climax towards 1323, with an armed conflict between the two parties.{{sfn|Villegas Díaz|1983|p=239}}

Villa Real hosted the Cortes of Castile in 1346.{{Cite journal|journal=La Vanguardia|url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/madrid/20170911/431204826971/el-archivo-de-toledo-expone-cuadernos-de-cortes-de-los-anos-1346-a-1563.html|title=El archivo de Toledo expone cuadernos de Cortes de los años 1346 a 1563|date=11 September 2017}}

The local aljama was by and large dismantled upon the 1391 pogroms.{{Sfn|Anaya Fernández|2012|p=65}} The endogenous element of antisemitism was underpinned by the Jews' deals with the Calatravans throughout the 14th century and their local reputation as loan sharks.{{Cite journal|url=https://doc.biblioteca.uclm.es/biblioteca/Ceclm/ARTREVISTAS/Cem/CEM37_CiudadReal_Anaya.pdf|page=65|title=Ciudad Real. Núcleo urbano medieval|first=Antonio Tomás|last=Anaya Fernández|year=2012|issn=0526-2623|volume=37|journal=Cuadernos de Estudios Manchegos}}

Juan II of Castile granted Villa Real the status of city in 1420, thus becoming Ciudad Real ('Royal City').{{Cite web|url=https://www.latribunadeciudadreal.es/noticia/ZA8F21404-BFD2-3366-E43311300AD4A79D/201907/un-impulso-de-600-anos-para-ciudad-real|title=Un impulso de 600 años para ciudad real|last=Real|first=La Tribuna de Ciudad|date=2019-07-26|website=La Tribuna de Ciudad Real|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}} The city most probably did not have more than 2000 inhabitants by the time and despite having celebrated Cortes once, the dominant city in the area was still Almagro.{{Cite web|url=https://www.eldiario.es/clm/curioso-origen-Ciudad-Real-Toledo_0_990751649.html|title=El curioso origen de Ciudad Real que se fraguó en Toledo|last=Bachiller|first=Carmen|website=eldiario.es|date=2 February 2020|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}

File:Juan Francisco Leonardo (1687) Mapa del arzobispado de Toledo. Ciudad Real.png

After the unification of the Iberian kingdoms under the Catholic Monarchs, Ciudad Real became the capital of the {{ill|province of La Mancha|es|Provincia de La Mancha}} in 1691. This fact favoured its economic development which was shown by the construction of several important buildings. The 1755 Lisbon earthquake destroyed many of these buildings. In 1809, during the Peninsular War, French troops defeated the Spanish army and occupied the town, using the local hospital as their headquarters and barracks.

Following the creation of the province of Ciudad Real as per the 1833 territorial division, the status of provincial capital of Ciudad Real was challenged by the cities of Almagro and Manzanares, with a similar population by the mid-nineteenth century.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1997|p=371}} However the initiatives intending to take the provincial capital out of Ciudad Real did not succeed.{{Sfn|Burgueño|1997|p=371}}

Much of the centre was destroyed during the Spanish Civil War.

File:(Ciudad Real) Ciudad Real Central Airport & Province, Spain (cropped).jpg]]

Ciudad Real is located in the southern half of the Inner Plateau, in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula, at about 625 metres above sea level.{{Cite web|url=https://www.dipucr.es/documentos-vias-y-obras-infraestructura/altitud-nucleos-de-poblacion/download|title=Altitud núcleos de población|publisher=Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real|date=13 June 2016|format=.pdf|access-date=3 August 2020}}

The city is part of the Campo de Calatrava natural region, a transitional region between the Montes and La Mancha, remarkable in the context of the Iberian Peninsula because of its volcanic origin.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=12}} The plaza del Pilar is precisely built on the centre of a shallow volcanic maar.{{Cite news|url=https://elviajero.elpais.com/elviajero/2012/04/13/actualidad/1334351288_850215.html|website=El País|date=13 April 2012|title=Tapeo en tres plazas manchegas|first=Andrés|last=Campos}} As Ciudad Real itself was the capital of the province of La Mancha in the 18th century, the whole province of Ciudad Real is often considered as part of La Mancha in a wider sense.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=16}}

The location of Ciudad Real—without any major water stream passing through the city—leaves the Guadiana to the North and the {{ill|Jabalón|es}} (a left-bank tributary of the former) to the South.{{Sfn|García Ráyego|1997|p=16}}

The urban nucleus was founded 7.5 km to the North-East of Alarcos (a fortified archeological site located on a hill).{{Cite web|url=https://www.ciudadreal.es/documentos/direcciongralplanificacion/pgouciudadreal/informacion/mediofisicoysocial/elementosyzonasdeespecialinteres2baja.pdf|website=Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real|title=Parajes de interés del término municipal}}{{Cite web|title=Historia|url=https://turismo.ciudadreal.es/que-visitar-en-ciudad-real/historia/|publisher=Oficina de Turismo. Ayuntamiento de Ciudad Real}} Despite enjoying a location at the crossroads of the Madrid–Andalusia and the Levante–Portugal corridors, the city did not particularly prosper historically thanks to this circumstance.{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=97}} The city currently forms a near urban continuum with neighbouring Miguelturra.{{Sfn|Cañizares|Ubaldo Gosálvez|Martínez|Rodríguez|2009|p=101}}

The city has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk),{{Cite web |last=Meteorología |first=Agencia Estatal de |title=Evolución de los climas de Köppen en España en el periodo 1951-2020 - Agencia Estatal de Meteorología - AEMET. Gobierno de España |url=https://www.aemet.es/es/conocermas/recursos_en_linea/publicaciones_y_estudios/publicaciones/detalles/NT_37_AEMET |access-date=2023-09-06 |website=www.aemet.es |language=es}} with cool winters (due to its altitude) and hot to very hot dry summers. Like many other cities of Castilla-La-Mancha, the precipitation is limited throughout the year. It has one of the highest annual temperature ranges in the Iberian Peninsula, exceeding {{Convert|20.0|C|F}}.

The precipitation in the Campo de Calatrava is sparse, with a high year-to-year variability and the area features high levels of evapotranspiration, particularly in Summer.{{Sfn|Becerra Ramírez|Cañizares Ruiz|Escobar Lahoz|González Cárdenas|2009|p=92}}

{{Weather box

| location = Ciudad Real 628m (1991-2020), extremes (1920-present)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| Jan record high C = 20.4

| Feb record high C = 25.0

| Mar record high C = 30.0

| Apr record high C = 35.1

| May record high C = 38.6

| Jun record high C = 42.7

| Jul record high C = 44.2

| Aug record high C = 42.6

| Sep record high C = 40.0

| Oct record high C = 33.2

| Nov record high C = 28.0

| Dec record high C = 20.2

| year record high C = 44.2

| Jan high C = 11.1

| Feb high C = 13.8

| Mar high C = 17.7

| Apr high C = 20.3

| May high C = 25.1

| Jun high C = 31.0

| Jul high C = 34.9

| Aug high C = 34.2

| Sep high C = 28.3

| Oct high C = 22.0

| Nov high C = 15.1

| Dec high C = 11.5

| year high C =

| Jan mean C = 6.3

| Feb mean C = 8.2

| Mar mean C = 11.5

| Apr mean C = 14.0

| May mean C = 18.4

| Jun mean C = 23.7

| Jul mean C = 27.2

| Aug mean C = 26.7

| Sep mean C = 21.7

| Oct mean C = 16.2

| Nov mean C = 10.2

| Dec mean C = 7.0

| year mean C =

| Jan low C = 1.5

| Feb low C = 2.6

| Mar low C = 5.2

| Apr low C = 7.7

| May low C = 11.6

| Jun low C = 16.4

| Jul low C = 19.5

| Aug low C = 19.2

| Sep low C = 15.1

| Oct low C = 10.4

| Nov low C = 5.3

| Dec low C = 2.5

| year low C =

| Jan record low C = -13.8

| Feb record low C = -9.4

| Mar record low C = -7.0

| Apr record low C = -3.8

| May record low C = 0.0

| Jun record low C = 4.2

| Jul record low C = 6.2

| Aug record low C = 7.2

| Sep record low C = 1.0

| Oct record low C = -3.0

| Nov record low C = -8.0

| Dec record low C = -10.2

| year record low C = -13.8

| Jan precipitation mm = 34.2

| Feb precipitation mm = 31.8

| Mar precipitation mm = 39.3

| Apr precipitation mm = 48.9

| May precipitation mm = 38.5

| Jun precipitation mm = 20.0

| Jul precipitation mm = 3.1

| Aug precipitation mm = 6.7

| Sep precipitation mm = 31.9

| Oct precipitation mm = 53.6

| Nov precipitation mm = 46.4

| Dec precipitation mm = 51.8

| Jan precipitation days = 6.1

| Feb precipitation days = 5.5

| Mar precipitation days = 5.6

| Apr precipitation days = 7.5

| May precipitation days = 6.0

| Jun precipitation days = 2.9

| Jul precipitation days = 0.6

| Aug precipitation days = 1.0

| Sep precipitation days = 3.9

| Oct precipitation days = 6.7

| Nov precipitation days = 6.7

| Dec precipitation days = 6.7

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan snow days =1

| Feb snow days =0.9

| Mar snow days =0.3

| Apr snow days =0

| May snow days =0

| Jun snow days =0

| Jul snow days =0

| Aug snow days =0

| Sep snow days =0

| Oct snow days =0

| Nov snow days =0

| Dec snow days =0.3

| year snow days =

| Jan humidity = 78

| Feb humidity = 70

| Mar humidity = 61

| Apr humidity = 58

| May humidity = 51

| Jun humidity = 42

| Jul humidity = 35

| Aug humidity = 39

| Sep humidity = 51

| Oct humidity = 65

| Nov humidity = 75

| Dec humidity = 81

| year humidity =

| Jan sun = 136

| Feb sun = 170

| Mar sun = 217

| Apr sun = 237

| May sun = 273

| Jun sun = 327

| Jul sun = 366

| Aug sun = 335

| Sep sun = 264

| Oct sun = 208

| Nov sun = 141

| Dec sun = 124

| year sun =

| Jan percentsun = 45

| Feb percentsun = 56

| Mar percentsun = 58

| Apr percentsun = 60

| May percentsun = 62

| Jun percentsun = 73

| Jul percentsun = 81

| Aug percentsun = 79

| Sep percentsun = 71

| Oct percentsun = 60

| Nov percentsun = 47

| Dec percentsun = 42

| year percentsun =

| source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (AEMET OpenData){{cite web|url=https://opendata.aemet.es/centrodedescargas/inicio|title=AEMET OpenData|publisher=Agencia Estatal de Meteorologia|language=es}}{{cite web

|url= https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=clm&l=4121&datos=det&x=4121&m=13&v=todos

|title=Valores extremos. Ciudad Real}}

| date = September 2024

| source =

}}

{{Weather box

| location = Ciudad Real 628m (1981-2010)

| metric first = yes

| single line = yes

| collapsed=yes

| Jan high C = 10.9

| Feb high C = 13.7

| Mar high C = 17.9

| Apr high C = 19.7

| May high C = 24.1

| Jun high C = 30.5

| Jul high C = 34.5

| Aug high C = 33.7

| Sep high C = 28.4

| Oct high C = 21.5

| Nov high C = 15.1

| Dec high C = 11.4

| year high C = 21.8

| Jan mean C = 6.0

| Feb mean C = 8.0

| Mar mean C = 11.4

| Apr mean C = 13.4

| May mean C = 17.5

| Jun mean C = 23.2

| Jul mean C = 26.7

| Aug mean C = 26.1

| Sep mean C = 21.6

| Oct mean C = 15.8

| Nov mean C = 10.1

| Dec mean C = 6.9

| year mean C = 15.6

| Jan low C = 1.1

| Feb low C = 2.4

| Mar low C = 4.9

| Apr low C = 7.1

| May low C = 10.9

| Jun low C = 15.9

| Jul low C = 18.9

| Aug low C = 18.6

| Sep low C = 14.8

| Oct low C = 10.0

| Nov low C = 5.1

| Dec low C = 2.5

| year low C = 9.3

| Jan precipitation mm = 35.0

| Feb precipitation mm = 30.0

| Mar precipitation mm = 28.0

| Apr precipitation mm = 48.0

| May precipitation mm = 41.0

| Jun precipitation mm = 25.0

| Jul precipitation mm = 6.0

| Aug precipitation mm = 5.0

| Sep precipitation mm = 26.0

| Oct precipitation mm = 53.0

| Nov precipitation mm = 45.0

| Dec precipitation mm = 59.0

| Jan precipitation days = 5.9

| Feb precipitation days = 5.7

| Mar precipitation days = 4.7

| Apr precipitation days = 7.8

| May precipitation days = 6.3

| Jun precipitation days = 3.4

| Jul precipitation days = 0.8

| Aug precipitation days = 1.0

| Sep precipitation days = 3.6

| Oct precipitation days = 6.4

| Nov precipitation days = 6.4

| Dec precipitation days = 7.4

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan snow days =1

| Feb snow days =0.9

| Mar snow days =0.2

| Apr snow days =0.1

| May snow days =0

| Jun snow days =0

| Jul snow days =0

| Aug snow days =0

| Sep snow days =0

| Oct snow days =0

| Nov snow days =0

| Dec snow days =0.3

| year snow days =

| Jan humidity = 78.0

| Feb humidity = 71.0

| Mar humidity = 61.0

| Apr humidity = 59.0

| May humidity = 55.0

| Jun humidity = 46.0

| Jul humidity = 40.0

| Aug humidity = 43.0

| Sep humidity = 54.0

| Oct humidity = 67.0

| Nov humidity = 76.0

| Dec humidity = 81.0

| year humidity = 61.0

| Jan sun = 133

| Feb sun = 157

| Mar sun = 213

| Apr sun = 226

| May sun = 260

| Jun sun = 313

| Jul sun = 352

| Aug sun = 323

| Sep sun = 247

| Oct sun = 190

| Nov sun = 135

| Dec sun = 114

| year sun =

| source 1 = Agencia Estatal de Meteorología{{cite web|url=https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/valoresclimatologicos?l=4121&k=13|title=Valores Normales. Ciudad Real}}{{cite web

|url= https://www.aemet.es/es/serviciosclimaticos/datosclimatologicos/efemerides_extremos*?w=0&k=clm&l=4121&datos=det&x=4121&m=13&v=todos

|title=Valores extremos. Ciudad Real}}

| date = December 2023

| source =

}}

File:SED 2019 - Ciudad Real (155) (48831200102).jpg

The city previously had a handball team, the BM Ciudad Real, which was the winner of the handball EHF Champions League in 2006, 2008 and 2009.

The handball club was one of the best in the world and its home arena, the Don Quixote Arena, was one of the biggest in the Spanish professional league. BM Ciudad Real, however, moved its team to Madrid in 2011; renamed as "Atlético Madrid", it dissolved in 2013.

File:Ciudad Real Central Airport 3.jpg

The city has a railway station on a high-speed rail line, the Ciudad Real railway station.

A high-capacity airport (Ciudad Real Central Airport) was built in the city, but closed in 2012. The privately funded airport cost an estimated €1 billion to build, and was for sale for €100 million plus payment of the developer's debt. In July 2014 this was reduced to €80 million in a further attempt to find a buyer.

In July 2015 the airport was auctioned to the lone bidder, Chinese company Tzaneen International, for €10,000.

The airport was reopened on 12 September 2019.{{Cite web|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/empresas/aeropuerto-ciudad-real-vuelos-empleo-jet-privados-caza-vips/6519900|title=El aeropuerto de Ciudad Real revive con jets privados de cazadores y empresarios|last=LaInformacion|website=La Información|date=15 November 2019|language=es|access-date=2020-02-05}}

The average amount of time people spend commuting with public transit in Ciudad Real, for example to and from work, on a weekday is 33 min. 3% of public transit riders, ride for more than 2 hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transit is 8 min, while 1% of riders wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transit is 2 km, while 0% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.{{cite web|title=Ciudad Real Public Transportation Statistics|publisher= Global Public Transit Index by Moovit|url=https://moovitapp.com/insights/en/Moovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_Spain_Ciudad_Real-3779|access-date=June 19, 2017}} 50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].

{{Multiple image

| align = left

| direction = vertical

| image1 = Ciudad Real Capital - 002 (30593087982).jpg

| caption1 = The {{ill|Gate of Toledo (Ciudad Real)|es|Puerta de Toledo (Ciudad Real)|lt=Gate of Toledo}} dates from the 13th or 14th centuries.{{Sfn|Blázquez|1915|pp=291–292}}

| image2 = Antiguo Banco de España, actual Residencia.jpg

| caption2 = Old Bank of Spain building

}}

The Plaza Mayor sits in the centre of Ciudad Real. Today, only two parts of the wall that surrounded the city in medieval times remain standing: The Toledo Gate.

Don Quixote's Museum is situated next to Parque de Gasset.

The Museo Elisa Cendreros exhibits an old collection of fans and carved wood.

The Ermita de Alarcos is the oldest church in Ciudad Real. The Iglesia of Santiago is also the most beautiful and oldest church in Ciudad Real, it was built at the end of the 13th century in romanic style. Its style is Gothic. It is decorated with gothic paintings and with seven-headed dragons, the ceiling is decorated with stones forming eight pointed stars.

Another important church in Ciudad Real is Iglesia de San Pedro (Church of Saint Peter). It is the most interesting and typical monument of the city. It was built during the 14th and 15th centuries. Its style is Gothic, and it houses the tomb of Chantre de Coca, confessor and chaplain of the Catholic Monarchs.

Ciudad Real Cathedral, built in the 16th century, has the second-largest nave in Spain and a magnificent Baroque altarpiece.[http://www.turismocastillalamancha.com/arte-cultura/monumentos/ciudad-real/catedral-de-santa-maria-del-prado/ "Catedral de Santa María del Prado"], Turismo de Castilla-La Mancha. {{in lang|es}} Retrieved 31 August 2013.

{{Multiple image

|image1 = Biblioteca General del Campus de Ciudad Real.jpg

|caption1 = General library of the UCLM part of its Ciudad Real Campus

|image2 = Pandorgahastaelamane 54894 6106.jpg

|caption2 = People during La Pandorga

| direction=vertical

}}

Ciudad Real has 24 primary schools and 6 secondary schools.

The high school "Torreón del Alcázar" was founded in 1987. In the first years there were only vocational studies, thirty teachers and 350 students. Some years later the high school incorporated the compulsory secondary studies and A levels. At the moment there are 80 teachers and 1200 students. In the year 1995 the high school was offered the opportunity to become a bilingual school. In the year 2005 the first bilingual group arrived.

See University of Castilla–La Mancha (UCLM), Campus of Ciudad Real.

One of the most popular festivals in the city is La Pandorga, which takes place July 30 and 31. On the last day of the month the festival honours its patroness, La Virgen del Prado. The usual attire of the participants consists of jeans, a white shirt, and the traditional handkerchief.

• {{ill|Hernán Pérez del Pulgar|es}} (1451–1531), military captain who stood out during the Granada War
• Manuel Cáceres Artesero (1949-2025), known as "Manolo el del bombo", the most famous football fan in the world
• Manuel Marín (1949–2017), president of the Congress of Deputies and acting president of the European Commission
• José María Barreda (born 1953), former president of Castile–La Mancha
• Fernando Luna (born 1958), professional tennis player
• Juande Ramos (born 1954), former manager of Real Madrid Football Club
• Javier Botet (born 1977), horror actor with Marfan syndrome
• Jordi El Niño Polla (born 1994), pornographic actor

• Provincial Museum of Ciudad Real

;Citations

{{reflist}}

;Bibliography

• {{Cite book|chapter=El Campo de Calatrava y el corredor Ciudad-Puertollano|first1=Rafael|last1=Becerra Ramírez|first2=María del Carmen|last2=Cañizares Ruiz|first3=Estela|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|last3=Escobar Lahoz|first4=Elena|last4=González Cárdenas|first5=Rafael|last5=Ubaldo Gosálvez Rey|first6=Héctor Samuel|last6=Martínez Sánchez-Mateos|first7=María de los Ángeles|last7=Rodríguez Domenech|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real|pages=91–96|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|location=Ciudad Real|year=2009}}
• {{Cite journal|title=La Puerta de Toledo de Ciudad Real|first=Antonio|last=Blázquez|via=Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes|journal=Boletín de la Real Academia de la Historia|volume=66|year=1915|pages=290–295|publisher=Real Academia de la Historia|location=Madrid|url=http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/descargaPdf/la-puerta-de-toledo-de-ciudad-real-0/|author-link=Antonio Blázquez y Delgado-Aguilera|issn=0034-0626}}
• {{Cite journal|volume=58|issue=228|year=1997|last=Burgueño|first=Jesús|journal=Estudios Geográficos|title=La reforma de la división provincial en la meseta meridional (1800-1850)|page=355|doi=10.3989/egeogr.1997.i228.636|publisher=Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas|location=Madrid|url=http://estudiosgeograficos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgeograficos/article/view/636/679|issn=0014-1496|doi-access=free}}
• {{Cite book|chapter=El Corredor Ciudad Real-Puertollano y las infraestructuras de comunicación|first1=Mª del Carmen|last1=Cañizares|first2=Rafael|last2=Ubaldo Gosálvez|first3=Héctor S.|last3=Martínez|first4=Mª Ángeles|last4=Rodríguez|url=http://publicaciones.dipucr.es/itinerariosgeograficos.pdf|pages=97–134|title=Itinerarios geográficos y paisajes por la provincia de Ciudad Real|publisher=Diputación Provincial de Ciudad Real|isbn=978-84-692-2023-8|year=2009|location=Ciudad Real}}
• {{Cite book|title=Elementos del medio natural en la provincia de Ciudad Real|chapter=Introducción. El medio natural y sus unidades en el sur de la Meseta meridional|first=José Luis|last=García Ráyego|pages=8|location=Cuenca|publisher=Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha|year=1997|url=https://ceclmdigital2.uclm.es/details.vm?q=id:0001817723&lang=es&view=libros}}

{{Municipalities in Ciudad Real}}

{{Capitals of Provinces in Spain}}

{{Authority control}}

*