Cixiidae

Genera have been placed in up to three subfamilies, including the Cixiinae, of which sixteen tribes are currently accepted.{{cite journal |last1=Ceotto |first1=P. |last2=Bourgoin |first2=T. |year=2008 |title=Insights into the phylogenetic relationships within Cixiidae (Hemiptera : Fulgoromorpha): cladistic analysis of a morphological dataset |journal= Systematic Entomology |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=484–500 |doi= 10.1111/j.1365-3113.2008.00426.x}}

Fulgoromorpha Lists on the Web[https://flow.hemiptera-databases.org/flow/?page=explorer&db=flow&lang=en&card=taxon&rank=family&loading=1&id=5088 Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web (FLOW): Cixiidae Spinola, 1839 (retrieved 9 March 2024)] includes a monotypic tribe and one genus incertae sedis:

• Borysthenini Emeljanov, 1989 - Africa, Asia
• Borysthenes Stål, 1866
• Bothriocerinae Muir, 1923 - Americas
• Chlorodus Johnson & Ledig, 1918
• tribe Bothriocerini Muir, 1923
• Bothriobaltia† Szwedo, 2002
• Bothrioceretta Caldwell, 1950
• Delwa† Szwedo, 2019
• Klugga† Szwedo, 2019
• Liwakka† Szwedo, 2019

File:Cixiidae - Cixius sp..JPG

Cixiid species are typically comparatively small (body size less than a centimeter) and usually inconspicuous. The face is longer than wide and the head is narrower than the pronotum. The forewings are at least partly transparent and the veins bear minute setae. The hind tibiae end in a cluster of spines and may sometimes have spines along their length. Nymphs live underground, feeding on roots. Adults feed on herbs, shrubs and/or trees; some are polyphagous, while others are specialised on their host plants (monophagous). A couple of species are cavernicolous, feeding on roots in volcanic caves. Females occasionally bear impressive "wax tails" produced by wax-producing plates at the tip of their abdomen.{{cite journal|title=Taxonomic study of the planthopper family Cixiidae in the United States (Homoptera: Fulgoroidea)|author=Kramer, J.P.|journal= Transactions of the American Entomological Society |volume=109|issue=1|pages=1–57|url= http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/2621.pdf|year=1983 |jstor=25078313}}{{cite journal|author1=Holzinger W. E. |author2=Emeljanov A. F. |author3=Kammerlander I. |year=2002|title=The family Cixiidae Spinola 1839 (Hemiptera: Fulgoromropha) - a review |journal=Denisia |volume=4|pages= 113–138|url=http://www.oekoteam.at/images/oekodownload/2002-holzinger-et-al-cixiidae-review.pdf}}

Several species are of economic importance (e.g. Hyalesthes obsoletus, Haplaxius crudus). Phytoplasma are common parasites in these insects, causing diseases in coconut palms and foliage, grapevines, sugar beets, and lilies.{{cite journal|author=Wilson S.W. |year=2005|title= Keys to the families of Fulgoromorpha with emphasis on planthoppers of potential economic importance in the southeastern United States (Hemiptera: Auchenorrhyncha)|journal= Florida Entomologist |volume=88|issue=4|pages=464–481|url=http://journals.fcla.edu/flaent/article/view/75472/73130|doi=10.1653/0015-4040(2005)88[464:kttfof]2.0.co;2|doi-access=free}}

The fossil record of Cixiidae is limited, and a number of taxa which have placed into the family may need to be reexamined and moved to different families. The oldest confirmed taxa are from the Early Cretaceous with ‘Cixius’ petrinus described from Barremian deposits in England, Karebodopoides aptianus from Hauterivian to Aptian Lebanese amber and Cretofennahia cretacea plus an unnamed specimen from the Aptian of Brazil.{{cite journal|last1=Szwedo |first1=J. |year=2007 |title=Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni gen. et sp. nov. of Cixiidae from the Eocene Baltic amber (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha) |journal=Alavesia |volume=1 |pages=109–116 |url=http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719015738/http://ag.udel.edu/delpha/4299.pdf |archivedate=2011-07-19 }} Due to the abundant nature of Cixiidae as inclusions in Eocene Baltic amber a number of taxa have been described, including Glisachaemus jonasdamzeni and Autrimpus sambiorum. Several taxa have also been described from Miocene Dominican amber including Oligocixia electrina and Oliarius kulickae.

• List of Cixiidae genera

File:Cixiid Bandipur.jpg

File:Cixiid WG.jpg

File:CixiidaeNilgiris.jpg|Nilgiris

File:Brixia albomaculata.jpg|Female Brixia albomaculata showing wax filaments (India)

File:Tachycixius pilosus (Cixiidae), Moergestel, the Netherlands.jpg|Tachycixius pilosus

File:Another cixiid hopper - Flickr - treegrow.jpg|Bothriocera cognita

{{Reflist|2}}

{{commons category|Cixiidae}}

• [https://archive.today/20120204234546/http://www.oekoteam.at/cixiidae.php Cixiidae species list] (parts are in German)
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20060615210418/http://lis.snv.jussieu.fr/flow/ FLOW - Fulgoromorpha Lists On the Web]

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Category:Auchenorrhyncha families

Category:Fulgoromorpha