Clara Schumann

Clara Josephine Wieck {{IPA|de|ˈklaːʀa ˈjoːzɛfiːn ˈviːk|}} was born in Leipzig on 13 September 1819 to Friedrich Wieck and his wife Mariane (née Tromlitz).{{sfn|Hall|2002|p=1124}} Her mother was a famous singer in Leipzig who performed weekly piano and soprano solos at the Gewandhaus.{{sfn|Haisler|2003}} Clara's parents had irreconcilable differences, in part due to her father's unyielding nature.{{sfn|Haisler|2003}} Prompted by an affair between her mother and Adolph Bargiel, her father's friend,{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|pp=5, 13}}{{sfn|Borchard|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdLlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27 27]}} the Wiecks were divorced in 1825, with Mariane later marrying Bargiel. Five-year-old Clara remained with her father while Mariane and Bargiel eventually moved to Berlin, limiting contact between Clara and her mother to written letters and occasional visits.{{sfn|Nauhaus Bargiel|2019}}

From an early age, Clara's father planned her career and life down to the smallest detail. She started receiving basic piano instruction from her mother at the age of four.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}} After her mother moved out, she began taking daily one-hour lessons from her father. They included subjects such as piano, violin, singing, theory, harmony, composition, and counterpoint. She then had to practice for two hours every day. Her father followed the methods in his own book, Wiecks pianistische Erziehung zum schönen Anschlag und zum singenden Ton ("Wieck's Piano Education for a Delicate Touch and a Singing Sound."){{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=1bo0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA3 v. 1 pp. 3–4]}} Her musical studies came largely at the expense of her broader general education, although she still studied religion and languages under her father's control of the family.{{sfn|Reich Grove|2001}}

File:Julius Giere - Clara Wieck im Alter von 15 Jahren (Lithographie 1835).jpg]]

Clara Wieck made her official debut on 28 October 1828 at the Gewandhaus in Leipzig, at age nine.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Borchard|1991|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=kdLlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 33]}} The same year, she performed at the Leipzig home of Ernst Carus, director of the mental hospital at Colditz Castle. There, she met another gifted young pianist who had been invited to the musical evening, Robert Schumann, who was nine years older. Schumann admired Clara's playing so much that he asked permission from his mother to stop studying law, which had never interested him much, and take music lessons with Clara's father. While taking lessons, he rented a room in the Wieck household and stayed about a year.{{sfn|Reich, Susanna|1999}}

From September 1831 to April 1832, Clara toured Paris and other European cities, accompanied by her father.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}} In Weimar, she performed a bravura piece by Henri Herz for Goethe, who presented her with a medal with his portrait and a written note saying: "For the gifted artist Clara Wieck". During that tour, the violinist Niccolò Paganini, who was also in Paris, offered to appear with her.{{sfn|Braunstein|1971}} Her Paris recital was poorly attended because many people had fled the city due to an outbreak of cholera.{{sfn|Braunstein|1971}} The tour marked her transition from a child prodigy to a young woman performer.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}

File:Andreas Staub - Clara Wieck (Lithographie 1839).jpg

From December 1837 to April 1838, at the age of 18, Wieck performed a series of recitals in Vienna.{{sfn|Reich Article|1986|p=249}} Franz Grillparzer, Austria's leading dramatic poet, wrote a poem entitled "Clara Wieck and Beethoven" after hearing her perform Beethoven's Appassionata sonata during one of these recitals.{{sfn|Reich Article|1986|p=249}} She performed to sell-out crowds and laudatory critical reviews; Benedict Randhartinger, a friend of Franz Schubert, gave her an autographed copy of Schubert's Erlkönig, inscribing it "To the celebrated artist, Clara Wieck."{{sfn|Reich Article|1986|p=249}} Chopin described her playing to Franz Liszt, who came to hear one of Wieck's concerts and subsequently praised her extravagantly in a letter that was published in the Parisian Revue et Gazette Musicale and later, in translation, in the Leipzig journal Neue Zeitschrift für Musik.{{sfn|Reich Article|1986|p=250}} On 15 March, she was named a Königliche und Kaiserliche Österreichische Kammer-virtuosin ("Royal and Imperial Austrian Chamber Virtuoso"),{{sfn|Nauhaus Images|2019}} Austria's highest musical honor.{{sfn|Reich Article|1986|p=250}}

An anonymous music critic, describing her Vienna recitals, said: "The appearance of this artist can be regarded as epoch-making... In her creative hands, the most ordinary passage, the most routine motive acquires a significant meaning, a colour, which only those with the most consummate artistry can give."{{sfn|Burton-Hill|2017}}

File:Gedächtniskirche Leipzig-Schönefeld.jpg, where the Schumanns married on 12 September 1840]]

Robert Schumann was a little more than nine years older than Wieck. In 1837, when she was 18, he proposed to her and she accepted. Robert then asked her father for her hand in marriage.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 p. xi}} Friedrich was strongly opposed to the marriage, and refused his permission. Robert and Clara decided to go to court and sue him. The judge allowed the marriage, which took place in Schönefeld church on 13 September 1840, the day before Clara's 21st birthday, when she attained majority status.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 pp. xii, xvi}}{{sfn|Worl|1997}} From then on, the couple maintained a joint musical and personal diary of their life together.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 pp. 301–03}}

In February 1854, Robert Schumann had a mental collapse, attempted suicide, and was admitted, at his request, to a sanatorium in the village of Endenich near Bonn, where he stayed for the last two years of his life. In March 1854, Brahms, Joachim, Albert Dietrich, and Julius Otto Grimm spent time with Clara Schumann, playing music for her and with her to divert her mind from the tragedy.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT61 v. 2 pp. 61–62, 69, 71]}} Brahms composed some private piano pieces for her to console her: four piano pieces and a set of variations on a theme by Robert Schumann that she had also written variations on a year earlier, as her Op. 20. The music by Brahms was not intended to be published, but for her alone. Brahms later thought to publish them anonymously, but eventually they were issued as his four Ballades, Op. 10, and Variations on a Theme by Robert Schumann, Op. 9. Brahms dedicated the variations to both Schumanns, hoping that Robert would be released soon and rejoined with his family.{{sfn|Horne|1997|pp=98–115}}

For the entire two years of Robert Schumann's stay at the institution, his wife was not permitted to visit him, while Brahms visited him regularly. When it was apparent that Robert was near death, she was finally admitted to see him. He appeared to recognize her, but could only speak a few words.{{sfn|Daverio Grove|2001|p=20}} Robert Schumann died two days later, on 29 July 1856.{{sfn|Abraham|1998}}

The Schumanns first met violinist Joseph Joachim in November 1844, when he was 14 years old.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 p. 366}} A year later, Clara Schumann wrote in her diary that in a concert on 11 November 1845, "little Joachim was very much liked. He played a new violin concerto by Felix Mendelssohn, which is said to be wonderful."{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT388 v. 2 p. 388]}} In May 1853, they heard Joachim play the solo part in Beethoven's Violin Concerto. She wrote that he played "with a finish, a depth of poetic feeling, his whole soul in every note, so ideally, that I have never heard violin-playing like it, and I can truly say that I have never received so indelible an impression from any virtuoso." A lasting friendship developed between Clara and Joseph, which for more than forty years never failed her in things great or small, never wavered in its loyalty.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT41 v. 2 p. 41]}}

Over her career, Schumann gave over 238 concerts with Joachim in Germany and Britain, more than with any other artist.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=206}} The two were particularly noted for their playing of Beethoven's violin sonatas.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=207}}

File:Clara Schumann 1853.jpg

In early 1853, the then-unknown 20-year-old Johannes Brahms met Joachim and made a very favorable impression. Brahms received from him a letter of introduction to Robert Schumann, and thus presented himself at the Schumanns' home in Düsseldorf. Brahms played some of his piano solo compositions for the Schumanns, and they were deeply impressed.{{sfn|Litzmann Letters|1927}} Robert published an article highly lauding Brahms, and Clara wrote in the diary that Brahms "seemed as if sent straight from God".{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT42 v. 2 p. 42]}}

During Robert Schumann's last years, confined to an asylum, Brahms was a strong presence for the Schumann family.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}} His letters indicate his strong feelings for Clara.{{sfn|Swafford Article|2003}} Their relationship has been interpreted as somewhere between friendship and love,{{sfn|Popova|2017}} and Brahms always maintained the utmost respect for her, as a woman and a talented musician.{{sfn|Swafford Article|2003}}

Brahms played his First Symphony for her before its premiere. She gave some advice about the Adagio, which he took to heart. She expressed her appreciation of the Symphony as a whole, but mentioned her dissatisfaction with the endings of the third and fourth movements.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 pp. 322–23}} She was the first to perform many of his works in public, including the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, a solo piano work written by Brahms in 1861.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201 v. 2 p. 201]}}

Clara Schumann first toured England in April 1856, while her husband was still living but unable to travel. She was invited to play in a London Philharmonic Society{{efn|The Philharmonic Society of London had been formed in 1813. In 1912, it became the Royal Philharmonic Society.}} concert by conductor William Sterndale Bennett, a good friend of Robert's.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT131 v. 2 p. 131]}} She was displeased with the little time spent on rehearsals: "They call it a rehearsal here if a piece is played through once." She wrote that musical "artists" in England "allow themselves to be treated as inferiors."{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 v. 2 p. 133]}} She was happy, though, to hear the cellist Alfredo Piatti play with "a tone, a bravura, a certainty, such as I never heard before". In May 1856, she played Robert Schumann's Piano Concerto in A minor with the New Philharmonic Society{{efn|The New Philharmonic Society began operating in 1852 with Dr. Wylde as co-founder: A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Ed. George Grove, vol. 2, 1900, MacMillan, London, in Wikisource; article New Philharmonic Society, The by George Grove. The New Philharmonic ceased giving concerts in June 1879.}} conducted by Dr Wylde, who as she said had "led a dreadful rehearsal" and "could not grasp the rhythm of the last movement".{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT133 v. 2 p. 133]}} Still, she returned to London the following year and continued to perform in Britain for the next 15 years.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=267}}

File:Adolph von Menzel - Joseph Joachim + Clara Schumann (Zeichnung 1854).jpg]]

In October–November 1857, Schumann and Joachim went on a recital tour to Dresden and Leipzig.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT3152 v. 2 p. 152]}} St. James's Hall in London, which opened in 1858, hosted a series of "Popular Concerts" of chamber music.{{efn|Some printed programs have been preserved in Arts & Humanities Research Council Concert Programmes, St. James's Hall Concerts (1867–1904)}} Joachim visited London annually beginning in 1866.{{sfn|Avins Article|2002|p=637}} Schumann also spent many years in London participating in the Popular Concerts with Joachim and the celebrated Italian cellist Carlo Alfredo Piatti. Second violinist Louis Ries (nephew of composer Ferdinand Ries) and violist J. B. Zerbini usually played on the same concert programs. George Bernard Shaw, the leading playwright and also a music critic, wrote that the Popular Concerts helped greatly to spread and enlighten musical taste in England.{{sfn|Shaw|1937|p=297}}

In January 1867, Schumann toured Edinburgh and Glasgow, Scotland, along with Joachim, Piatti, Ries, and Zerbini. Two sisters, Louisa and Susanna Pyne, singers and managers of an opera company in England, and a man named Saunders, made all the arrangements. She was accompanied by her oldest daughter Marie, who wrote from Manchester to her friend Rosalie Leser that in Edinburgh the pianist "was received with tempestuous applause and had to give an encore, so had Joachim. Piatti, too, is always tremendously liked."{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT249 v. 2 pp. 249–50]}} Marie also wrote: "For the longer journeys we had a saloon [car], comfortably furnished with arm-chairs and sofas... the journey ... was very comfortable." On this occasion, the musicians were not "treated as inferiors".{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=JbY0AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250 v. 2 p. 250]}}

Schumann still performed actively in the 1870s and 1880s. She performed extensively and regularly throughout Germany during these decades, and had engagements in Austria, Hungary, Belgium, Holland, and Switzerland. When in Basel, Switzerland, she often stayed with the Von der Mühll family.{{Cite web|title=Basel 1857 – 1887 – Schumann-Portal|url=https://www.schumann-portal.de/basel-1857-1887.html|access-date=28 August 2020|website=schumann-portal.de}} She continued her annual winter-spring concert tours of England, giving 16 of them between 1865 and 1888, often with violinist Joachim.{{sfn|Schumann Portal|2019}}

She took a break from concert performances, beginning in January 1874, cancelling her usual England tour due to an arm injury. In July, she consulted a doctor, who having massaged the arm, advised her to practice for only one hour a day.{{sfn|Altenmüller|Kopiez|2010|pp=101–18}} She rested for the remainder of the year before returning to the concert stage in March 1875.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 pp. 322–23}} She had not fully recovered, and experienced more neuralgia in her arm again in May, reporting that she "could not write on account of my arm".{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 pp. 322–23}} By October 1875, she had recovered enough to begin another tour in Germany.

In addition to solo piano recitals, chamber music, and accompanying singers, she continued to perform frequently with orchestras. In 1877, she performed Beethoven's Fifth Piano Concerto in Berlin, with Woldemar Bargiel conducting, her half-brother by her mother's second marriage, and had tremendous success.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT42 v. 2 p. 42]}}{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 pp. 322–23}} In 1883, she performed Beethoven's Choral Fantasy with the newly-formed Berlin Philharmonic, and was enthusiastically celebrated, although she was playing with an injured hand in great pain, having fallen on a staircase the previous day.{{sfn|Berliner Philharmoniker|2019}} Later that year she played Beethoven's Fourth Piano Concerto (with her own cadenzas) with Joachim conducting the same orchestra, again to great acclaim.

In 1885, Schumann once again joined Joachim conducting Mozart's Piano Concerto in D minor, again playing her own cadenzas. The following day, she played her husband's Piano Concerto with Bargiel conducting. "I think I played fresher than ever", she wrote to Brahms, "What I liked very much about the concert was that I was able to give Woldemar the direction of it, who had longed for such an opportunity for years."{{sfn|Berliner Philharmoniker|2019}}

She played her last public concert in Frankfurt on 12 March 1891. The last work she played was Brahms's Variations on a Theme by Haydn, in a version for two pianos, with James Kwast.{{sfn|Clive|2006|p=403}}

File:Frankfurt Saalhof um 1900.jpg]]

In 1878, Schumann was appointed the first piano teacher of the new Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium in Frankfurt.{{sfn|Riebsamen|2019}}{{sfn|Negwer|2002}} She had chosen Frankfurt among offers from Stuttgart, Hannover, and Berlin, because the director, Joachim Raff, had accepted her conditions: she could not teach more than 1-1/2 hours per day, was free to teach at her home, and had four months of vacation and time off for short tours in winter. She demanded two assistants, with her daughters Marie and Eugenie in mind.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Riebsamen|2019}}{{sfn|Allihn|2019}}

She was the only woman on the faculty.{{sfn|Riebsamen|2019}} Her fame attracted students from abroad, including Britain and the United States.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}} She trained only advanced pupils, mostly young women, while her two daughters gave lessons to beginners. Among her 68 known students who made a musical career were Leonard Borwick, Fanny Davies, John Arthur St. Oswald Dykes, Ilona Eibenschütz, Nanette Falk (1835-1928), Carl Friedberg, Amina Goodwin, Natalia Janotha, Adelina de Lara, Marie Olson (1867-1916), Jane Roeckel, Franklin Taylor and Mary Wurm.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Riebsamen|2019}}{{sfn|Allihn|2019}}{{Cite book |last=Cohen |first=Aaron I. |title=International encyclopedia of women composers |date=1987 |publisher=Books & Music USA |isbn=978-0-9617485-2-4 |edition=2nd ed., rev and enl |location=New York |page=593}} The Konservatorium held events to celebrate her 50th year on stage in 1878 and her 60th career anniversary ten years later.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Allihn|2019}} She held the teaching post until 1892 and contributed greatly to the improvement of modern piano playing technique.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Riebsamen|2019}}

Clara Schumann suffered a stroke on 26 March 1896, and died on 20 May at age 76.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=23}} She was buried in Bonn at Alter Friedhof next to her husband, according to her own wish.{{sfn|Allihn|2019}}

File:Robert und Clara Schumanns Kinder.jpg

Robert Schumann gave his wife a diary on their wedding day. His first entry indicates that it should act as an autobiography of the family's personal lives, especially of the couple, and of their desires and accomplishments in the arts. It also functioned as a record of their artistic endeavors and growth. She fully accepted the arrangement of a shared diary, as evidenced by her many entries. It demonstrates her loyal love for her husband, with a desire to combine two lives into one artistically, although this life-long goal involved risks.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=Yit8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT201 v. 2 p. 201]}}

The couple remained joint partners in both family life and their careers. She premiered many of his works, from solo piano works to her own piano versions of his orchestral works.{{sfn|Reich Grove|2001}}

She often took charge of finances and general household affairs. Part of her responsibility included earning money by giving concerts, though she continued to play throughout her life, not just for the income but because she was an artist by training and nature. The burden of family duties increased over time and narrowed her ability as an artist. As a flourishing composer's wife, she was limited in her own explorations.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 p. 306}}

She was the main breadwinner for her family and the sole one after her husband was hospitalized and then died. She gave concerts and taught, and she did most of the work of organizing her own concert tours.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}} She hired a housekeeper and a cook to keep house while she was away on her long tours.{{sfn|Galloway|2002}}

Clara Schumann had eight children in 13 years:{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|pp=162–77}}

• Marie (1841–1929)
• Elise (1843–1928)
• Julie (1845–1872)
• Emil (1846–1847)
• Ludwig (1848–1899)
• Ferdinand (1849–1891)
• Eugenie (1851–1938)
• Felix (1854–1879)

Her life was punctuated by tragedy. Her husband was permanently institutionalized after a mental collapse. Her eldest living son Ludwig suffered from mental illness like his father and, in her words, eventually had to be "buried alive" in an institution. She became deaf in later life, and she often needed a wheelchair.{{sfn|Braunstein|1971}} Not only did her husband predecease her, but so did four of their children.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}} Their first son, Emil, died in 1847, aged only 1.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=170}} Their daughter Julie died in 1872, leaving two small children aged only 2 and 7, then raised by their grandmother.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=169}} In 1879, their son Felix died aged 24.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=158}} In 1891, their son Ferdinand died at the age of 41, leaving his children to her care.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=152}}

Their oldest child Marie was of great support and help to her mother, taking the position of household cook. Marie also dissuaded her mother from continuing to burn letters that she had received from Brahms which he had asked her to destroy. Another daughter, Eugenie, who had been too young when her father died to remember him, wrote a book, Erinnerungen (Memoirs), published in 1925, covering her parents and Brahms.{{sfn|Nauhaus Eugenie|2019}}{{sfn|Schumann, Eugenie|1925}}

Schumann famously rescued her children from violence during the May Uprising in Dresden in 1849. On the evening of 3 May, Robert and Clara heard that the revolution against King Frederick Augustus II of Saxony for not accepting the "constitution for a German Confederation" had arrived in Dresden. Most family members left and hid in a "neighbourhood security brigade", but on 7 May, she bravely walked back to Dresden to rescue her three children who had been left with a maid,{{sfn|Daverio Article|1997}} defying a pack of armed men who confronted her, then walked back out of the city through the dangerous areas again.

During her lifetime, Schumann was an internationally renowned concert pianist.{{sfn|Weingarten|1972|p=96}} Over 1,300 concert programs from her performances throughout Europe between 1831 through 1889 have been preserved.{{sfn|Kopiez|2008|pp=50–73}} She championed the works of her husband and other contemporaries such as Brahms, Chopin and Mendelssohn.{{sfn|Kopiez|2008|pp=50–73}}

File:Famous Composers and their Works v2 117.jpg

The Schumanns were admirers of Chopin, especially of his Variations on "Là ci darem la mano", and she played the piece herself. When she was 14 and her future husband 23, he wrote to her:

{{blockquote|text=Tomorrow precisely at eleven o'clock I will play the adagio from Chopin's Variations and at the same time I shall think of you very intently, exclusively of you. Now my request is that you should do the same, so that we may see and meet each other in spirit.|author=Robert Schumann{{sfn|Jensen|2012|p=79}}}}

In her early years, her repertoire, selected by her father, was showy and in the style common to the time, with works by Friedrich Kalkbrenner, Adolf von Henselt, Sigismond Thalberg, Henri Herz, Johann Peter Pixis, Carl Czerny and her own compositions. She turned to including compositions by Baroque composers such as Domenico Scarlatti and Johann Sebastian Bach, but performed especially contemporary music by Chopin, Mendelssohn and her husband, whose music did not attain popularity until the 1850s.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}

In 1835, she performed her Piano Concerto in A minor with the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra, conducted by Mendelssohn. On 4 December 1845, she premiered Robert Schumann's Piano Concerto in Dresden.{{sfn|Schwarm|2013}} Following the advice of Brahms she performed Mozart's Piano Concerto in C minor at the Hanoverian court{{sfn|Nauhaus Images|2019}} and in Leipzig.{{sfn|Avins Book|1997|p=231}}

Along with Arabella Goddard she was one of the first woman pianists to perform Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata in public, doing so on two occasions before 1856.{{cite web |url=https://crumey.co.uk/beethoven_8_hammerklavier_sonata.html |title=Beethoven's Hammerklavier Sonata |website=crumey.co.uk |last=Crumey |first=Andrew |access-date=25 July 2023 |author-link=Andrew Crumey}} Her busiest years as a performer were between 1856 and 1873, after her husband's death.{{sfn|Kopiez|2008|pp=50–73}} During this period, she experienced success as a performer in Britain, where her 1865 performance of Beethoven's Piano Concerto in G major was met with enormous applause. As a chamber musician, she often gave concerts with violinist Joachim. In her later career, she frequently accompanied lieder singers in recitals.{{sfn|Kopiez|2008|pp=50–73}}

{{See also|List of compositions by Clara Schumann}}

As part of the broad musical education given to her by her father, Clara Wieck learned to compose, and from childhood to middle age she produced a good body of work. Clara wrote that "composing gives me great pleasure... there is nothing that surpasses the joy of creation, if only because through it one wins hours of self-forgetfulness, when one lives in a world of sound". Her Op. 1 was Quatre Polonaises pour le pianoforte composed in 1831, and Op. 5 4 Pièces caractéristiques in 1836, all piano pieces for her recitals. She wrote her Piano Concerto in A minor at age 14, with some help from her future husband.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}} She planned a second piano concerto, but only a Konzertsatz in F minor from 1847 survived.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}}

File:Schumann op37 op12.jpg

After her marriage, she turned to lieder and choral works. The couple wrote and published one joint composition in 1841, setting a cycle of poems by Friedrich Rückert called Liebesfrühling (Spring of Love) in Zwölf Lieder auf F. Rückerts Liebesfrühling, her Op. 12 and his Op. 37.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}} Her chamber works include the Piano Trio in G minor, Op. 17 (1846) and Three Romances for Violin and Piano, Op. 22 (1853), inspired by her husband's birthday. They were dedicated to Joachim, who performed them for George V of Hanover, who declared them a "marvellous, heavenly pleasure".{{sfn|Dunsmore|2013}}{{sfn|Clara Schumann Score|2001}}

As she grew older, she became more preoccupied with other responsibilities in life and found it hard to compose regularly, writing, "I once believed that I possessed creative talent, but I have given up this idea; a woman must not desire to compose – there has never yet been one able to do it. Should I expect to be the one?"{{sfn|Savage|2017}} Her husband also expressed concern about the effect on her composing output:

{{blockquote|text=Clara has composed a series of small pieces, which show a musical and tender ingenuity such as she has never attained before. But to have children, and a husband who is always living in the realm of imagination, does not go together with composing. She cannot work at it regularly, and I am often disturbed to think how many profound ideas are lost because she cannot work them out.|author=Robert Schumann{{sfn|Murray|2018|p=129}}}}

She produced one to eight compositions every year beginning at age 11, until her output stopped in 1848, producing only a choral work that year for her husband's birthday and leaving her second piano concerto unfinished.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}} These two works, while reserved for her opus 18 and 19, were never published.{{sfn|Koch|1991|p=24}} Five years later, however, when she was 34 in 1853, the year she met Brahms, she engaged in a flurry of composing, resulting in 16 pieces that year: a set of piano variations on an "Album Leaf" of her husband (his Op. 99 No. 4), eight "Romances" for piano solo and for violin and piano, and seven songs. These works were published a year later, after Robert's confinement, as her Op. 20 through 23.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|pp=289–337 (Catalogue of Works)}}

For the next 43 years of her life, she only composed piano transcriptions of works by her husband and Brahms, including 41 transcriptions of Robert Schumann's lieder (commissioned by a publisher in 1872), and a short piano duet commissioned for a friend's wedding anniversary in 1879. In the last year of her life, she left several sketches for piano preludes, designed for piano students, as well as some published cadenzas for her performances of Beethoven and Mozart piano concertos.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|pp=327–328}}

Most of Clara Schumann's music was never played by anyone else and largely forgotten until a resurgence of interest in the 1970s. Today her compositions are increasingly performed and recorded.{{sfn|Savage|2017}}

Schumann was the authoritative editor, aided by Brahms and others, of her husband's works for the publishing firm of Breitkopf & Härtel.{{sfn|Allihn|2019}}{{sfn|Robert Schumann Score|1879}} She also edited 20 sonatas by Domenico Scarlatti, letters (Jugendbriefe) by her husband in 1885, and his piano works with fingering and other instructions (Fingersatz und Vortragsbezeichnungen) in 1886.{{sfn|Klassen|2011}}

In the early 1840s the Schumanns were interested in the works of Franz Liszt and his young composer friends of what eventually became known as the New German School,{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=340}} but in the second half of the decade they both became openly hostile toward Liszt{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=342}} because of their more musically conservative outlook and beliefs,{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=343}} Clara more so than Robert, as she had long been the more conservative aesthete in the Schumann marriage.{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=344}} By the mid-1850s, after Robert's decline, the young Brahms had joined the cause,{{sfn|Swafford Book|1997|p=68}} and to promote her ideals and protect what she saw as an attack on her husband's beliefs, she, Brahms, and Joseph Joachim{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=346}}{{sfn|Swafford Book|1997|p=206}} formed a group of conservative musicians{{sfn|Swafford Book|1997|p=195}} who defended Robert Schumann's critical ideals of the legacy and respectability of music, the pinnacle of which had been Beethoven.{{sfn|Bonds|2001|pp=835,837}}

The opposing side of this "War of the Romantics", a group of radical progressives in music (most of them from Weimar) led by Liszt and Richard Wagner, desired to escape composing under the shadow of Beethoven, but to transcend the old forms and ideas of what music had been and instead create what music should be for the future. The Weimar school promoted the idea of program music,{{sfn|Bonds|2001|p=838}} while both the Schumanns and Brahms of the Leipzig/Berlin school were strict in their stance that music must and can only be absolute music,{{sfn|Walker|1993|pp=361,365–366}} a term derisively coined by Wagner.{{sfn|Dahlhaus|1991}}

One of Clara Schumann's difficulties with Liszt stemmed from a philosophical difference in performance practice. He believed that the artist, through physical and emotional performance, interpreted music for the audience. When he performed, Liszt flailed his arms, tossed his head, and pursed his lips,{{sfn|Pedroza|2010|p=309}} inspiring a Lisztomania across Europe which has been compared to the Beatlemania of female fans of The Beatles over a century later.{{sfn|Walker|1993|pp=340–341}} Clara, in contrast, came to believe that the personality of the musician should be suppressed so that the composer's vision would be clearly evident to listeners.{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=341}}{{sfn|Pedroza|2010|p=311}}

Partisans led active campaigns with public demonstrations at concerts, writings published in the press denigrating reputations, and other public slights designed to embarrass their adversaries. Brahms published a manifesto for the "Serious Music" side on 4 May 1861,{{sfn|Walker|1993|p=350}} signed by Clara Schumann, Joachim, Albert Dietrich, Woldemar Bargiel, and twenty others, which decried the purveyors of the "Music of the Future" as "contrary to the innermost spirit of music, strongly to be deplored and condemned".{{sfn|Walker|1993|pp=348–49}} The New Weimar Club, a formal society with Liszt at its center, held an anniversary celebration of the Neue Zeitschrift für Musik, the magazine Robert Schumann had founded, in his birthplace Zwickau, and conspicuously neglected to invite members of the opposing party, including his widow, Clara. Clara Schumann ceased to perform any of Liszt's works, and she suppressed her husband's dedication to Liszt of his Fantasie in C major when she published his complete works. When she heard that Liszt and Richard Wagner would be participating in a Beethoven centenary festival in Vienna in 1870, she refused to attend.{{sfn|Braunstein|1971}}

In describing the works of the opposing school, Clara Schumann was particularly scathing of Wagner, writing of his Tannhäuser, that he "wears himself out in atrocities", describing Lohengrin as "horrible", and referring to Tristan und Isolde as "the most repugnant thing I have ever seen or heard in all my life".{{sfn|Braunstein|1971}} She also complained that Wagner had spoken of her husband, Mendelssohn, and Brahms in a "scornful" way.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|pp=202–03}} Wagner had poked fun at the musical conservatives in an essay, portraying them as "a musical temperance society" awaiting a Messiah. She held Anton Bruckner's Seventh Symphony in very low esteem and wrote to Brahms, describing it as "a horrible piece". Bruckner's symphonies were seen as representative of the New Music due to their advanced harmony, massive orchestration and extended time-scale.{{sfn|Bonds|2001|p=839}} Schumann was more impressed, however, with the early First Symphony in F minor by Richard Strauss;{{sfn|Braunstein|1971}} this was before Strauss began composing the highly programmatic music for which he later became famous.

Brahms secretly held Wagner's music in high esteem,{{sfn|Swafford Book|1997|pp=195,267–68}} and eventually publicly praised Liszt's works as well. Several of the proponents and signers of the manifesto, including Joachim, relented and joined the "other side". The controversy eventually died down, but Clara Schumann remained steadfast in her disapproval of the New German School's music.

File:Elliott & Fry - Clara Schumann (ca.1890, crop).jpg "one of the most soulful and famous pianists of the day"]]

Although Schumann was not widely recognized as a composer for many years after her death, she had a lasting effect as a pianist. Trained by her father to play by ear and memorize, she gave public performances from memory as early as age thirteen, a fact noted as exceptional by her reviewers.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|pp=271–72}} She was one of the first pianists to perform from memory, making it the standard for concerts. She was also instrumental in changing the kind of program expected of concert pianists. In her early career, before her marriage, she played the customary bravura pieces designed to showcase the artist's technique, often in the form of arrangements or variations on popular themes from operas, written by virtuosos such as Thalberg, Herz, or Henselt. As it was customary to play one's own compositions, she included at least one of her own works in every program, such as Variations on a Theme by Bellini (Op. 8) and the popular Scherzo (Op. 10). However, as she became a more independent artist, her repertoire contained mainly music by leading composers.{{sfn|Litzmann Bio|1913|loc=v. 1 p. 316}}{{sfn|Litzmann Bio (German)|1908}}

Schumann influenced pianists through her teaching, which emphasized expression and a singing tone, with technique subordinated to the intentions of the composer. One of her students, Mathilde Verne, carried her teaching to England where she taught, among others, Solomon. Another of her students, Carl Friedberg, carried the tradition to the Juilliard School in America, where his students included Nina Simone, Malcolm Frager, and Bruce Hungerford.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001|p=254}}

She was also instrumental in getting the works of Robert Schumann recognized, appreciated and added to the repertoire. She promoted his works tirelessly throughout her life.{{sfn|Reich Book|2001}}

{{See also|List of composers depicted on film}}

Clara Schumann has been portrayed on screen many times. Träumerei (Dreaming), the oldest known Schumann film, premiered on 3 May 1944 in Zwickau.{{sfn|Träumerei|1944}} Possibly the best-known film is Song of Love (1947) starring Katharine Hepburn as Clara, Paul Henreid as Robert, and Robert Walker as Brahms.{{sfn|Song of Love|1947}}

In 1954, Loretta Young portrayed her on The Loretta Young Show in Season 1, Episode 26: The Clara Schumann Story (first aired on 21 March 1954), in which she supports the composing career of her husband, played by George Nader, alongside Shelley Fabares and Carleton G. Young.{{sfn|Loretta Young Show|1954}}

Two more recent German films are Frühlingssinfonie (Spring Symphony) (1983), starring Nastassja Kinski as Clara,{{sfn|Frühlingssinfonie|1983}} and the 2008 Helma Sanders-Brahms' film Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara), where she is portrayed by Martina Gedeck.{{sfn|Geliebte Clara|2008}}

Clara Schumann's life has been explored in the chamber opera Clara by composer Victoria Bond and librettist Barbara Zinn-Krieger{{Cite web |last=Brodie |first=Susan |date=2019-04-20 |title=In Bond's 'Clara', An Artist Is Seen Becoming Herself {{!}} Classical Voice North America |url=https://classicalvoiceamerica.org/2019/04/20/in-bonds-clara-an-artist-is-seen-becoming-herself/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |language=en-US}} and the two-act opera Ghost Variations by composer Tony Manfredonia and librettist Aiden K. Feltkamp.{{Cite web |last=Edgar |first=Hannah |date=2021-06-03 |title=One of music history's most famous love triangles takes center stage in Thompson Street Opera's 'Ghost Variations' |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/2021/06/03/one-of-music-historys-most-famous-love-triangles-takes-center-stage-in-thompson-street-operas-ghost-variations/ |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=Chicago Tribune |language=en-US}} Twin Spirits, a live theatrical performance involving a chamber ensemble of actors, singers, and musicians, also delves into Clara Schumann's life story.{{Cite web |title=Product Details - Schumann: Twin Spirits (The Royal Opera) |url=https://www.opusarte.com/details/OABD7043D |access-date=2024-04-15 |website=www.opusarte.com}}

File:100 Mark (Obverse).jpg note (obverse)]]

An image of Clara Schumann from an 1835 lithograph by Andreas Staub was featured on the 100 Deutsche Mark banknote from 2 January 1989 until the adoption of the euro on 1 January 2002.{{sfn|Buja|2015}}{{sfn|Paper Money Guaranty|2018}} The back of the banknote shows a grand piano she played and the exterior of Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium. The great hall of the conservatory's new building is named after her.{{sfn|Negwer|2002}}

Compared to her contemporaries, Schumann's music is not often found in media or soundtracks, except in documentaries and educational films. In Geliebte Clara (Beloved Clara), selections from Three Romances, Op. 11, are her only compositions displayed in the film, played by pianist Jenõ Jandó.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0177636/fullcredits/?ref_=tt_cst_sm |title=Beloved Clara (2008) - Full cast & crew - IMDb |language=en-US |access-date=2025-04-29 |via=www.imdb.com}} The "Clara" motiv of five descending notes, initially written by her husband in her Romance Varie was re-interpreted many times by both her husband and Johannes Brahms.{{Cite web |title=Peter at the Piano: Robert Schumann's "Clara" Theme {{!}} Tippet Rise Art Center |url=https://tippetrise.org/podcasts/peter-at-the-piano-robert-schumanns-clara-theme#about_the_artist |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=tippetrise.org |language=en}} The motif is strongly associated with the love between Clara and Robert; it can be heard throughout the film Song of Love (1947). In the British science fiction television series Doctor Who, character Clara Oswald has a leitmotif which is somewhat similar to the "Clara" motif.{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IqAblY4tWJo |title=Doctor Who Series 7 OST - 33: Clara? (Clara's theme) |date=2013-09-08 |last=TheUnknownTechnician |access-date=2025-04-29 |via=YouTube}}

Schumann's music is found in educational material, emphasizing her stature and remarkable presence as a female composer in a male dominated field. Her music is recorded and compiled by artists in the 21st century, such as Lara Downes's 2019 Album For Love Of You, a compilation of music by Robert and Clara Schumann, released in celebration of the bicentenary of her birth.{{Cite web |title=Signed album - For Love Of You |url=https://www.laradownes.com/store/for-love-of-you |access-date=2025-04-29 |website=LARA DOWNES |language=en-US}}

• Schmorsdorf lime tree

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|20em}}

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite book

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• {{cite news

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|title=Erinnerungen an Clara Schumann : Alleinstehend, berufstätig, kinderreich

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|date=5 March 2019

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|access-date=13 September 2019

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• {{cite periodical

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|last2=Kopiez

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|title=Suffering for Her Art: The Chronic Pain Syndrome of Pianist Clara Wieck-Schumann

|journal=Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists – Part 3

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• {{cite journal

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• {{cite news

|last=Galloway

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|title=Silent partner

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|date=20 June 2002

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• {{cite periodical

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• {{cite journal

|last=Kopiez

|first=Reinhard

|title=Clara Schumann's collection of playbills: A historiometric analysis of life-span development, mobility, and repertoire canonization

|url=http://musicweb.hmt-hannover.de/kopiez/Kopiez-Lehmann-Klassen(2009)CS-Programs.pdf

|journal=Poetics

|date=28 November 2008

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|access-date=27 September 2018

|archive-date=15 August 2021

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|url-status=dead

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• {{cite news

|last=Negwer

|first=Ingo

|url=http://www.omm.de/feuilleton/hochs-konservatorium.html

|title=Dr. Hoch's Konservatorium seit Januar Musikakademie / Bericht vom Festakt zur Verleihung des Status einer Akademie

|newspaper=Online Musik Magazin

|date=February 2002

|language=de

|access-date=12 September 2019

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• {{cite journal

|last1=Pedroza

|first1=Ludim R.

|title=Music as Communitas: Franz Liszt, Clara Schumann, and the Musical Work

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|date=October–December 2010

|volume=29

|issue=4

|pages=295–321

|doi=10.1080/01411890903475981

|publisher=Taylor & Francis

|s2cid=145104181

|issn=0141-1896

}} {{subscription required|via=EBSCO Host}}

• {{cite news

|last=Popova

|first=Maria

|author-link=Maria Popova

|url=https://www.brainpickings.org/2017/02/21/clara-schumann-johannes-brahms-letters/

|title=When a Friendship Is More Than Friendship: The Tender Letters of Clara Schumann and Johannes Brahms

|newspaper=Brain Pickings

|date=21 February 2017

|access-date=15 September 2018

}}

• {{cite journal

|last=Reich

|first=Nancy B.

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|title=Clara Schumann

|journal=Women Making Music: The Western Art Tradition, 1150–1950

|location=Urbana and Chicago

|publisher=University of Illinois Press

|year=1986

|isbn=0252012046

|ref={{sfnref|Reich Article|1986}}

}}

• {{cite news

|last=Riebsamen

|first=Hans

|url=https://www.faz.net/aktuell/rhein-main/ausstellung-ueber-pianistin-clara-schumann-in-frankfurt-16177914.html?printPagedArticle=true#pageIndex_2

|title=Pianistin Clara Schumann : Klavierstunde bei der eisernen Meisterin

|newspaper=Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung

|date=9 May 2019

|language=de

|access-date=12 September 2019

}}

• {{cite news

|last=Swafford

|first=Jan

|author-link=Jan Swafford

|url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2003/apr/26/classicalmusicandopera.artsfeatures2

|title=Bittersweet symphonies / Brahms's affair with Clara Schumann was a sizzling mess that left his life in chaos and filled his music with yearning

|newspaper=The Guardian

|date=26 April 2003

|access-date=8 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Swafford Article|2003}}

}}

• {{cite news

|last=Worl

|first=Gayle

|title=Women of Historic Note

|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1997/03/09/women-of-historic-note/259adb97-9eaf-41ef-94e7-d92b7ca54f04/

|newspaper=The Washington Post

|date=9 March 1997

}}

{{refend}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite web

|author=Berliner Philharmoniker

|url=https://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/geschichte/anfang/clara-schumann/

|title=Clara Schumann und die Berliner Philharmoniker, Zum 200. Geburtstag der Pianistin und Komponistin

|website=berliner-philharmoniker.de

|publisher=Berliner Philharmoniker

|language=de

|access-date=9 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Berliner Philharmoniker|2019}}

|author-link=Berliner Philharmoniker

|archive-date=1 February 2023

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230201133446/https://www.berliner-philharmoniker.de/geschichte/anfang/clara-schumann/

|url-status=dead

}}

• {{cite AV media notes

|last=Braunstein

|first=Joseph

|title=Clara Schumann; Michael Ponti, piano

|year=1971

|type=LP, liner notes

|publisher=Candide

|id=CE 31038

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Buja

|first=Maureen

|url=http://www.interlude.hk/front/linds-clarchens-women-musicians-national-currency/

|title=Linds and Clärchens: Women Musicians and National Currency

|website=interlude.hk

|publisher=Interlude

|date=10 September 2015

|access-date=16 October 2019

}}

• {{cite episode

|title=The Clara Schumann Story

|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0630981/

|series=The Loretta Young Show

|type=TV series

|season=1

|number=26

|date=21 March 1954

|transcript=Loretta Young (actor)

|access-date=16 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Loretta Young Show|1954}}

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Dunsmore

|first=David R.

|url=http://www.musicweb-international.com/classrev/2013/Dec13/Schumann_Brahms_violin_CHAN10762.htm

|title=Review: Clara Schumann – Three Romances for violin and piano, Op. 22

|website=musicweb-international.com

|date=December 2013

}}

• {{cite AV media

|author=

|title=Frühlingssinfonie

|trans-title=Spring Symphony

|format=1983

|type=Motion picture

|lang=de

|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0085568/

|access-date=16 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Frühlingssinfonie|1983}}

}}

• {{cite AV media

|author=

| people=Directed by Helma Sanders-Brahms

|title=Geliebte Clara

|trans-title=Beloved Clara

|format=2008

|type=Motion picture

|lang=de

|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0177636/

|access-date=16 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Geliebte Clara|2008}}

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Klassen

|first=Janina

|author-link=Janina Klassen

|url=https://www.sophie-drinker-institut.de/schumann-clara

|title=Schumann, Clara (Josephine)

|website=sophie-drinker-institut.de

|location=Bremen

|publisher=Sophie Drinker Institute

|year=2011

|language=de

|access-date=12 September 2019

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Nauhaus

|first=Julia M.

|translator-last=Ma

|translator-first=Katharina

|url=https://www.schumann-portal.de/clara-schumann.html

|title=Clara Schumann, née Wieck (1819–1896), wife

|website=schumann-portal.de

|publisher=Schumann Portal

|access-date=12 September 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Nauhaus Images|2019}}

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Nauhaus

|first=Julia M.

|translator-last=Ma

|translator-first=Katharina

|url=https://www.schumann-portal.de/eugenie-schumann-1168.html

|title=Eugenie Schumann (1851–1938), daughter

|website=schumann-portal.de

|publisher=Schumann Portal

|access-date=12 September 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Nauhaus Eugenie|2019}}

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Nauhaus

|first=Julia M.

|translator-last=Ma

|translator-first=Katharina

|url=https://www.schumann-portal.de/mariane-bargiel-mother.html

|title=Mariane Wieck-Bargiel, née Tromlitz (1797–1872), mother of Clara Schumann

|website=schumann-portal.de

|publisher=Schumann Portal

|access-date=7 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Nauhaus Bargiel|2019}}

}}

• {{cite web

|author=Paper Money Guaranty

|url=https://www.pmgnotes.com/news/article/6566/Clara-Schumann-German-Mark/

|title=Clara Schumann German Mark

|website=pmgnotes.com

|publisher=Paper Money Guaranty

|date=15 May 2018

|access-date=16 October 2019

|author-link=Numismatic Guaranty Corporation

}}

• {{cite web

|last=Savage

|first=Mark

|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-38079139

|title=Five forgotten female composers will be celebrated on BBC Radio 3

|publisher=BBC

|date=8 March 2017

|access-date=9 October 2019

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Schumann

|first=Clara

|title=Piano Music

|others=Selected and with an Introduction by Nancy B. Reich

|publication-place=Mineola, NY

|publisher=Dover Publications

|year=2001

|isbn=978-0486413815

|id=Originally published 1836, 1840, 1845, 1854, 1855

|ref={{sfnref|Clara Schumann Score|2001}}

}}

• {{cite book

|last=Schumann

|first=Robert

|title=Robert Schumanns Werke

|url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Robert_Schumann:_Robert_Schumanns_Werke

|editor-last=Schumann

|editor-first=Clara

|publisher=Breitkopf & Härtel

|date=1879–1893

|ref={{sfnref|Robert Schumann Score|1879}}

}}

• {{cite web

|author=Schumann Portal

|url=https://www.schumann-portal.de/konzertliste.html

|title=Clara Schumann's concert tours

|website=schumann-portal.de

|publisher=Schumann Portal

|access-date=9 October 2019

|ref={{sfnref|Schumann Portal|2019}}

}}

• {{cite encyclopedia

|last=Schwarm

|first=Betsy

|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Piano-Concerto-in-A-Minor-Op-54

|title=Piano Concerto in A Minor, Op. 54 / work by Schumann

|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica

|date=28 June 2013

|access-date=12 September 2019

}}

• {{cite AV media

|author=

| people=Directed by Clarence Brown, Katharine Hepburn as Clara Schumann

|title=Song of Love

|format=1947

|type=Motion picture

|url=https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/25359

|ref={{sfnref|Song of Love|1947}}

}}

• {{cite AV media

|author=

|title=Träumerei

|trans-title=Dreaming

|format=1944

|type=Motion picture

|lang=de

|url=https://www.bonner-schumannfest.de/veranstaltung/film-traeumerei/?lang=en

|people=Directed by Harald Braun

|ref={{sfnref|Träumerei|1944}}

|access-date=12 June 2019

|archive-date=24 April 2023

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230424084104/https://www.bonner-schumannfest.de/veranstaltung/film-traeumerei/?lang=en

|url-status=dead

}}

{{refend}}

• Beer, Anna: Sounds and Sweet Airs: The Forgotten Women of Classical Music. Chapter 6: "Schumann", pp. 205–41. Oneworld Publications (2016). {{ISBN|978-1-78074-856-6}}.
• Boyd, Melinda: "Gendered Voices – The Liebesfrühling Lieder of Robert and Clara Schumann". In 19th-Century Music, Vol. 39 (Autumn 1975), pp. 145–62.
• Burk, John N.: Clara Schumann; A Romantic Biography. Random House NYC 1940.
• Burstein, L. Poundie: "Their Paths, Her Ways – Comparison of Text Settings by Clara Schumann and Other Composers". In Women and Music: A Journal of Gender and Culture, Vol. 6 (2002), pp. 11ff.
• Gates, Eugene. "Clara Schumann: A Composer's Wife as Composer." Kapralova Society Journal 7, no. 2 (Fall 2009): 1–7.
• Gould, John: "What Did They Play? The Changing Repertoire of the Piano Recital from the Beginnings to 1980". In The Musical Times Vol. 146 (Winter 2005), pp. 61–76.
• Kühn, Dieter: Clara Schumann, Klavier. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag (March 2009). {{ISBN|9783596142033}}. {{in lang|de}}.
• Mäkelä, Tomi: "Den Lebenden schulden wir Rücksichtnahme, den Toten nur die Wahrheit. Eine Einführung in Friedrich Wiecks Welt der philisterhaften Mittelmäßigkeit und besseren Salonmusik". In Friedrich Wieck: Gesammelte Schriften über Musik und Musiker [...], pp. 15–49. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang (2019). {{ISBN|978-3-631-76745-0}}. {{in lang|de}}.
• Rattalino, Piero: Schumann. Robert & Clara. Varese: Zecchini Editore (2002). {{ISBN|88-87203-14-8}}. {{in lang|it}}.
• {{cite book|last=Saremba|first=Meinhard|title=Clara Schumann, Johannes Brahms und das moderne Musikleben|year=2021|edition=1st|publisher=Osburg-Verlag |location=Hamburg|isbn=978-3-95510-259-3}}
• Sémerjian, Ludwig. "Clara Schumann: New Cadenzas for Mozart's Piano Concerto in D Minor. Romantic Visions of a Classical Masterpiece." Kapralova Society Journal 17, no. 2 (Fall 2019): 1–9.
• Vloed, Kees van der: Clara Schumann-Wieck. De pijn van het gemis. Soesterberg, Netherlands: Aspekt (2012). {{ISBN|9789461531773}}. {{in lang|nl}}.

{{Commons category}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• {{IMSLP|id=Schumann, Clara|cname=Clara Schumann}}
• [http://mural.maynoothuniversity.ie/5203/1/Claire_Flynn_20140711152541.pdf The Creative Art of Clara Schumann], by Claire Flynn, National University of Ireland thesis, August 1991
• [http://www.kapralova.org/journal13.PDF Clara Schumann: A Composer's Wife as Composer] – by Eugene Gates, Kapralova Society Journal
• [https://www.geneva.edu/~dksmith/clara/ Clara Schumann website at Geneva College]
• [https://www.schumann-portal.de/Biography-Clara.html Clara Schumann pages at Schumann Portal] website (German and English versions)
• {{YouTube|h_nLQmdVsf8|March in Es dur}}, for piano duet, Clara Schumann's last work
• {{YouTube|wenyvveBvJE|Scherzo Nr. 2 Op. 14}}
• {{YouTube|C5dBOpy0_zg|Clara Schumann: Piano Trio in G minor, played by Galos Piano Trio at St. Martin in the Fields on 26 May 2015}}

{{Clara Schumann}}

{{Portal bar|Classical music|Biography|Music}}

{{authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Schumann, Clara}}

Category:1819 births

Category:1896 deaths

Category:19th-century German classical composers

Category:19th-century German classical pianists

Category:19th-century German women composers

Category:19th-century German women pianists

Category:Chamber virtuosi of the Emperor of Austria

Category:Child classical musicians

Category:Composers for piano

Category:German women classical pianists

Category:German women classical composers

Category:German women music educators

Category:German Romantic composers

Category:German piano educators

Category:Honorary members of the Royal Philharmonic Society

Category:Musicians from Leipzig

Category:Musicians from the Kingdom of Saxony

Category:Robert Schumann

Category:Johannes Brahms

Category:Lieder composers