Climate target

File:Phase-out_of_fossil_fuel_vehicles.svg

File:Number_of_parties_in_multilateral_environmental_agreements,_OWID.svg

Global climate targets are goals that a large number of countries have agreed upon, including at United Nations Climate Change conferences (COP). Targets often referred to are:

• The Climate Convention – an international environmental treaty adopted at the Rio Conference in Brazil in 1992.
• Targets for 2008 to 2012: In the Kyoto Protocol of 1997, 160 countries committed to reducing their greenhouse gas emissions by an average of 5.2 percent over the period 2008 to 2012 compared to 1990 levels.{{Cite web |date=1997-12-11 |title=Industrialized countries to cut greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% |url=https://unfccc.int/cop3/fccc/info/indust.htm |access-date=2023-08-14 |website=unfccc.int}}
• Targets for 2013 to 2020: In the Doha amendment to the Kyoto Protocol, slightly fewer I countries committed to reducing their emissions by at least 18 percent in the period 2013 to 2020 compared to 1990.
• Targets for 2030:
• 105 countries promised deforestation at the COP26 in 2021 to end deforestation to 2030.{{Cite web |last=Messetchkova |first=Iana |date=2021-11-02 |title=Glasgow Leaders' Declaration on Forests and Land Use |url=https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/ukgwa/20230418175226/https://ukcop26.org/glasgow-leaders-declaration-on-forests-and-land-use/ |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=UN Climate Change conference UK 2021}}
• 105 countries{{Cite web |last=Lai |first=Olivia |date=2021-11-03 |title=105 Countries Join Global Methane Pledge to Slash Methane Emissions 30% by 2030 |url=https://earth.org/105-countries-join-global-methane-pledge-to-slash-methane-emissions-30-by-2030/ |access-date= |website=Earth.Org |language=en-UK}} signed in connection with COP26 and COP27 a pledge to reduce methane emissions by 30 percent by 2030 compared to 2020.{{Cite web |title=Homepage {{!}} Global Methane Pledge |url=https://www.globalmethanepledge.org/#pledges |access-date=2022-11-26 |website=www.globalmethanepledge.org}}
• Targets for 2100:
• United Nations Climate Change Conference 2009 proposed a 2 degree climate target for global warming until the year 2100.
• The Paris Agreement (United Nations Climate Change Agreement) of 2015 with countries' non-binding climate pledges, formally known as NDCs, and before the agreement's ratification for INDCs (Intended Nationally Determined Contributions), to keep global warming well below the 2-degree target by 2100, and that further efforts should be made towards a 1.5-degree target.
• Goal number 13 in the global goals for sustainable development within the Agenda 2030 deals with climate action, and was decided by the UN General Assembly in 2015. Among other things, it includes the UN Green Climate Fund.

An emissions target or greenhouse gas emissions reduction target is a central policy instrument of international greenhouse gas emissions reduction politics and a key pillar of climate policy.{{Cite journal|last1=Meinshausen|first1=Malte|last2=Meinshausen|first2=Nicolai|last3=Hare|first3=William|last4=Raper|first4=Sarah C. B.|last5=Frieler|first5=Katja|last6=Knutti|first6=Reto|last7=Frame|first7=David J.|last8=Allen|first8=Myles R.|date=30 April 2009|title=Greenhouse-gas emission targets for limiting global warming to 2 °C|journal=Nature|volume=458|issue=7242|pages=1158–1162|citeseerx=10.1.1.337.3632|doi=10.1038/nature08017|issn=1476-4687|pmid=19407799|bibcode=2009Natur.458.1158M|s2cid=4342402}}{{Cite journal|last1=Matthews|first1=H. Damon|last2=Zickfeld|first2=Kirsten|last3=Knutti|first3=Reto|last4=Allen|first4=Myles R.|date=2018|title=Focus on cumulative emissions, global carbon budgets and the implications for climate mitigation targets|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=13|issue=1|pages=010201|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/aa98c9|bibcode=2018ERL....13a0201D|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Raupach|first1=Michael R.|last2=Davis|first2=Steven J.|last3=Peters|first3=Glen P.|last4=Andrew|first4=Robbie M.|last5=Canadell|first5=Josep G.|last6=Ciais|first6=Philippe|last7=Friedlingstein|first7=Pierre|last8=Jotzo|first8=Frank|last9=Vuuren|first9=Detlef P. van|date=21 September 2014|title=Sharing a quota on cumulative carbon emissions|url=http://www.escholarship.org/uc/item/1kv3p879|journal=Nature Climate Change|volume=4|issue=10|pages=873–879|doi=10.1038/nclimate2384|bibcode=2014NatCC...4..873R|issn=1758-6798|hdl=11250/2484054|hdl-access=free}}Friedlingstein, P., Andrew, R. M., Rogelj, J., Peters, G. P., Canadell, J. G., Knutti, R., ... & Le Quéré, C. (2014). [http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.711.8978&rep=rep1&type=pdf Persistent growth of CO₂ emissions and implications for reaching climate targets]. Nature geoscience, 7(10), 709.{{Cite web|last=Jackson|first=Tim|title=2050 is too late – we must drastically cut emissions much sooner|url=http://theconversation.com/2050-is-too-late-we-must-drastically-cut-emissions-much-sooner-121512|access-date=2019-09-23|website=The Conversation|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last1=Zickfeld|first1=K.|last2=Arora|first2=V. K.|last3=Gillett|first3=N. P.|date=2012-03-01|title=Is the climate response to CO₂ emissions path dependent?|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=39|issue=5|pages=L05703|doi=10.1029/2011gl050205|bibcode=2012GeoRL..39.5703Z|issn=1944-8007|doi-access=free}} They typically include heavy consideration of emissions budgets, which are calculated using rate of warming per standard emission of carbon dioxide, a historic baseline temperature, a desired level of confidence and a target global average temperature to stay below.{{cite journal|author1-link=Joeri Rogelj|last1=Rogelj|first1=Joeri|last2=Forster|first2=Piers M.|last3=Kriegler|first3=Elmar|last4=Smith|first4=Christopher J.|last5=Séférian|first5=Roland|date=17 July 2019|title=Estimating and tracking the remaining carbon budget for stringent climate targets|journal=Nature|volume=571|issue=7765|pages=335–342|bibcode=2019Natur.571..335R|doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1368-z|pmid=31316194|doi-access=free|hdl=10044/1/78011|hdl-access=free}}

An "emissions target" may be distinguished from an emissions budget, as an emissions target may be internationally or nationally set in accordance with objectives other than a specific global temperature. This includes targets created for their political palatability, rather than budgets scientifically determined to meet a specific temperature target.{{Cite journal|last1=Babiker|first1=Mustafa H.|last2=Eckaus|first2=Richard S.|date=2002-09-01|title=Rethinking the Kyoto Emissions Targets|journal=Climatic Change|volume=54|issue=4|pages=399–414|doi=10.1023/A:1016139500611|s2cid=154819244|issn=0165-0009}}{{Cite journal|last1=Zickfeld|first1=Kirsten|last2=Eby|first2=Michael|last3=Matthews|first3=H. Damon|last4=Weaver|first4=Andrew J.|date=2009-09-22|title=Setting cumulative emissions targets to reduce the risk of dangerous climate change|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|volume=106|issue=38|pages=16129–16134|doi=10.1073/pnas.0805800106|issn=0027-8424|pmc=2752604|pmid=19706489|doi-access=free}}

A country's determination of emissions targets is based on careful consideration of pledged NDCs (nationally determined contributions), economic and social feasibility, and political palatability.{{Cite journal|last1=Babiker|first1=Mustafa H.|last2=Eckaus|first2=Richard S.|date=2002|title=Rethinking the Kyoto Emissions Targets|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1023/A:1016139500611|journal=Climatic Change|volume=54|issue=4|pages=399–414|doi=10.1023/A:1016139500611|s2cid=154819244|url-access=subscription}} Carbon budgets can provide political entities with knowledge of how much carbon can be emitted before likely reaching a certain temperature threshold, but specific emissions targets take more into account. The exact way these targets are determined varies widely from country to country. Variation in emissions targets and time to complete them depends on factors such as accounting of land-use emissions, afforestation capacity of a country, and a countries transport emissions.{{Cite journal|last1=van Soest|first1=Heleen L.|last2=den Elzen|first2=Michel G. J.|last3=van Vuuren|first3=Detlef P.|date=2021-04-09|title=Net-zero emission targets for major emitting countries consistent with the Paris Agreement|journal=Nature Communications|volume=12|issue=1|page=2140|doi=10.1038/s41467-021-22294-x|pmid=33837206|pmc=8035189|bibcode=2021NatCo..12.2140V|issn=2041-1723|doi-access=free}} Importantly, emissions targets also depend on their hypothesized reception.

Many emissions pathways, budgets and targets also rely on the implementation of negative emissions technology.{{Cite journal|last1=Johansson|first1=Daniel J A|last2=Azar|first2=Christian|last3=Lehtveer|first3=Mariliis|last4=Peters|first4=Glen P|date=2020-12-05|title=The role of negative carbon emissions in reaching the Paris climate targets: The impact of target formulation in integrated assessment models|journal=Environmental Research Letters|volume=15|issue=12|pages=124024|doi=10.1088/1748-9326/abc3f0|bibcode=2020ERL....15l4024J|issn=1748-9326|doi-access=free}} These currently undeveloped technologies are predicted to pull net emissions down even as source emissions are not reduced.

Many countries' emissions targets are above the scientifically calculated allowable emissions to remain below a certain temperature threshold.{{Cite journal|last1=Korppoo|first1=Anna|last2=Kokorin|first2=Alexey|date=2017-02-17|title=Russia's 2020 GHG emissions target: Emission trends and implementation|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14693062.2015.1075373|journal=Climate Policy|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=113–130|doi=10.1080/14693062.2015.1075373|issn=1469-3062|hdl=11250/2485906|s2cid=154257631|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite web|title=Home {{!}} Climate Action Tracker|url=https://climateactiontracker.org/|access-date=2021-04-28|website=climateactiontracker.org}} In 2015, many countries pledged NDCs to limit the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels.{{Cite web|date=12 December 2015|title=Paris Agreement, FCCC/CP/2015/L.9/Rev.1|url=http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2015/cop21/eng/l09r01.pdf|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=28 April 2021|website=UNFCCC secretariat}} Many of the largest emitters of GHGs, however, are on track to push global average temperature to as much as 4 °C. Some of these projections contradict agreements made in the 2015 Paris Agreement, meaning countries are not keeping to their pledged NDCs.

In addition, it is uncertain how effective many emissions targets and accompanying policies really are.{{Cite journal|last1=Nabernegg|first1=Stefan|last2=Bednar-Friedl|first2=Birgit|last3=Muñoz|first3=Pablo|last4=Titz|first4=Michaela|last5=Vogel|first5=Johanna|date=April 2019|title=National Policies for Global Emission Reductions: Effectiveness of Carbon Emission Reductions in International Supply Chains|journal=Ecological Economics|language=en|volume=158|pages=146–157|doi=10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.12.006|doi-access=free}} For example, with countries that have high consumption-based carbon emissions, strictly enforced, aligned and coordinated international policy measures determine the effectiveness of targets. In addition, many ambitious policies are proposed and passed but are not practically enforced or regulated, or have unintended consequences. China's ETS (emissions trading scheme), while seeming to have an effect on reducing production-based emissions also promoted outsourcing of emissions contributing to a further imbalance of carbon transfer among China's different provinces.{{Cite journal|last1=Gao|first1=Yuning|last2=Li|first2=Meng|last3=Xue|first3=Jinjun|last4=Liu|first4=Yu|date=August 2020|title=Evaluation of effectiveness of China's carbon emissions trading scheme in carbon mitigation|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140988320302127|journal=Energy Economics|language=en|volume=90|pages=104872|doi=10.1016/j.eneco.2020.104872|s2cid=225437125|url-access=subscription}} The ETS evaluation also did not account for exported consumption-based emissions.

Many countries aim to reach net zero emissions in the next few decades. In order to reach this goal however, there must be a radical shift in energy infrastructure.{{Cite journal|last1=Pye|first1=S.|last2=Broad|first2=O.|last3=Bataille|first3=C.|last4=Brockway|first4=P.|last5=Daly|first5=H. E.|last6=Freeman|first6=R.|last7=Gambhir|first7=A.|last8=Geden|first8=O.|last9=Rogan|first9=F.|last10=Sanghvi|first10=S.|last11=Tomei|first11=J.|date=2021-02-07|title=Modelling net-zero emissions energy systems requires a change in approach|journal=Climate Policy|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=222–231|doi=10.1080/14693062.2020.1824891|issn=1469-3062|doi-access=free|hdl=10044/1/85157|hdl-access=free}} For example, in the United States, political entities are attempting to switch away from coal and oil based energy by replacing plants with natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plants.{{Cite journal|last1=Sproul|first1=Evan|last2=Barlow|first2=Jay|last3=Quinn|first3=Jason C.|date=2020-12-01|title=Time-Resolved Cost Analysis of Natural Gas Power Plant Conversion to Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage to Support Net-Zero Emissions|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.0c04041|journal=Environmental Science & Technology|language=en|volume=54|issue=23|pages=15338–15346|doi=10.1021/acs.est.0c04041|pmid=33183006|bibcode=2020EnST...5415338S|s2cid=226850670|issn=0013-936X|url-access=subscription}} Other countries like the Netherlands were obligated by the District Court of Hague to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions by 25% by 2020. The Court has passed other innovations (Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell) to reduce dioxide emissions by 45% by 2030.{{cite journal |last1=Benoit |first1=Mayer |title=The Duty of Care of Fossil-Fuel Producers for Climate Change Mitigation: Milieudefensie v. Royal Dutch Shell District Court of The Hague (The Netherlands) |journal=ProQuest |date=July 2022 |volume=11 |doi=10.1017/S2047102522000103 |id={{ProQuest|2688520401}} |doi-access=free }} However many find this transition to not be significant enough to reach net-zero emissions.{{Cite journal|last1=Zhang|first1=Xiaochun|last2=Myhrvold|first2=Nathan P.|last3=Hausfather|first3=Zeke|last4=Caldeira|first4=Ken|date=April 2016|title=Climate benefits of natural gas as a bridge fuel and potential delay of near-zero energy systems|journal=Applied Energy|language=en|volume=167|pages=317–322|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.10.016|doi-access=free}} More significant changes, for example using biomass energy with carbon capture and storage (BECCS) are suggested as a viable option to transition to net-zero emissions countries.{{Cite journal|last1=Wang|first1=Rui|last2=Chang|first2=Shiyan|last3=Cui|first3=Xueqin|last4=Li|first4=Jin|last5=Ma|first5=Linwei|last6=Kumar|first6=Amit|last7=Nie|first7=Yaoyu|last8=Cai|first8=Wenjia|date=January 2021|title=Retrofitting coal‐fired power plants with biomass co‐firing and carbon capture and storage for net zero carbon emission: A plant‐by‐plant assessment framework|journal=GCB Bioenergy|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=143–160|doi=10.1111/gcbb.12756|issn=1757-1693|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Tokimatsu|first1=Koji|last2=Yasuoka|first2=Rieko|last3=Nishio|first3=Masahiro|date=January 2017|title=Global zero emissions scenarios: The role of biomass energy with carbon capture and storage by forested land use|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0306261915015275|journal=Applied Energy|language=en|volume=185|pages=1899–1906|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.11.077|url-access=subscription}}

• Climate change in Europe#Climate targets
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
• United Nations Climate Change conference
• Nationally Determined Contributions
• Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage
• Paris Agreement
• List of countries by greenhouse gas emissions per capita

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Reflist|30em|group="Note"}}

{{notelist|30em}}

Category:Greenhouse gas emissions

Category:Environmental science