Sustainable Development Goal 13

{{Main|Climate change}}

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File:Global Temperature And Forces With Fahrenheit.svg, plus drivers for that change. Human activity has caused increased temperatures, with natural forces adding some variability.{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1|2021|loc=SPM-7}}]]

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SDG 13 intends to take urgent action in order to combat climate change and its impacts.{{Cite web|title=Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker|url=https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change|access-date=2021-10-15|website=Our World in Data|language=en}} Many climate change impacts are already felt at the current {{convert|1.2|C-change}} level of warming. Additional warming will increase these impacts and can trigger tipping points, such as the melting of the Greenland ice sheet.{{harvnb|IPCC AR6 WG1 Technical Summary|2021|p=71}} Under the 2015 Paris Agreement, nations collectively agreed to keep warming "well under 2 °C". However, with pledges made under the Agreement, global warming would still reach about {{convert|2.7|C-change}} by the end of the century.{{harvnb|United Nations Environment Programme|2021|p=36|ps=: "A continuation of the effort implied by the latest unconditional NDCs and announced pledges is at present estimated to result in warming of about 2.7 °C (range: 2.2–3.2 °C) with a 66 per cent chance."}}

Reducing emissions requires generating electricity from low-carbon sources rather than burning fossil fuels. This change includes phasing out coal and natural gas fired power plants, vastly increasing use of wind, solar, and other types of renewable energy, and reducing energy use.M. Pathak, R. Slade, P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Pichs-Madruga, D. Ürge-Vorsatz,2022: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_TechnicalSummary.pdf Technical Summary]. In: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of Working Group III to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change] [P.R. Shukla, J. Skea, R. Slade, A. Al Khourdajie, R. van Diemen, D. McCollum, M. Pathak, S. Some, P. Vyas, R. Fradera, M. Belkacemi, A. Hasija, G. Lisboa, S. Luz, J. Malley, (eds.)]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, NY, USA. doi: 10.1017/9781009157926.002.

{{Further|List of SDG targets and indicators}}

SDG 13 has five targets. The targets include to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related disasters (Target 13.1), integrate climate change measures into policies and planning (Target 13.2), build knowledge and capacity to meet climate change (Target 13.3), implement the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (Target 13.a), and promote mechanisms to raise capacity for planning and management (Target 13.b).{{Cite web|title=Goal 13 Climate Action|url=https://www.globalgoals.org/13-climate-action|access-date=14 September 2020|website=The Global Goals for Sustainable Development}}

Each target includes one or more indicators that help to measure and monitor the progress. Some of the indicators are number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population (13.1.1) or total greenhouse emissions generated by year (13.2.2.)

File:Internally displaced persons from natural disasters, OWID.svg, Max Roser, Jaiden Mispy, Esteban Ortiz-Ospina (2018) [https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change "Measuring progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals." (SDG 13)] SDG-Tracker.org, website 50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]|300x300px]]

File:Countries-with-legislative-regulatory-provisions-for-managing-disaster-risk.png

The full text of Target 13.1 is: "Strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries".

This target has 3 indicators.

• Indicator 13.1.1: "Number of deaths, missing people and directly affected people attributed to disasters per 100,000 population"
• Indicator 13.1.2: "Number of countries that adopt and implement national disaster risk reduction strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030"
• Indicator 13.1.3: "Proportion of local governments that adopt and implement local disaster risk reduction strategies in line with national disaster risk reduction strategies"{{Cite web |title=Goal 13 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=sdgs.un.org}}

Indicator 13.1.2 serves as a bridge between the Sustainable Development Goals and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.{{cite web |last1=United Nations |title=United Nations Stats |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-13-01-02.pdf |website=Unite Nations Metadata 13.1.2 |access-date=10 September 2020}}

In April 2020, the number of countries and territories that adopted national disaster risk reduction strategies increased to 118 compared to 48 from the first year of the Sendai Framework.{{Cite web |title=Goal 13 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 |access-date=2022-04-25 |website=sdgs.un.org}}File:CO₂ emissions per capita, OWID.svg

The full text of Target 13.2 is: "Integrate climate change measures into national policies, strategies and planning".

This target has two indicators:

• Indicator 13.2.1: "Number of countries with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".
• Indicator 13.2.2: "Total greenhouse gas emissions per year"

In order to stay under 1.5{{Nbsp}}°C of global warming, carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions from G20 countries need to decline by about 45% by 2030 and attain net zero in 2050.{{cite web|title=Report of the Secretary General on the 2019 Climate Action Summit and the way Forward in 2020|url=https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/assets/pdf/cas_report_11_dec.pdf|access-date=11 September 2020|website=United Nations|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200904223848/https://www.un.org/en/climatechange/assets/pdf/cas_report_11_dec.pdf|archive-date=4 September 2020}} To be able to meet the 1.5 °C or even 2 °C, which is the maximum set by the Paris Agreement, greenhouse gas emissions must start to fall by 7.6% per year starting on 2020.{{cite web|title=SDG Report 2020|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2020/goal-13/|access-date=11 September 2020|website=UN Stats}} However, there is a large gap between these overall temperature targets and the nationally determined contributions set by individual countries. Between 2000 and 2018, greenhouse gas emissions of transition economies and developed countries have declined by 6.5%. In contrast, developing countries saw their emissions go up by 43% between 2000 and 2013.

As of 2015, 170 countries are a part of at least one multilateral environmental agreement,{{Cite web |title=Goal 13: Climate Action - SDG Tracker |url=https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Our World in Data |language=en}} with each year having an increase in the number of countries signing onto environmental agreements.

File:Carbon dioxide emissions by sector, OWID.svg

The full text of Target 13.3 is: "Improve education, awareness-raising and human and institutional capacity on climate change mitigation, adaptation, impact reduction and early warning".

This target has two indicators:

• Indicator 13.3.1: "The extent to which (i) global citizenship education and (ii) education for sustainable development are mainstreamed in (a) national education policies; (b) curricula; (c) teacher education; and (d) student assessment"
• Indicator 13.3.2: "Number of countries that have communicated the strengthening of institutional, systemic and individual capacity-building to implement adaptation, mitigation and technology transfer, and development actions"

The indicator 13.3.1 measures the extent to which countries mainstream Global Citizenship Education (GCED) and Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) in their education systems and educational policies.{{cite web|last1=United Nations|title=United Nations Stats, SDG 13, Target 3|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/metadata/files/Metadata-13-03-01.pdf|access-date=11 September 2020|website=United Nations Stats}}

The indicator 13.3.2 identifies countries who have and have not adopted and implemented disaster risk management strategies in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction. The goal by 2030 is to strengthen resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural disasters in all countries.

To explain the concept of "Education for Sustainable Development and Global Citizenship seeks to equip learners with the knowledge of how their choices impact others and their immediate environment.{{Cite web|last=Goal 13|first=Indicator 13.31|title=sustainable development goals|url=https://sdgdata.gov.uk/13-3-1/}}

There is currently no data available for this indicator as of September 2020.

File:Green-climate-gcf-fund-pledges.png

The full text of Target 13.a is: "Implement the commitment undertaken by developed-country parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to a goal of mobilizing jointly $100 billion annually by 2020 from all sources to address the needs of developing countries in the context of meaningful mitigation actions and transparency on implementation and fully operationalize the Green Climate Fund through its capitalization as soon as possible."

This target only has one indicator: Indicator 13.a is the "Amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the $100 billion commitment through to 2025".{{Cite web|date=17 April 2020|title=SDG Indicator changes (15 October 2018 and onward) - current to 17 April 2020|url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/files/List_of_changes_since_15_Oct_2018.pdf|access-date=10 September 2020|website=United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division}}

Previously, the indicator was worded as "Mobilized amount of United States dollars per year between 2020 and 2025 accountable towards the $100 billion commitment".

This indicator measures the current pledged commitments from countries to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), the amounts provided and mobilized in United States dollars (USD) per year in relation to the continued existing collective mobilization goal of the US$100 billion commitment to 2025.

A report by the UN stated in 2020 that the financial flows for global climate finance as well as for renewable energy are "relatively small in relation to the scale of annual investment needed for a low-carbon, climate-resilient transition".{{rp|15}}

{{Further|Climate communication}}

File:Score of adoption and implementation of national strategies in line with Sendai framework, OWID.svg

The full text of Target 13.b is: "Promote mechanisms for raising capacity for effective climate change-related planning and management in least developed countries and small island developing States, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities acknowledging that the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is the primary international, intergovernmental forum for negotiating the global response to climate change."

This target has one indicator: Indicator 13.b.1 is the "Number of least developed countries and small island developing states with nationally determined contributions, long-term strategies, national adaptation plans, strategies as reported in adaptation communications and national communications".

A previous version of this indicator was: "Indicator 13.b.1: Number of least developed countries and small island developing states that are receiving specialized support, and amount of support, including finance, technology and capacity building, for mechanisms for raising capacities for effective climate change-related planning and management, including focusing on women, youth and local and marginalized communities." This indicator's previous focus on women, youth and local and marginalized communities is not included anymore in the latest version of the indicator.

Annual UN reports are monitoring how many countries are implementing national adaptation plans.{{rp|15}}

Custodian agencies are in charge of reporting on the following indicators:{{Cite web|title=United Nations (2018) Economic and Social Council, Conference of European Statisticians, Geneva," (PDF). United Nations (SDG 13) Custodian Agencies"|url=https://www.unece.org/fileadmin/DAM/stats/documents/ece/ces/2018/CES_39.pdf|access-date=September 25, 2020|website=UNECE}}

• Indicators 13.1.1, 13.1.2 and 13.1.3: UN International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR).
• Indicator 13.2.1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization-Institute for Statistics (UNESCO-UIS).
• Indicators 13.3.1, 13.a.1 and 13.b.1: United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).

{{Further|Nationally Determined Contribution|Greenhouse gas emissions|Instrumental temperature record}}

High-level progress reports for all the SDGs are published in the form of reports by the United Nations Secretary General.United Nations Economic and Social Council (2020) [https://undocs.org/en/E/2020/57 Progress towards the Sustainable Development Goals Report of the Secretary-General], High-level political forum on sustainable development, convened under the auspices of the Economic and Social Council (E/2020/57), 28 April 2020 Updates and progress can also be found on the SDG website that is managed by the United Nations{{Cite web |title=Goal 6 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal6 |access-date=2020-09-02 |website=sdgs.un.org}} and at Our World in Data.{{Cite journal |last1=Ritchie |first1=Hannah |last2=Roser |first2=Max |last3=Rosado |first3=Pablo |date=2020-05-11 |title=CO₂ and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/co2-and-other-greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data}}

{{Main|Sustainable Development Goals#Challenges}}

{{Further|Climate migration}}

SDG 13 does not directly address the link between nations most vulnerable to climate change and increased migration flows (climate migration). It therefore misses the chance to recognize migration as an adaptive response of mobile populations.{{Cite journal |last1=Adger |first1=W Neil |last2=Boyd |first2=Emily |last3=Fábos |first3=Anita |last4=Fransen |first4=Sonja |last5=Jolivet |first5=Dominique |last6=Neville |first6=George |last7=de Campos |first7=Ricardo Safra |last8=Vijge |first8=Marjanneke J |date=2019 |title=Migration transforms the conditions for the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |language=en |volume=3 |issue=11 |pages=e440–e442 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30213-X |pmid=31777332 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free |hdl=10871/40121}} 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License Weather-related disasters displace millions of people, but the goal's focus on national policies overlooks the role of migration. SDG 13 could instead track government policies on relocating communities, a practice likely to grow in the future.

{{Further|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the environment#Climate change}}

During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a reduction in economic activity.{{cite news|title=Fall in COVID-linked carbon emissions won't halt climate change - UN weather agency chief|publisher=United Nations|agency=United Nations News|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/04/1062332|access-date=11 September 2020}} This resulted in a 6% drop in greenhouse gas emissions from what was initially projected for 2020, however these improvements were only temporary.{{Cite book|author=United Nations Department for Economic and Social Affairs |title=The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2020 |date=2020 |publisher=United Nations |isbn=978-92-1-101425-9 |oclc=1191239852}} Greenhouse gas emissions rebounded later in the pandemic as many countries began lifting restrictions, with the direct impact of pandemic policies having a negligible long-term impact on climate change.{{cite journal |vauthors=Tollefson J |date=January 2021 |title=COVID curbed carbon emissions in 2020 - but not by much |journal=Nature |volume=589 |issue=7842 |pages=343 |bibcode=2021Natur.589..343T |doi=10.1038/d41586-021-00090-3 |pmid=33452515 |s2cid=231622354}} A rebound in transport pollution has occurred since restrictions of government lockdown policies have been lifted.{{Cite journal |last=Helm |first=Dieter |date=May 2020 |title=The Environmental Impacts of the Coronavirus |url= |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |language=en |volume=76 |issue=1 |pages=21–38 |doi=10.1007/s10640-020-00426-z |issn=0924-6460 |pmc=7204192 |pmid=32382212|bibcode=2020EnREc..76...21H }} Transport pollution accounts for roughly 21% of global carbon emissions due to it being still 95% dependent on oil.{{Cite web |last=Brand |first=Christian |title=Seven reasons global transport is so hard to decarbonise |url=http://theconversation.com/seven-reasons-global-transport-is-so-hard-to-decarbonise-170908 |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Conversation |date=10 November 2021 |language=en}}

Post pandemic, there is a rush for governments globally to stimulate local economies by putting money towards fossil fuel production and in turn economic stimulation.{{Cite web |date=2021-04-20 |title=Carbon emissions to soar in 2021 by second highest rate in history |url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/apr/20/carbon-emissions-to-soar-in-2021-by-second-highest-rate-in-history |access-date=2022-05-09 |website=The Guardian |language=en}} Funding for economic policies will likely divert the emergency funds usually afforded to climate funding like The Green Climate Fund and other sustainable policies, unless an emphasis is put on green deals in the redirection of monetary funds.{{Cite journal|last1=Naidoo|first1=Robin|last2=Fisher|first2=Brendan|date=July 2020|title=Reset Sustainable Development Goals for a pandemic world|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=583|issue=7815|pages=198–201|bibcode=2020Natur.583..198N|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-01999-x|issn=0028-0836|pmid=32632244|s2cid=220376783|doi-access=free}}{{Cite journal|last1=Yoshino|first1=Naoyuki|last2=Taghizadeh-Hesary|first2=Farhad|last3=Otsuka|first3=Miyu|date=July 2020|title=Covid-19 and Optimal Portfolio Selection for Investment in Sustainable Development Goals|url= |journal=Finance Research Letters|volume=38|language=en|pages=101695|doi=10.1016/j.frl.2020.101695|pmc=7354763|pmid=32837379}}{{Cite journal|last1=Markard|first1=Jochen|last2=Rosenbloom|first2=Daniel|date=2020-12-10|title=A tale of two crises: COVID-19 and climate|journal=Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy|language=en|volume=16|issue=1|pages=53–60|doi=10.1080/15487733.2020.1765679|issn=1548-7733|s2cid=225015869|doi-access=free|bibcode=2020SSPP...16...53M |hdl=20.500.11850/429176|hdl-access=free}}

A 2022 publication reported that the COVID-19 pandemic negatively impacted progress on SDG 13 and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) processes. Travel restrictions and reduced in-person meetings disrupted climate-related work, delaying actions and some planned deliverables. Scientists in developing countries faced greater challenges than their colleagues in higher-income countries due to weaker communication infrastructure and higher work demands in developing countries.{{Cite journal |last1=Filho |first1=Walter Leal |last2=Hickmann |first2=Thomas |last3=Nagy |first3=Gustavo J. |last4=Pinho |first4=Patricia |last5=Sharifi |first5=Ayyoob |last6=Minhas |first6=Aprajita |last7=Islam |first7=M Rezaul |last8=Djalanti |first8=Riyanti |last9=García Vinuesa |first9=Antonio |last10=Abubakar |first10=Ismaila Rimi |date=2022 |title=The Influence of the Corona Virus Pandemic on Sustainable Development Goal 13 and United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Processes |journal=Frontiers in Environmental Science |volume=10 |doi=10.3389/fenvs.2022.784466 |issn=2296-665X |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022FrEnS..1084466F |hdl-access=free |hdl=20.500.12008/41669}} 50x50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the resulting trade sanctions had a further adverse effect on SDG 13, as some countries responded to the crisis by increasing domestic oil production.{{cite web |title=The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2023 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs |url=https://sdgs.un.org/documents/sustainable-development-goals-report-2023-53220 |website=sdgs.un.org |access-date=16 September 2023}}

Sustainable Development Goal 13 connects with the other 16 SDGs. For example, increasing access to sustainable energy (SDG 7) will reduce greenhouse gas emissions.IEA, IRENA, UNSD, WB, WHO (2019), [https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/data/files/download-documents/2019-Tracking%20SDG7-Full%20Report.pdf Tracking SDG 7: The Energy Progress Report 2019], Washington DC (on [https://trackingsdg7.esmap.org/ Tracking SDG 7 website]){{rp|101}} Combating climate change can improve agricultural yield which will lead to zero hunger ( SDG 2 ) {{Cite web |title=Goal 2: End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture — SDG Indicators |url=https://unstats.un.org/sdgs/report/2016/goal-02/ |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=unstats.un.org}}

• Climate target
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC){{cite web |title=About the Secretariat - What is the purpose of the Secretariat? |url=https://unfccc.int/about-us/about-the-secretariat |website=United Nations Climate Change |access-date=14 September 2020}}
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC){{cite web |title=About the IPCC |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/about/ |website=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |access-date=13 September 2020}}
• Conferences of the Parties (COP){{cite web |title=Conferences of the Parties (COP) |url=https://unfccc.int/process/bodies/supreme-bodies/conference-of-the-parties-cop |website=UNFCCC |access-date=11 September 2020}}
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO){{cite web |title=About us |url=https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215221753/https://public-old.wmo.int/en/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |website=World Meteorological Organisation WMO |date=27 November 2015 |access-date=12 September 2020}}
• UN-Habitat{{cite web |title=UN Habitat, About us - Sustainable Development Goals |url=https://unhabitat.org/about-us/sustainable-development-goals |website=UN - Habitat |access-date=12 September 2020}}
• United Nations Environment Program (UNEP){{cite web |title=United Nations Environmental Programme (UNEP) established |url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/tools/keywords/united-nations-environmental-programme-unep-established |website=Environmental and Society Portal |access-date=12 September 2020}}
• Green Climate Fund (GCF){{cite web |title=About GCF |url=https://www.greenclimate.fund/about |website=Green Climate Fund|date=18 February 2021 }}
• United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) {{Cite web |title=A Liveable Planet for Every Child {{!}} UNICEF |url=https://www.unicef.org/documents/liveable-planet-every-child |access-date=2024-07-12 |website=www.unicef.org |language=en}}
• United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)

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• [https://sdgs.un.org/goals/goal13 UN Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform – SDG 13]
• [https://www.globalgoals.org/13-climate-action "Global Goals" Campaign - SDG 13]
• [https://sdg-tracker.org/climate-change SDG-Track.org - SDG 13]
• [https://x4i.org/climate-action-climate-change-us-report UN SDG 13 in the US]

{{Sustainable Development Goals}}{{Climate change}}

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