Closer Economic Relations

{{Infobox treaty

| name = Closer Economic Relations

| long_name = Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement

| image = Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement 1983 - signed by Laurie Francis & Lionel Bowen (13272074365 cropped).jpg

| image_size = 200px

| alt =

| caption = Lionel Bowen and Laurie Francis signing the agreement 28 March 1983

| type = Trade agreement

| context =

| date_drafted =

| date_signed = {{Start date|1983|03|28|df=y}}

| location_signed = Canberra, Australia

| date_sealed =

| date_effective = 1 January 1983

| condition_effective =

| amendment =

| date_expiration =

| date_expiry =

| provisional_application =

| mediators =

| negotiators =

| original_signatories =

| signatories =

| parties =

{{flag|Australia}}
{{flag|New Zealand}}

| ratifiers =

| depositor =

| depositories =

| citations =

| language =

| languages =

| wikisource =

| wikisource1 =

| wikisource2 =

| wikisource3 =

| wikisource4 =

| wikisource5 =

| footnotes =

}}

The Australia–New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement, commonly known as Closer Economic Relations (CER), is a free trade agreement between Australia and New Zealand. It came into force on 1 January 1983, but the actual treaty was not signed until 28 March 1983 by the Deputy Prime Minister of Australia and Minister for Trade, Lionel Bowen and the New Zealand High Commissioner to Australia, Laurie Francis in Canberra, Australia. This was because Malcolm Fraser and Robert Muldoon hated each other personally to such an extent that they refused to ratify the agreement if the other was there.{{Cite web |title=NZ and Australia: Standing together, and apart |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/nz-and-australia-standing-together-and-apart/PQZH32HL5TZBXOWBHPCDKDBVKQ/ |date=2003-03-26 |website=The New Zealand Herald |language=en-NZ}}

Overview

File:Malcolm_Fraser_&_Robert_Muldoon_(17473395099).jpg (New Zealand) and Malcolm Fraser (Australia)]]

CER built on the earlier New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which was signed on 31 August 1965 and came into force on 1 January 1966. NAFTA had removed four-fifths of the tariffs between the two countries and quantitative restrictions on trade across the Tasman Sea. However, it came to be seen as too complex and bureaucratic, and in March 1980, a joint Prime Ministerial communiqué was released that called for "closer economic relations".

The two major sticking points in the negotiations were New Zealand's wish for better access for its dairy products in Australia and Australia's wish for New Zealand to remove export incentives and quantitative restrictions. After the two hurdles were overcome, the Heads of Agreement was signed on 14 December 1982 and came into force on 1 January of the following year.

One of the most important results of CER was the Protocol on the Acceleration of Free Trade in Goods, which resulted in the total elimination of tariffs or quantitative restrictions between the two countries by 1 July 1990, five years ahead of schedule.

Other parts of CER include:

A good that can be legally sold in one country can also be legally sold in the other. Anyone registered to practise an occupation in one country may practise in the other (with some exemptions including medical practitioners)
Service providers may provide services in either country (except in certain areas such as airway services)

The CER is complementary to the Trans-Tasman Travel Arrangement.

Future prospects

File:ABS-5368.0-InternationalTradeInGoodsServicesAustralia-MerchandiseExportsCountryCountryGroupsFobValue-NewZealand-A1829143X.svg millions) since 1988]]

File:ABS-5439.0-InternationalMerchandiseImportsAustralia-CountryCountryGroupsCustomsValue-NewZealand-A1829459V.svg millions) since 1988]]Addressing the New Zealand Parliament in February 2011, Australian Prime Minister Julia Gillard said:

{{blockquote|Now it’s time to write the next chapter as we journey towards a Single Economic Market. During my visit, I’ve been pleased to discuss with Prime Minister Key the excellent progress being achieved on the SmartGate project to create borderless travel between our two countries. A joint study will commence this month to examine how we create a truly "domestic-like" aviation experience.}}

References

[https://web.archive.org/web/20110219142717/http://www.pm.gov.au/press-office/address-parliament-new-zealand-wellington Full text of Australian PM's address to the Parliament of NZ]
[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1966/1.html Full text of New Zealand Australia Free Trade Agreement]
[http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/dfat/treaties/1983/2.html Full text of Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement].
[https://web.archive.org/web/20050906142746/http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/new_zealand/anz_cer_20years/index.html A Celebration of Trans-Tasman Relations] from the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
[http://www.mfat.govt.nz/foreign/regions/australia/cer2003/cerbackgrounder.html The Australia New Zealand Closer Economic Relations (CER) Trade Agreement: 1983 – 2003 Backgrounder] from New Zealand Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
[http://www.newzealand.embassy.gov.au/wltn/CloseEconRel.html Closer Economic Relations (CER)] from StudyOz (Australian High Commission in New Zealand).