Co-operative Commonwealth Federation#Origins

The CCF aimed to alleviate the suffering that workers and farmers, the ill and the old endured under capitalism, seen most starkly during the Great Depression, through the creation of a Co-operative Commonwealth, which would entail economic co-operation, public ownership of the economy, and political reform.

The object of the political party as reported at its founding meeting in Calgary in 1932 was "the federation [joining together] of organizations whose purpose is the establishment in Canada of a co-operative commonwealth, in which the basic principle of regulating production, distribution and exchange will be the supplying of human needs instead of the making of profit."

The goal of the CCF was defined as a "community freed from the domination of irresponsible financial and economic power in which all social means of production and distribution, including land, are socially owned and controlled either by voluntarily organized groups of producers and consumers or – in the case of major public services and utilities and such productive and distributive enterprises as can be conducted most efficiently when owned in common – by public corporations responsible to the people's elected representatives".Laurence Gronlund, Co-operative Commonwealth, An Exposition of Socialism (1884), p. 36 as quoted in Monto, Tom, Protest and Progress, Three Labour Radicals in Early Edmonton, Crang Publishing/Alhambra Books, p. 156 Many of the party's first Members of Parliament (MPs) were members of the Ginger Group, composed of United Farmers of Alberta, left-wing Progressive, and Labour MPs. These MPs included United Farmers of Alberta MPs William Irvine and Ted Garland, Agnes Macphail (UFO), Humphrey Mitchell, Abraham Albert Heaps, Angus MacInnis, and Labour Party MP J. S. Woodsworth. Founding groups included the Independent Labour Party (of Manitoba), the Canadian Labour Party (mostly in Edmonton), the Dominion Labour Party of southern Alberta, the UFA, and the United Farmers of Ontario (which withdrew from the CCF in 1934).{{cite web | url=http://faculty.marianopolis.edu/c.belanger/quebechistory/encyclopedia/Co-operativeCommonwealthFederation-CCF-CanadianHistory.htm | title=Quebec History }}

Also involved in founding the new party were members of the League for Social Reconstruction (LSR), such as F. R. Scott and Frank Underhill.{{cite book | last = Young | first = Walter D. | title = The anatomy of a party: the national CCF 1932–61 | publisher = University of Toronto Press | year = 1969 | location = Toronto | url = https://archive.org/details/anatomyofpartyna0000youn | url-access = registration | quote = Anatomy of a party}}{{rp|31}} It can be said that the CCF was founded on May 26, 1932, when the Ginger Group MPs and LSR members met in William Irvine's office, the unofficial caucus meeting room for the Ginger Group, and went about forming the basis of the new party.{{sfnp|McNaught|2001|pp=259–260}} J. S. Woodsworth was unanimously appointed the temporary leader until they could hold a founding convention.{{sfnp|McNaught|2001|pp=259–260}} The temporary name for the new party was the Commonwealth Party.{{rp|30}} The Social Gospel was a significant influence on the CCF.{{Cite web|url=https://esask.uregina.ca/entry/social_gospel.jsp|title=The Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan | Details}}

File:CooperativeCommonwealthFederationFoundingMeeting.jpg

At its founding convention in 1932 in Calgary, the party settled on the name "Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (Farmer-Labour-Socialist)" and selected J. S. Woodsworth as party leader.{{sfnp|Morton|1986|p=12}} Woodsworth had been an Independent Labour Party MP since 1921 and a member of the Ginger Group of MPs. The party's 1933 convention, held in Regina, Saskatchewan, adopted the Regina Manifesto as the party's program. The manifesto outlined a number of goals, including public ownership of key industries, universal public pensions, universal health care, children's allowances, unemployment insurance, and workers' compensation.{{rp|304–313}}

Its conclusion read, "No CCF Government will rest content until it has eradicated capitalism and put into operation the full programme of socialized planning which will lead to the establishment in Canada of the Co-operative Commonwealth."{{sfnp|Morton|1986|p=12}} The party affiliated itself with the Socialist International.{{cite book|author=Kenneth Murray Knuttila|title=The Prairie Agrarian Movement Revisited|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K03wdWJ3uLQC&pg=PA173|year=2007|publisher=University of Regina Press|isbn=978-0-88977-183-3|pages=173–}}

Image:CCF Caucus meeting.jpg. Left to right, Tommy Douglas, George Hugh Castleden, Angus MacInnis, Coldwell, Clarie Gillis, Joseph W. Noseworthy, Sandy Nicholoson, and Percy Wright.{{sfnp|Smith|1992|p=88}}]]

In line with Alberta's important role in founding the CCF, it is said that the first CCF candidate elected was Chester Ronning in the Alberta provincial constituency of Camrose, in October 1932.{{cite book |last=Mardiros |first=Anthony |title=William Irvine, The Life of a Prairie Radical |date=1979 |publisher=James Lorimer & Company |location=Toronto |url=https://archive.org/details/williamirvinelif0000mard |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/williamirvinelif0000mard/page/208 208] |isbn=978-0-8886-2237-2}} The UFA, under whose banner he contested the election, formalized its already-strong connection to the CCF in its next provincial convention, in January 1933.Champion Chronicle, January 26, 1933

In its first federal election, seven CCF MPs were elected to the House of Commons in 1935. Eight were elected in the following election in 1940, including their first member east of Manitoba, Clarence Gillis, in Cape Breton, a coal-mining area of Nova Scotia (specifically the federal riding of Cape Breton South).

The party was divided with the outbreak of World War II: Woodsworth was a pacifist, while many party members supported the Canadian war effort. Woodsworth had a physically debilitating stroke in May 1940 and could no longer perform his duties as leader.{{sfnp|McNaught|2001|pp=313–315}} In October, Woodsworth wrote a letter to the 1940 CCF convention, in essence asking to retire from the leadership.{{sfnp|McNaught|2001|pp=313–315}} Instead, the delegates created the new position of Honorary President, abolished the President's position and re-elected M. J. Coldwell as the National Chairman.{{sfnp|McNaught|2001|pp=313–315}} Coldwell was then appointed acting House Leader on 6 November.{{sfnp|Stewart|2000|pp=244–245}} Woodsworth died on 21 March 1942, and Coldwell officially became the new leader at the July convention in Toronto and threw the party behind the war effort.{{sfnp|Stewart|2000|pp=244–245}} As a memorial to Woodsworth, Coldwell suggested that the CCF create a research foundation, and Woodsworth House was established in Toronto for that purpose.{{sfnp|McNaught|2001|pp=313–315}}

The party won a critical York South by-election on 8 February 1942, and in the process prevented the Conservative leader, former Prime Minister Arthur Meighen, from entering the House of Commons.

In the 1945 election, 28 CCF MPs were elected, and the party won 15.6% of the vote.

In the 1949 election, 13 CCF candidates were elected. This was followed by 23 elected in the 1953 election and a disappointing eight elected in the 1958 election. (In that election, the party took almost ten per cent of the vote so was due about 26 MPs proportionally.)

The CCF party had its greatest success in provincial politics.

In 1943, the Ontario CCF became the official opposition in that province.

In 1944, the Alberta CCF took almost a quarter of all votes cast but due to lack of PR other than in the cities, won just two seats.

In 1944, the Saskatchewan CCF formed the first democratic socialist government in North America, with Tommy Douglas as premier. Douglas introduced universal Medicare to Saskatchewan, a policy that was soon adopted by other provinces and implemented nationally by the Liberal Party of Canada during the administration of Prime Minister Lester B. Pearson. Tommy Douglas's CCF governed Saskatchewan from 1944 to 1961.

In 1945, BC CCF won 38 percent of the vote and ten seats.

Federally, during the Cold War, the CCF was accused of having Communist leanings. The party moved to address these accusations in 1956 by replacing the Regina Manifesto with a more moderate document, the Winnipeg Declaration. Nevertheless, the party did poorly in the 1958 federal election, winning only eight seats.

After much discussion, the CCF and the Canadian Labour Congress decided to join forces to create a new political party that could make social democracy more popular with Canadian voters. This party, initially known as the New Party, became the New Democratic Party (NDP) in 1961.

The CCF estimated its membership as being slightly more than 20,000 in 1938, less than 30,000 in 1942, and over 90,000 in 1944.{{rp|Appendix B, Table III, p. 320}} Membership figures declined following World War II to only 20,238 in 1950 and would never again reach 30,000{{rp|Appendix B, Table III, p. 320}}

By the late 1940s, the CCF had official or unofficial weekly newspapers in Alberta, British Columbia, and Saskatchewan; twice-monthly papers in Ontario and Manitoba; and a bimonthly in the Maritimes. A French-language paper in Quebec was also attempted at various times. The party also produced many educational books, pamphlets, and magazines, though these efforts declined in the 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}

File:Claire Gillis, David Lewis, M.J.Coldwell c007253.jpg, England. Pictured from left to right: Clarie Gillis, MP for Cape Breton South; David Lewis, National Secretary; M. J. Coldwell, National Leader, MP for Rosetown—Biggar; Percy E. Wright, MP for Melfort; and F. R. Scott, national chairman.]]

The national chairman was the equivalent of party president in most Canadian political parties and was sometimes referred to as such, in that it was largely an organizational role. In the case of the CCF, the national chairman oversaw the party's national council and chaired its meetings. Following an initial period in which Woodsworth held both roles, it was usually distinct from and secondary to the position of party leader. National president originally was also a title the leader held, as both Woodsworth and Coldwell held the title when they held seats in the House of Commons. In 1958, after Coldwell lost his seat, the position of national chairman was merged formally into the president's title and was held by David Lewis.{{rp|235}}

• J. S. Woodsworth (1932–38)
• M. J. Coldwell (1938–42)
• F. R. Scott (1942–50)

{{Cite news

| first = Dennis

| last = Braithwaite

| title = C.C.F. Disavows Marx Class Struggle Idea, Tempers High in Debate

| newspaper = The Toronto Daily Star

| pages = 1, 7

| date = 1950-07-29

}}

• Percy Wright (1950–54)

{{Cite news

| last = Staff

| title = Make Own Foreign Policy, Follow U.N. CCF Meet Urges

| newspaper = The Toronto Daily Star

| pages = 1, 2

| date = 1952-08-09

}}

• David Lewis (1954–58){{sfnp|Stewart|2000|p=211}}
• David Lewis as party president (1958–61){{sfnp|Stewart|2000|p=211}}

The national secretary was a staff position (initially part-time, and then full-time beginning 1938) which was responsible for the day-to-day organizing of the party. The national secretary was the only full-time employee at the party's national headquarters until 1943, when a research director, Eugene Forsey, and an assistant to the leader were hired.

• M. J. Coldwell (1934–36)
• David Lewis (1936–50)
• Lorne Ingle (1950–58){{rp|127}}{{sfnp|Smith|1989|p=294}}
• Carl Hamilton (1958–61){{sfnp|Stewart|2000|p=212}}

File:Towards the Dawn.jpg

The CCF song would be later popularized by the movie Prairie Giant: The Tommy Douglas Story.

First verse:

:A call goes out to Canada

:It comes from out the soil—

:Come and join the ranks through all the land

:To fight for those who toil

:Come on farmer, soldier, labourer,

:From the mine and factory,

:And side by side we'll swell the tide—

:C.C.F. to Victory.{{cite web |url= http://scaa.usask.ca/gallery/election/en/images/big/77.jpg|title=Foreword|work=CCYM Sings |publisher=Saskatchewan Council for Archives and Archivists |access-date=2010-07-17}} CCYM is the Co-operative Commonwealth Youth Movement, the image is from a larger collection of scans in jpeg format.

• Alberta CCF
• British Columbia CCF
• Manitoba CCF
• New Brunswick CCF
• Newfoundland CCF/Newfoundland Democratic Party
• Nova Scotia CCF
• Ontario CCF
• Prince Edward Island CCF
• Parti social démocratique du Québec (CCF in Quebec)
• Saskatchewan CCF

• List of articles about CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about British Columbia CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Alberta CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Saskatchewan CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Manitoba CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Ontario CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Newfoundland and Labrador CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Nova Scotia CCF/NDP members
• List of articles about Yukon NDP members
• Labour Party (Canada)
• New Democratic Party
• United Farmers
• Canadian Labour Congress
• Paper Wheat

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

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{{refend}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20040216003527/http://www.mta.ca/faculty/arts/canadian_studies/english/about/study_guide/roots/index.html The Prairie Roots of Canada's Political 'Third Parties']
• [https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/tommy-douglas-greatest-canadian-feature Tommy Douglas: "Greatest Canadian"] feature article from the Canadian Encyclopedia
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20050425030506/http://www2.marianopolis.edu/quebechistory/readings/ccf-ndp.htm The Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF) and the New Democratic Party (NDP): their Failure in Quebec, 1932–1997]

• [http://central.bac-lac.gc.ca/.redirect?app=fonandcol&id=105674&lang=eng Co-operative Commonwealth Federation and New Democratic Party fonds] at Library and Archives Canada.
• [https://archiveswest.orbiscascade.org/ark:80444/xv72973 George E. Rennar Papers]. 1933–1972. 37.43 cubic feet. Contains ephemera on the Congress of Industrial Organizations from 1945 to 1947. [https://lib.washington.edu/specialcollections/laws At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Special Collections].

{{s-start}}

{{succession box | before = Ginger Group | title = Co-operative Commonwealth Federation | years = 1932–1961 | after = New Democratic Party}}

{{s-end}}

{{Canadian federal political parties}}

{{NDP}}

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Category:1932 establishments in Canada

Category:1961 disestablishments in Canada

Category:Agrarian parties in Canada

Category:Defunct agrarian political parties

Category:Federal political parties in Canada

Category:Former member parties of the Socialist International

Category:Labour history of Canada

Category:History of the New Democratic Party (Canada)

Category:Political history of Canada

Category:Political parties disestablished in 1961

Category:Political parties established in 1932

Category:Social democratic parties in Canada