Coadjutor bishop

{{main|Bishops in the Catholic Church}}

In the Latin Church, the pope appoints a coadjutor to help the bishop govern the diocese. A bishop himself, the coadjutor can substitute for the diocesan bishop in his absence (Canon 403§3).{{Cite web |date=2013-05-21 |title=What is the difference between an ordinary, auxiliary, and coadjutor bishop? |url=https://catholicstraightanswers.com/what-is-the-difference-between-an-ordinary-auxiliary-and-coadjutor-bishop/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Catholic Straight Answers |language=en}}The coadjutor must be a Catholic priest (all priests are male) and is usually a bishop or auxiliary bishop.

Under canon law, the coadjutor must serve as the vicar general, the principal deputy administrator of the diocese. The diocesan bishop must "entrust to him [coadjutor] before others" in acts that require a special mandate (Canon 406§1) If the episcopal see is an archdiocese, the coadjutor is appointed as an archbishop.[https://www.usccb.org/offices/general-secretariat/appointing-bishops "Appointing Bishops", USCCB]{{Cite web |title=What is a coadjutor? |url=https://www.camdendiocese.org/what-is-a-coadjutor/ |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=Diocese of Camden |language=en-US}}

In modern church practice, the pope can appoint a coadjutor to assist a bishop who needs help due to declining health. The coadjutor can also assist a bishop nearing retirement. The objective is to have continuity of leadership in the diocese and avoid an unexpected vacancy in the position of bishop.

Pope Benedict XVI named Bishop Dennis Schnurr as coadjutor archbishop of the Archdiocese of Cincinnati in Ohio in the United States in October 2008 to assist Archbishop Daniel Pilarczyk. When Pilarczyk retired in December 2009, Schnurr automatically became the diocesan archbishop without any ceremony.{{cite news |first=Bill |last=Price |title=Vatican Names Future Replacement For Pilarczyk |date=October 17, 2008 |publisher=WCPO-TV}}

In some situations, the pope may appoint a coadjutor to override the diocesan bishop in certain matters. These might include a public scandal or financial mismanagement of diocese. The problems are serious, but not bad enough for the pope to remove the diocesan bishop.

In 2023, Pope Francis appointed Bishop François Touvet as coadjutor of the Diocese of Fréjus-Toulon in France to assist the elderly Bishop Dominique Rey. The pope gave Touvet special powers to oversee the preparation of seminarians and the financial management in the diocese. The Vatican had suspended the ordination of priests in the diocese in 2022.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-21 |title=Pope Francis Appoints Coadjutor to French Diocese Where Ordinations Were Halted |url=https://www.ncregister.com/cna/pope-francis-appoints-coadjutor-to-french-diocese-where-ordinations-were-halted |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=NCR |language=en}}

In one instance, the pope appointed a coadjutor to a church that was not a diocese. In 2002, Pope John Paul II named the Reverend Fernando Arêas Rifan as coadjutor of the Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney in Brazil. The pope took this action as part of the reconciliation agreement with the former Priestly Union of Saint John Mary Vianney that had broken with the Catholic Church.{{cite press release |title=Rinunce e Nomine, 28.06.2002 |date=28 June 2002 |publisher=Holy See Press Office |url=https://press.vatican.va/content/salastampa/it/bollettino/pubblico/2002/06/28/0335/01072.html |language=it |access-date=21 September 2021}}

The 1983 Code of Canon Law of the Latin Church stipulates that all coadjutors have the right of succession. The code also allows the pope to appoint an auxiliary bishop to a diocese "with special faculties [powers]", but without the right of succession.{{Cite web |title=Code of Canon Law - Book II - The People of God - Part II. (Cann. 368-430) |url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann368-430_en.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.vatican.va}}

In 1986, Pope John Paul II appointed the Reverend Donald Wuerl as an auxiliary bishop in the Archdiocese of Seattle in Washington State in the United States with "special powers" to override Archbishop Raymond Hunthausen. The pope was unhappy with Hunthausen's handling of LGBTQ relations and other morality issues.{{cite thesis |last=Schilling |first=Timothy Peter |title=Conflict in the Catholic Hierarchy: A Study of Coping Strategies in the Hunthausen Affair, with Preferential Attention to Discursive Strategies |type=doctoral dissertation |publisher=Utrecht University |location=Utrecht, Netherlands |year=2003 |hdl=1874/601 |hdl-access=free}}

Under the old 1917 Code of Canon Law, the pope did not have to give an coadjutor cum jure succesionis ("with the right of succession"). In practice, the popes sometimes appointed coadjutors without the right of succession. These coadjutors usually served in large archdioceses. They might hold other important posts within the Catholic Church, or might be auxiliary bishops that the pope wanted to honor with the title of coadjutor.{{Cite web |title=THE 1917 OR PIO-BENEDICTINE CODE OF CANON LAW |url=https://ia801605.us.archive.org/23/items/1917-or-pio-benedictine-code-of-canon/1917%20or%20Pio-Benedictine%20Code%20of%20Canon.pdf |access-date=January 27, 2025 |website=Ignatius Press}}

For example, Pope Paul VI in 1965 appointed Auxiliary Bishop John J. Maguire as coadjutor of the Archdiocese of New York, one of the largest archdioceses in the United States, to assist Cardinal Francis Spellman. However, the pope denied Maguire the right of succession for when Spellman was no longer there.{{Cite web |title=Archbishop John Joseph Maguire [Catholic-Hierarchy] |url=https://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/bishop/bmaguirej.html |access-date=2025-01-26 |website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org}}

Some sui juris Eastern Catholic Churches also appoint coadjutors. However, the selection process differs among the churches.

• The patriarchal or major archiepiscopal synods of the larger sui juris ritual churches typically elect their coadjutors, with papal assent.
• The pope typically appoints the coadjutors in the smaller sui juris ritual churches.

The coadjutor of an eparchy, archeparchy, or metropolis has the respective status of an eparch, archeparch, or metropolitan.

In some provinces of the Anglican Communion, a bishop coadjutor (the form usually used) is a bishop elected or appointed to follow the current diocesan bishop upon the incumbent's death or retirement.

In the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, when a diocesan bishop announces their intent to retire, they normally call for a special diocesan convention to elect a bishop coadjutor. The bishop coadjutor and diocesan bishop then serve jointly until the diocesan bishop dies or retires. The coadjutor automatically becomes the diocesan bishop.{{Cite web |title=Bishop Coadjutor |url=https://www.episcopalchurch.org/glossary/bishop-coadjutor/ |access-date=2022-06-12 |website=The Episcopal Church |language=en-US}}

A "bishop suffragan" is elected to assist the diocesan bishop under his direction, but without the inherent right of succession.[https://www.epicenter.org/how-many-different-types-of-bishops-are-there/ "How many different types of bishops are there?", The Episcopal Diocese of Texas]

There have been bishops coadjutor in the Anglican Church of Australia without the right of succession to the diocesan see.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

• Titular see

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• {{Cite web|title=Code of Canon Law - Book II - The People of God - Part II. (Cann. 368-430)|url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/cod-iuris-canonici/eng/documents/cic_lib2-cann368-430_en.html#Art._3.|access-date=2021-01-17|website=www.vatican.va}}

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