Codex Boernerianus

The manuscript is a codex (precursor to the modern book), containing the text of the Pauline epistles (excluding Hebrews). The text is written in one column per page, 20 lines per page (sized 25 x 18 cm) on 99 vellum leaves. The main text is in Greek with an interlinear Latin translation inserted above the Greek text, in the same manner as Codex Sangallensis 48 (Δ).{{r|Gregory}}

The text of the codex contains six gaps (Romans 1:1-4, 2:17-24, 1 Cor. 3:8-16, 6:7-14, Col. 2:1-8, Philem. 21-25). Quotations from the Old Testament are marked in the left-hand margin by inverted commas (>; also known as a diplai), and Latin notation identifies a quotation (f.e. Iesaia / Isaiah). Capital letters follow regular in stichometric frequency. This means the codex was copied from a manuscript arranged in lines (known as στίχοι / stichoi).

The codex sometimes uses minuscule letters: α, κ, ρ (of the same size as the uncials). It does not include rough breathing, smooth breathing or accent markers (usually used to mark stress or pitch).{{r|Gregory}} The Latin text is written in minuscule letters. The shape of some of the Latin letters - r, s, and t - is characteristic of the Anglo-Saxon alphabet.

The codex does not include the phrase {{lang|grc|ἐν Ῥώμῃ}} (in Rome), with Rom 1:7 employing {{lang|grc|ἐν ἀγαπῃ}} (in love) in its stead (Latin text – {{lang|la|in caritate et dilectione}} / in charity and love), and in 1:15 the phrase is omitted entirely in both the Greek and Latin lines.

At the end of the codex, after the end of Philemon, stands the title {{lang|grc|Προς Λαουδακησας αρχεται επιστολη}}, with the interlinear Latin reading {{lang|la|ad Laudicenses incipit epistola}} (both mean To the Laodiceans; the beginning of the letter). Below the title, the Latin text of the apocryphal Epistle to the Laodiceans is written - but there is no Greek interlinear text accompanying it.{{cite book |first1=Bruce Manning |last1=Metzger |author-link1=Bruce M. Metzger |first2=Bart D. |last2=Ehrman |author-link2=Bart D. Ehrman |title=The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration |edition=4 |pages=75–76 |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York; Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-516122-9}}

The Greek text of this codex is considered a representative of the Western text-type. The text-types are groups of different New Testament manuscripts which share specific or generally related readings, which then differ from each other group, and thus the conflicting readings can separate out the groups. These are then used to determine the original text as published; there are three main groups with names: Alexandrian, Western, and Byzantine.{{r|Metzger}}{{rp|205–230}} Textual critic Kurt Aland placed it in Category III according to his New Testament manuscript text classification system.{{r|Aland}} Category III manuscripts are described as having "a small but not a negligible proportion of early readings, with a considerable encroachment of [Byzantine] readings, and significant readings from other sources as yet unidentified".{{r|Aland}}{{rp|335}}

The section {{bibleref|1 Corinthians|14:34-35}} is placed after {{bibleref|1 Corinthians|14:40}}, as seen in other manuscripts considered to be of the Western text-type such as Codex Claromontanus, Codex Augiensis, Minuscule 88, it{{sup|d, g}}, and some manuscripts of the Latin Vulgate.{{cite book |first=Bruce Manning |last=Metzger |author-link=Bruce M. Metzger |title=A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament |edition=2nd |pages=499–500 |year=2001 |publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft |location=Stuttgart}}{{cite book |title=Nestle-Aland Novum Testamentum Graece |editor-first1=Kurt |editor-last1=Aland |editor1-link=Kurt Aland |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last2=Black |editor2-link=Matthew Black |editor-first3=Carlo Maria |editor-last3=Martini |editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini |editor-first4=Bruce M. |editor-last4=Metzger |editor4-link=Bruce Metzger |editor-first5=Allen |editor-last5=Wikgren |editor5-link=Allen Wikgren |edition=26 |year=1981 |publisher=Deutsche Bibelstiftung |location=Stuttgart |isbn=3-438-051001}} (NA26){{rp|466}} It also does not contain the ending of Romans ({{bibleref|Romans|16:25-27}}), but it has a blank space at {{bibleref|Romans|14:23}} for it which was never written.{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|577}}

The Latin text has some affinity with the Latin lectionary manuscript (an edition of the New Testament written in the order according to the weekly readings throughout the Church calendar year, arranged by month), Liber Comicus (t), which is a Latin lectionary containing an Old Latin (Vetus Latina) text.{{cite book |first1=Alan Hugh |last1=McNeile |first2=C. S. C. |last2=WIlliams |title=An Introduction to the Study of the New Testament |page=399 |year=1955 |publisher=Clarendon Press |location=Oxford |url=https://archive.org/details/introductiontost0000ahmc/page/398/mode/2up |url-access=registration}}

; Some notable readings

{{bibleref|Romans|6:5}}

: {{lang|grc|αμα και της αναστασεως}} (at the same time also as of the resurrection) : G

: {{lang|grc|αλλα και της αναστασεως}} (certainly also of the resurrection) : Majority of manuscripts

{{bibleref|Romans|8:1}}

: {{lang|grc|Ιησου}} (Jesus): G {{larger|{{script|Hebr|א}}}} B D 1739 1881 it{{sup|d, g}} sa bo eth

: {{lang|grc|Ιησου μη κατα σαρκα περιπατουσιν αλλα κατα πνευμα}} (Jesus, not walking around according to the flesh, but according to the Spirit) : Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|548}}

{{bibleref|Romans|12:11}}

: {{lang|grc|καιρω}} (season) : G

: {{lang|grc|κυριω}} (Lord) : Majority of manuscripts

{{bibleref|Romans|15:31}}

: {{lang|grc|δωροφορια}} (gift I bear) : G{{sup|gr}} B D

: {{lang|grc|διακονια}} (gift) : Majority of manuscripts

{{bibleref|Romans|16:15}}

: {{lang|grc|Ιουνιαν}} (Junias): G C

: {{lang|grc|Ιουλιαν}} (Julian): Majority of manuscripts{{cite book |title=The Greek New Testament |editor-first1=Kurt |editor-last1=Aland |editor1-link=Kurt Aland |editor-first2=Matthew |editor-last2=Black |editor2-link=Matthew Black |editor-first3=Carlo Maria |editor-last3=Martini |editor3-link=Carlo Maria Martini |editor-first4=Bruce Manning |editor-last4=Metzger |editor4-link=Bruce Metzger |editor-first5=Allen |editor-last5=Wikgren |editor5-link=Allen Wikgren |edition=3rd |year=1983 |publisher=United Bible Societies |location=Stuttgart |isbn=9783438051103}} (UBS3){{rp|575}}

{{bibleref|1 Corinthians|2:4}}

: {{lang|grc|πειθοις σοφιας}} (plausible wisdom) : G{{sup|gr}} {{papyrus link|46}} Codex Augiensis

: {{lang|grc|πειθοις ανθρωπινης σοφιας λογοις}} (persuasive words of human wisdom) : {{larger|{{script|Hebr|א}}}}{{sup|2}} A C L P Ψ Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|581}}

{{bibleref|Galatians|6:2}}

: {{lang|grc|αναπληρωσετε}} (you shall fulfill) : G B 1962 it vg Peshitta sa bo goth eth

: {{lang|grc|αναπληρωσατε}} (you will have fulfilled) : Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|661}}

{{bibleref|Philippians|3:16}}

: {{lang|grc|το αυτο φρονειν, τω αυτω συνστοιχειν}} (let us mind the same thing, let us stand in line with the same) : G F

: {{lang|grc|τω αυτω στοιχειν}} (let us conform to the same) : Majority of manuscripts{{r|ubs3}}{{rp|679}}

{{bibleref|Philippians|4:7}}

: {{lang|grc|σωματα}} (bodies) : G F

: {{lang|grc|νοηματα}} (minds) : Majority of manuscripts {{r|na26}}{{rp|521}}

File:Irish Verse in Codex Boernerianus.JPG

On [https://images.csntm.org/iiifserver.ashx/GA_012/012_069.jpg/0,4000,4000,1519/500,/0/native.jpg folio 23 verso] (the reverse side of the page) at the bottom is written a verse in Old Irish which refers to making a pilgrimage to Rome:

Téicht doróim

mór saido · becc · torbai ·

INrí chondaigi hifoss ·

manimbera latt nífogbái ·

Mór báis mor baile

mór coll ceille mor mire

olais airchenn teicht dó ecaib ·

beith fo étoil · maíc · maire ·

Stokes and Strachan's translation:{{cite book |editor1-last=Stokes |editor1-first=Whitley |editor1-link=Whitley Stokes (Celtic scholar) |editor2-last=Strachan |editor2-first=John |editor2-link=John Strachan (linguist) |title=Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=1903 |volume=2 |page=296 |url={{FULLURL:File:Thesaurus_Palaeohibernicus_2.djvu|page=342}}}}

{{quote|To go to Rome, much labour, little profit: the King whom thou seekest here, unless thou bring him with thee, thou findest him not.

Much folly, much frenzy, much loss of sense, much madness (is it), since going to death is certain, to be under the displeasure of Mary's Son.}}

Bruce M. Metzger in his book Manuscripts of the Greek Bible{{cite book|first=B. M. |last=Metzger |author-link=Bruce M. Metzger |title=Manuscripts of the Greek Bible: An Introduction to Palaeography |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1981 |page=104}} quotes this poem, which seems to have been written by a disappointed pilgrim.{{cite book|last=Scrivener |first=Frederick Henry Ambrose |author-link=Frederick Henry Ambrose Scrivener |author2=Edward Miller |title=A Plain Introduction to the Criticism of the New Testament |publisher=George Bell & Sons |year=1894 |location=London |edition=4 |volume=1 |page=180}}

The codex was probably written by an Irish monk in the Abbey of St. Gall, Switzerland between 850-900 A.D. Scholar Ludolph Kuster was the first to recognize the 9th century date of Codex Boernerianus.{{cite book |author=Alexander Reichardt |title=Der Codex Boernerianus: Der Briefe des Apostels Paulus |page=9 |year=1909 |publisher=Verlag von Karl W. Hiersemann |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/details/dercodexboerneri00reic/page/8/mode/2up}} The evidence for this date includes the style of the script, the smaller uncial letters in Greek, the Latin interlinear written in Anglo-Saxon minuscule, and the separation of words.Victor Gardthausen, Griechische Paläographie (Greek Paleography). Leipzig 1879. p. 271, 428 and 166; see also. H. Marsh, Comments. . to J. D. Michaelis' Introduction. I. p. 263

In 1670 it was in the hands of P. Junius at Leiden.Constantin von Tischendorf, [https://archive.org/stream/novumtestamentum31tisc#page/426/mode/2up Editio octava critica maior], p. 427. The codex got its name from its first German owner, University of Leipzig professor Christian Frederick Boerner, who bought it in the Dutch Republic in the year 1705.{{cite book |first=Caspar René |last=Gregory |author-link=Caspar René Gregory |title=Textkritik des Neuen Testaments |volume=1 |page=112 |year=1900 |publisher=J.C. Hinrichs |location=Leipzig |url=https://archive.org/stream/textkritikdesne00greggoog#page/n125/mode/2up }} It was collated by Kuster, described in the preface to his edition of Mill's Greek New Testament. The manuscript was designated by symbol G in the second part of Johann Jakob Wettstein's edition of the Greek New Testament.Alexander Chalmers, The General biographical dictionary (London 1812), Vol. 4, pp. 508-509. The text of the codex was published by Christian Frederick Matthaei, at Meissen, in Saxony, in 1791, and supposed by him to have been written between the 8th and 12th centuries.Ch. F. Matthaei, XIII epistolarum Pauli codex Graecus cum versione latine veteri vulgo Antehieronymiana olim Boernerianus nunc bibliothecae electoralis Dresdensis, Meissen, 1791. Rettig thought that Codex Sangallensis is a part of the same book as the Codex Boernerianus,H. C. M. Rettig, Antiquissimus quattuor evangeliorum canonicorum Codex Sangallensis Graeco-Latinus intertlinearis, (Zurich, 1836). which some other scholars also believe.

During World War II, the codex suffered severely from water damage. Thus the facsimile as published in 1909 provides the most legible text. The manuscript is housed now in the Saxon State Library (A 145b), Dresden, in Germany, while Δ (037) is at Saint Gallen in Switzerland.{{r|Metzger}}{{cite web |title=Liste Handschriften |publisher=Institute for New Testament Textual Research |location=Münster |url=http://intf.uni-muenster.de/vmr/NTVMR/ListeHandschriften.php?ObjID=20012 |access-date=16 March 2013}}

• Codex Augiensis
• List of New Testament Latin manuscripts
• List of New Testament uncials

{{Reflist}}

• Peter Corssen, Epistularum Paulinarum Latine Scriptos Augiensem, Boernerianum, Claromontanum, Jever Druck von H. Fiencke 1887-1889.
• W. H. P. Hatch, On the Relationship of Codex Augiensis and Codex Boernerianus of the Pauline Epistle's, Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, Vol. 60, 1951, pp. 187–199.

{{Commons category}}

{{wikisourcelang|oldwikisource|Old Irish Verse#Boerner|Quatrains in the Codex Boernerianus}}

• [http://www.csntm.org/Manuscript/View/GA_012 Codex Boernerianus G{{sup|p}} (012)] at the CSNTM (images of the 1909 facsimile edition)
• [http://digital.slub-dresden.de/id274591448 Codex Boernerianus G{{sup|p}} (012)] recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20110719153849/http://digital.slub-dresden.de/fileadmin/data/274591448/274591448_tif/jpegs/274591448.pdf Codex Boernerianus] recently made photos at SLUB Dresden Digitale Bibliothek (PDF)
• [http://www.skypoint.com/members/waltzmn/ManuscriptsUncials.html#uGp Manuscript G{{sup|p}} (012)] at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism

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Category:Greek New Testament uncials

Category:Vetus Latina New Testament manuscripts

Category:9th-century biblical manuscripts