Codex Vigilanus

{{Short description|Chronicle from 9th century}}

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File:Scribes Codex Vigilanus.jpg

File:View of Toledo, AD 976.jpg

File:Codex Vigilanus Primeros Numeros Arabigos.jpg

The Codex Vigilanus or Codex Albeldensis (Spanish: Códice Vigilano or Albeldense) is an illuminated compilation of various historical documents accounting for a period extending from antiquity to the 10th century in Hispania. Among the many texts brought together by the compilers are the canons of the Visigothic Councils of Toledo, the Liber Iudiciorum, the decrees of some early popes and other patristic writings, historical narratives (such as the Crónica AlbeldenseAlso Chronicon Albeldense or Epitome Ovetense. and the Life of Mohammed), various other pieces of civil and canon law, and a calendar. It is now in the library of El Escorial monastery, with the shelfmark D.I.2.{{Cite web |title=Codex Albeldense: Facsimile Edition |url=https://www.facsimilefinder.com/facsimiles/codex-albeldense-facsimile |access-date=2022-05-27 |website=Facsimile Finder}}

The compilers were three monks of the Riojan monastery of San Martín de Albelda: Vigila, after whom it was named and who was the illustrator; Serracino, his friend; and García, his disciple. The first compilation was finished in 881, but was updated up to 976. The original manuscript is preserved in the library of El Escorial (as Escorialensis d I 2). At the time of its compilation, Albelda was the cultural and intellectual centre of the Kingdom of Pamplona. The manuscripts celebrate with illustrations not only the ancient Gothic kings who had reformed the law — Chindasuinth, Reccesuinth, and Ergica — but also its contemporary dedicatees, the rulers of Navarre: Sancho II of Pamplona and his queen, Urraca, and his brother Ramiro Garcés, King of Viguera.{{Cn|date=December 2022}}

The codex contains, among other pieces of useful information, among the earliest mention and representation of Arabic numerals in the West. They were introduced by the Arabs into Spain around the early 8th century.{{Citation needed|date=May 2020}}

The illuminations are stylistically unique, combining Visigothic, Mozarabic, and Carolingian elements. The interlace patterns and the drapery show Carolingian, as well Italo-Byzantine, influence.Guilmain, "Interlace," 215. The use of animals as decoration and for supporting columns also parallels contemporary Frankish usage.Guilmain, "Zoomorphic," 24. More Carolingian and less Byzantine influence is evident in the Codex Aemilianensis, a copy of the Vigilanus made at San Millán de la Cogolla in 992 by a different illustrator.Guilmain, "Forgotten," 36–37.