Colletotrichum fragariae
{{Short description|Species of fungus}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2023}}
{{Speciesbox
| image =
| genus = Colletotrichum
| species = fragariae
| authority = A.N.Brooks, (1931)
| synonyms = Crown Rot
}}
{{Infobox plant disease
| name = anthracnose of strawberry
| image =
| caption =
| common_names = leaf spot of strawberry
| causal_agents = Colletotrichum fragariae
| hosts = Strawberries
| vectors =
| EPPO_codes = COLLFR
| distribution =
| treatment =
}}
Colletotrichum fragariae is a fungal plant pathogen infecting strawberries. It is not a well known fungus, and there are many similar fungi that are related to it. It is part of the Colletotrichum genus. It is a pathogen that occurs in strawberries. It leads to the disease known as anthracnose. This is typically at the crown of the strawberry, which is why it is often called crown rot.{{Cite journal |title=Knowledge Bank {{!}} Colletotrichum fragariae |url=https://www.plantwise.org/knowledgebank/datasheet/14907 |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=www.plantwise.org |doi=10.1079/pwkb.species.14907 |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012194843/https://plantwiseplusknowledgebank.org/doi/10.1079/PWKB.Species.14907 |url-status=live |doi-access=free }}{{Cite journal |last=Smith |first=Barbara J. |date=1 February 2008 |title=Epidemiology and Pathology of Strawberry Anthracnose: A North American Perspective |url=https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/43/1/article-p69.xml |journal=HortScience |language=en-US |volume=43 |issue=1 |pages=69–73 |doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.69 |issn=0018-5345 |doi-access=free |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507221918/https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/43/1/article-p69.xml |url-status=live }} It is also known as the Anthracnose Crown rot. The fungus also infects leaves and is known as leaf spot, which is common among all Colletotrichum. This is not as common in the fragariae, as it is more common in the crown. This fungus is also better at infecting younger strawberries/seedlings. The most common way to control this disease is fungicides that are harmful to the environment.{{Cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xiaojuan |last2=Zhang |first2=Miaoyi |last3=Qi |first3=Dengfeng |last4=Zhou |first4=Dengbo |last5=Qi |first5=Chunlin |last6=Li |first6=Chunyu |last7=Liu |first7=Siwen |last8=Xiang |first8=Dandan |last9=Zhang |first9=Lu |last10=Xie |first10=Jianghui |last11=Wang |first11=Wei |date=2021 |title=Biocontrol Ability and Mechanism of a Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Strain Bacillus safensis sp. QN1NO-4 Against Strawberry Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum fragariae |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=12 |page=735732 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.735732 |pmid=34603266 |pmc=8486013 |issn=1664-302X|doi-access=free }} There have been studies done to see if the fungus infects other hosts{{Cite journal |last1=MacKenzie |first1=S. J. |last2=Mertely |first2=J. C. |last3=Seijo |first3=T. E. |last4=Peres |first4=N. A. |date=October 2008 |title=Colletotrichum fragariae Is a Pathogen on Hosts Other Than Strawberry |journal=Plant Disease |language=en |volume=92 |issue=10 |pages=1432–1438 |doi=10.1094/PDIS-92-10-1432 |pmid=30769574 |issn=0191-2917|doi-access= }} but other than some weeds, it is very specific to Strawberries.
The occurrence of this fungus in strawberries fluctuates, and data can be found here.{{Cite web |title=Colletotrichum fragariae A.N.Brooks |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/2568952/metrics |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=www.gbif.org |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507221919/https://www.gbif.org/species/2568952/metrics |url-status=live }} It is one of the more deadly pathogens to the strawberry, as once it is inside and affects the crown, the strawberry is no longer able to reproduce or be consumed. For some pictures, this website{{Cite web |title=Anthracnose of Strawberries |url=https://agrobaseapp.com/canada/disease/anthracnose-of-strawberries |access-date=8 May 2022 |website=agrobaseapp.com |archive-date=12 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231012194829/https://agrobaseapp.com/canada/disease/anthracnose-of-strawberries |url-status=live }} has some to show what the disease does.
Morphology
The Colletotrichum fragariae is a very small, microscopic pathogen. It can be seen under microscopes. In a study by A.N. Brooks, the pathogen had tapering to the base, was about 24 x 4.5 μm, had 3–5 septate, but up to 9. It did occur in fascicles, sometimes sinuous, brown, apical cell hyaline or light brown. The apical cell tapers to an open, truncate apex, apical cells of mature setae functioning as phialides and producing conidia (Brooks, 1931).{{Cite web |title=Colletotrichum fragariae |url=http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/265244/ |access-date=7 May 2022 |website=iucn.ekoo.se |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507201418/http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/265244/ |url-status=live }} It also produces cylindrical conidia. There is no above ground body or fruiting body that this fungi makes.{{cn|date=November 2022}}
Ecology
The Colletotrichum fragariae is found in Subtropical/Tropical Moist Lowland Forest and Montane Forests. It had been found in both North and South America and even Asia. There are 66 records of this species in 5 countries. 85% of those were found in the US. It has been researched and found that high soil fertility increases the ability for this fungus to grow. There has been many research papers done to see what the fungus prefers and how it does in certain environments.{{Cite journal |last=Jones Smith |first=Barbara |date=7 May 2022 |title=Strawberry Response to Collectotrichum Fragariae and Colletotrichum Acutatum (Anthracnose Crown Rot). |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5107&context=gradschool_disstheses |journal=LSU Digital Commons |pages=88 |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706030021/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5107&context=gradschool_disstheses |url-status=live }}
Reproduction
The Colletotrichum fragariae is a smaller fungus. It reproduces through asexual spores.{{Cite book |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/book/10.1021/bk-2001-0774 |title=Agrochemical Discovery: Insect, Weed, and Fungal Control |chapter=Chemistry of Spore Germination Self-Inhibitors from the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Colletotrichum fragariae |date=28 December 2000 |publisher=American Chemical Society |isbn=978-0-8412-3724-7 |editor-last=Baker |editor-first=Don R. |series=ACS Symposium Series |volume=774 |pages=62–71 |location=Washington, DC |language=en |doi=10.1021/bk-2001-0774.ch006 |editor-last2=Umetsu |editor-first2=Noriharu Ken |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507221918/https://pubs.acs.org/doi/book/10.1021/bk-2001-0774 |url-status=live }} This is true among all Colletotrichum genus fungi. There are a couple different growth stages including: Flowering stage, Fruiting stage, Post-harvest, Seedling stage, and Vegetative growing stage{{Cite journal |title=Colletotrichum fragariae (anthracnose of strawberry) |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/14907 |access-date=8 May 2022 |journal=Cabi Compendium |date=2021 |volume=CABI Compendium |page=14907 |doi=10.1079/cabicompendium.14907 |language=en |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507201430/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/14907 |url-status=live }}
See also
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Cite journal |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/14907 |title= Colletotrichum fragariae (Anthracnose of strawberry)|work= CABI Compendium|date= 2021|volume= CABI Compendium|page= 14907|doi= 10.1079/cabicompendium.14907|access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507201417/https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/14907 |url-status=live }}
- {{cite web |url=http://iucn.ekoo.se/iucn/species_view/265244/ | title=Colletotrichum fragariae }}
- {{Cite web |url=https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19901144197 |title= Morphological, cultural and pathogenic variation among Colletotrichum species isolated from strawberry|date= 1990|access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=7 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220507201420/https://www.cabi.org/isc/abstract/19901144197 |url-status=live }}
- {{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249305342|title=Colletotrichum fragariae Is a Pathogen on Hosts Other Than Strawberry|accessdate=12 October 2023}}
- {{Cite web |url=https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5107&context=gradschool_disstheses |title= |access-date=7 May 2022 |archive-date=6 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230706030021/https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=5107&context=gradschool_disstheses |url-status=live }}
- {{cite journal |url=https://www.plantwise.org/knowledgebank/datasheet/14907 | doi=10.1079/pwkb.species.14907 | title=Colletotrichum fragariae (Anthracnose of strawberry) | journal=Plantwiseplus Knowledge Bank | date=2022 | volume=Species Pages | page=14907 | doi-access=free }}
- {{cite journal | doi=10.3389/fmicb.2021.735732 | doi-access=free | title=Biocontrol Ability and Mechanism of a Broad-Spectrum Antifungal Strain Bacillus safensis sp. QN1NO-4 Against Strawberry Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum fragariae | date=2021 | last1=Li | first1=Xiaojuan | last2=Zhang | first2=Miaoyi | last3=Qi | first3=Dengfeng | last4=Zhou | first4=Dengbo | last5=Qi | first5=Chunlin | last6=Li | first6=Chunyu | last7=Liu | first7=Siwen | last8=Xiang | first8=Dandan | last9=Zhang | first9=Lu | last10=Xie | first10=Jianghui | last11=Wang | first11=Wei | journal=Frontiers in Microbiology | volume=12 | pmid=34603266 | pmc=8486013 }}
- {{cite journal |url=https://journals.ashs.org/hortsci/view/journals/hortsci/43/1/article-p69.xml | doi=10.21273/HORTSCI.43.1.69 | title=Epidemiology and Pathology of Strawberry Anthracnose: A North American Perspective | date=2008 | last1=Smith | first1=Barbara J. | journal=HortScience | volume=43 | pages=69–73 | doi-access=free }}
- {{cite web |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=265244 | title=Species Fungorum – Names Record }}
- {{cite web |url=https://agrobaseapp.com/canada/disease/anthracnose-of-strawberries | title=Anthracnose of Strawberries }}
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Category:Fungal strawberry diseases