Collinsite
{{Short description|Phosphate mineral}}
{{Infobox mineral
| name = Collinsite
| category = Phosphate mineral
| boxwidth =
| image = Collinsite - Rapid Creek.jpg
| imagesize = 260px
| caption = Crystals of collinsite from the Rapid Creek area of northern Yukon, Canada
| formula = {{chem|Ca|2|(Mg|,Fe|2+|)(P|O|4|)|2|•2H|2|O}}
| molweight =
| strunz = 8.CG.05
| dana = 40.2.2.3
| system = Triclinic
| class = Pinacoidal ({{overbar|1}})
(same H-M symbol)
| symmetry = P{{overbar|1}}
| unit cell = a = 5.734(1) Å
b = 6.780(1) Å
c = 5.441(1) Å
α = 97.29°, β = 108.56°,
γ = 107.28°; Z = 1
| color =
| habit =
| twinning =
| cleavage = Fair on {001} and {010}
| fracture =
| mohs = 3 to 3.5
| luster = Subvitreous, silky if fibrous
| polish =
| refractive = nα = 1.632
nβ = 1.642
nγ = 1.657
| opticalprop = Biaxial (+)
| birefringence = δ = 0.025
| 2V = 80° (measured)
| dispersion = r < v strong
| pleochroism =
| fluorescence= Non-fluorescent{{cite web|title=Collinsite|url=http://webmineral.com/data/Collinsite.shtml|publisher=Webmineral|access-date=August 9, 2012}}
| absorption =
| gravity = 2.99
| density =
| melt =
| fusibility =
| diagnostic =
| solubility = Readily soluble in acids
| diaphaneity = Translucent
| other =
| references ={{cite web|title=Collinsite|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-1109.html|publisher=Mindat|access-date=August 8, 2012}}
}}
Collinsite is a mineral with chemical formula {{chem|Ca|2|(Mg|,Fe|2+|)(P|O|4|)|2|•2H|2|O}}. It was discovered in British Columbia, Canada, and formally described in 1927. It was named in honor of William Henry Collins (1878–1937), director of the Geological Survey of Canada. There are three varieties of the mineral: magnesian collinsite, zincian collinsite, and strontian collinsite. The crystal structure consists of polyhedral chains linked by weak hydrogen bonds.
Description
Collinsite is translucent and brown, chocolate-black, light brown, yellowish white, white, or colorless.{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.org/pdfs/collinsite.pdf |title=Collinsite|encyclopedia=Handbook of Mineralogy |editor1-first=John W. |editor1-last=Anthony|editor2-first=Richard A. |editor2-last=Bideaux|editor3-first=Kenneth W. |editor3-last=Bladh|editor4-first= Monte C. |editor4-last=Nichols |publisher=Mineralogical Society of America|location=Chantilly, VA}} It is colorless in thin section and light yellow-brown to colorless in transmitted light. The zincian variety of collinsite is pale blue. The mineral can occur with fibrous habit, as globular aggregates of crystals, as concentrically layered botryoidal masses, or as bladed or prismatic crystals up to {{convert|2|cm|in|abbr=on}}.
Collinsite is a member of the fairfieldite group. Hillite is the zinc analogue of collinsite{{harvnb|Yakubovich|Massa|Liferovich|Gavrilenko|2003|p=981}} and collinsite is the magnesium analogue of messelite.{{harvnb|Foshag|1928|p=202}}
=Varieties=
There are three varieties of collinsite:
- magnesian collinsite, {{chem|Ca|2|Mg|(P|O|4|)|2|·2H|2|O}}{{harvnb|Bridge|Pryce|1974|p=579}}
- zincian collinsite, {{chem|Ca|2|(Mg|,Zn|2+|)(P|O|4|)|2|·2H|2|O}}
- strontian collinsite, {{chem|(Ca|,Sr}|2|(Mg|,Fe|2+|)(P|O|4|)|2|·2H|2|O}}{{harvnb|Yakubovich|Kabalov|Gavrilenko|Liferovich|2003|p=227}}
Magnesian collinsite was described from South Dakota in 1972, zincian collinsite was described from South Australia in 1973,{{harvnb|Bridge|Pryce|1974|p=577}} and strontian collinsite was described from Russia as early as 1965.{{harvnb|Liferovich|Pakhomovsky|Bogdanova|Balaganskaya|2001|p=1082}} The replacement of calcium by strontium that occurs in strontian collinsite is atypical of collinsite.{{harvnb|Yakubovich|Kabalov|Gavrilenko|Liferovich|2003|p=226}}
Structure
The crystal structure of collinsite was determined using essentially pure magnesian collinsite, Ca2Mg(PO4)2·2H2O, and published in 1974.{{harvnb|Brotherton|Maslen|Pryce|White|1974|p=653}} It consists of chains of corner-sharing (MgΦ6) octahedra and (PO4) tetrahedra. Four of the Mg ligands link to (PO4) groups and the other two to water molecules. Two of the ligands in the (PO4) group link to (MgΦ6) octahedra and the other two link to calcium atoms and act as hydrogen bond acceptors. Weak hydrogen bonds link chains together and force separation between them.{{harvnb|Hawthorne|1998|p=162}} The separation gives room for interstitial, eight-coordinated calcium between chains.{{harvnb|Brotherton|Maslen|Pryce|White|1974|p=655}}
History
File:Collinsite Phosphorite diagram.jpg
Collinsite was discovered prior to 1927 near François Lake, British Columbia. In a {{convert|4|to|12|in|cm|adj=mid|-wide vein}}, phosphorite nodules were discovered that consisted of a fragment of andesite enclosed by concentric layers of phosphate minerals coated in wurtzilite.{{harvnb|Poitevin|1927|pp=2–4}} The phosphate layers were composed of a mineral named quercyite (since determined to be improperly classified){{cite web|title=Quercyite|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3342.html|publisher=Mindat|access-date=August 9, 2012}} and the new mineral collinsite.{{harvnb|Poitevin|1927|p=5}} The François Lake collinsite was light-brown and consisted of sub-centimeter blades.
Collinsite was named in honor of William Henry Collins (1878–1937) who, at the time, was director of the Geological Survey of Canada. The mineral was described by Eugene Poitevin in 1927 in a publication of the Geological Survey.{{harvnb|Poitevin|1927|p=2}} With the analysis performed by E. A. Thompson, Poitevin identified the formula as {{chem|Ca|2|(Mg|,Fe|2+|)(P|O|4|)|2|•2½H|2|O}}.{{harvnb|Wolfe|1940|p=747}} Since no crystals of collinsite were found, the only crystallographic information determined was the angle between cleavages.{{harvnb|Wolfe|1940|p=746}}
In 1940, C. W. Wolfe reexamined the mineral species. With analysis performed by F. A. Gonyer, Wolfe identified the formula of collinsite was {{chem|Ca|2|(Mg|,Fe|2+|)(P|O|4|)|2|•2H|2|O}}, containing less water than Poitevin indicated. Wolfe also questioned the four cleavages found by Poitevin, since he could identify only two fair cleavages from six fibrous crystals.
When the IMA was founded, messelite was grandfathered as a valid mineral species.
Occurrence
Collinsite has been found in Australia, Austria, Bahamas, Brazil, Canada, Germany, Namibia, Norway, Romania, Russia, South Africa, Spain, and the United States. The mineral formed as an incrustation of other minerals by weathering. It occurs in association with bitumen, bobierrite, carbonate rich fluoroapatite, cryptomelane, dolomite, Fe–Mn oxides, kovdorskite, parahopeite, and scholzite.
References
{{Reflist|30em}}
;Bibliography
- {{cite journal|last1=Bridge|first1=P. J.|last2=Pryce|first2=M. W.|title=Magnesian collinsite from Milgun Station, Western Australia|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|date=March 1974|volume=39|issue=305|pages=557–559|url=http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_39/39-305-577.pdf|doi=10.1180/minmag.1974.039.305.11|bibcode=1974MinM...39..577B|citeseerx=10.1.1.627.3650|s2cid=129659571|access-date=2012-08-08|archive-date=2018-06-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180608053252/http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_39/39-305-577.pdf|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Brotherton|first1=P. D.|last2=Maslen|first2=E. N.|last3=Pryce |first3 = M. W.|last4=White|first4=A. H.|title=Crystal Structure of Collinsite|journal=Australian Journal of Chemistry|year=1974|volume=27|issue=3|pages=653–656|doi=10.1071/CH9740653 }} {{subscription required}}
- {{cite journal|last=Foshag|first=W. F.|title=New Mineral Names: Collinsite|journal=American Mineralogist|date=May 1928|volume=13|issue=5|pages=201–202|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM13/AM13_201.pdf}}
- {{cite journal|last=Hawthorne|first=Frank C.|title=Structure and chemistry of phosphate minerals|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|date=April 1998|volume=62|issue=2|pages=141–164|url=http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_62/62-2-141.pdf|doi=10.1180/002646198547512|bibcode=1998MinM...62..141H|s2cid=38295867|access-date=2012-08-10|archive-date=2018-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418014801/http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_62/62-2-141.pdf|url-status=dead}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Liferovich|first1=Ruslan P.|last2=Pakhomovsky|first2=Yakov A.|last3=Bogdanova|first3=Alla N.|last4=Balaganskaya|first4=Elena G.|last5=Laajoki|first5=Kauko V.O.|last6=Gehör|first6=Seppo|last7=Chukanov|first7=Nikita V.|title=Collinsite in hydrothermal assemblages related to carbonatites in the Kovdor Complex, northwestern Russia|url=http://rruff.info/uploads/CM39_1081.pdf|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=August 2001|volume=39|issue=4|pages=1081–1094|doi=10.2113/gscanmin.39.4.1081}}
- {{cite journal|last=Poitevin|first=Eugene|title=A new Canadian occurrence of phosphorite from near Francois Lake, British Columbia|url=http://rruff.info/uploads/CDMB46_5.pdf|journal=Bulletin|date=July 21, 1927|volume=46|publisher=Canada Department of Mines, Geological Survey|pages=2–12}}
- {{cite journal|last=Wolfe|first=C. W.|title=Classification of minerals of the type A3(XO4)2·nH2O|journal=American Mineralogist|date=December 1940|volume=25|issue=12|pages=738–753|url=http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM25/AM25_738.pdf}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Yakubovich|first1=Olga V.|last2=Kabalov|first2=Yu K.|last3=Gavrilenko|first3=Polina G.|last4=Liferovich|first4=Ruslan P.|last5=Massa|first5=Werner|title=Strontium in the Collinsite Structure: Rietveld Refinement|journal=Crystallography Reports|year=2003|volume=48|issue=2|pages=226–232|doi=10.1134/1.1564200|bibcode=2003CryRp..48..226Y|s2cid=94186620}} {{subscription required}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Yakubovich|first1=Olga V.|last2=Massa|first2=Werner|last3=Liferovich|first3=Ruslan P.|last4=Gavrilenko|first4=Polina G.|last5=Bogdanova|first5=Alla N.|last6=Tuisku|first6=Pekka|title=Hillite, a new member of the fairfieldite group: its description and crystal structure|url=http://rruff.info/uploads/CM41_981.pdf|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|year=2003|volume=41|issue=4|pages=981–988|doi=10.2113/gscanmin.41.4.981}}
Further reading
- {{cite journal|last1=Herwig|first1=Sasha|last2=Hawthorne|first2=Frank C.|title=The topology of hydrogen bonding in brandtite, collinsite and fairfieldite|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=October 2006|volume=44|issue=5|pages=1181–1196|url=http://rruff.info/uploads/CM44_1181.pdf|doi=10.2113/gscanmin.44.5.1181}}
- {{cite journal|last1=Hill|first1=R. J.|last2=Milnes|first2=A. R.|title=Phosphate minerals from Reaphook Hill, Flinders Ranges, South Australia|journal=Mineralogical Magazine|date=June 1974|volume=39|issue=306|pages=684–695|url=http://www.minersoc.org/pages/Archive-MM/Volume_39/39-306-684.pdf|doi=10.1180/minmag.1974.039.306.06|bibcode=1974MinM...39..684H|citeseerx=10.1.1.599.1279|s2cid=46629659 }}