Command and control

The US Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/ DoD Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010194329/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/ |date=10 October 2016 }}, www.dtic.mil defines command and control as: "The exercise of authority and direction by a properly designated commander over assigned and attached forces in the accomplishment of the mission. Also called C2. Source: JP 1".[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/c/3226.html Command and control] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629002310/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/dod_dictionary/data/c/3226.html |date=29 June 2011 }}, Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, www.dtic.mil

The edition of the Dictionary "As Amended Through April 2010" elaborates, "Command and control functions are performed through an arrangement of personnel, equipment, communications, facilities, and procedures employed by a commander in planning, directing, coordinating, and controlling forces and operations in the accomplishment of the mission."{{cite book|last1=Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)|title=Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 31 January 2011)|date=8 November 2010|entry=Command and Control|page=65|url=http://ra.defense.gov/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140918211120/http://ra.defense.gov/Portals/56/Documents/rtm/jp1_02.pdf|archive-date=18 September 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}} However, this sentence is missing from the "command and control" entry for the edition "As Amended Through 15 August 2014."{{cite book|last1=Joint Chiefs of Staff (U.S.)|title=Joint Publication 1-02. Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (As Amended Through 15 August 2014)|date=8 November 2010|entry=Command and Control|page=44|url=http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf|access-date=3 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140824034254/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf|archive-date=24 August 2014|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}

Commanding officers are assisted in executing these tasks by specialized staff officers and enlisted personnel. These military staff are a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units.{{cite book |last1=Crumley |first1=Lloyd M. |last2=Sherman |first2=Mitchell B. |title=Review of Command and Control Models and Theory |date=September 1990 |publisher=United States Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences |location=Fort Leavenworth, KS |url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA230105.pdf |access-date=19 March 2023 |archive-date=19 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319213837/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA230105.pdf |url-status=live }}

The purpose of a military staff is mainly that of providing accurate, timely information which by category represents information on which command decisions are based. The key application is that of decisions that effectively manage unit resources. While information flow toward the commander is a priority, information that is useful or contingent in nature is communicated to lower staffs and units.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}}

{{Main|Command and control (malware)}}

This term is also in common use within the computer security industry and in the context of cyberwarfare. Here the term refers to the influence an attacker has over a compromised computer system that they control. For example, a valid usage of the term is to say that attackers use "command and control infrastructure" to issue "command and control instructions" to their victims. Advanced analysis of command and control methodologies can be used to identify attackers, associate attacks, and disrupt ongoing malicious activity.Command Five Pty Ltd, [http://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_C2InTheFifthDomain.pdf "Command and Control in the Fifth Domain"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227035957/http://www.commandfive.com/papers/C5_APT_C2InTheFifthDomain.pdf |date=27 February 2012 }}, February 2012, www.commandfive.com

There is a plethora of derivative terms that emphasize various aspects, uses, and sub-domains of C2. These terms are accompanied by numerous associated abbreviations. For example, in addition to C2, command and control is often abbreviated as C2 and sometimes as C&C

File:Embraer R-99 6750 (9502952605).jpg, an example of aircraft with C3I capabilities]]

"Command and control" have been coupled with:

• Collaboration
• Communication / communications
• Computers / computing
• (Military) intelligence
• Information / information systems

In modern warfare, computers have become a key component as cyberspace is now seen as "the fifth domain of warfare" – refer:

{{cite book |author=Clarke, Richard A. |title=Cyber War |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2010}} and

{{cite journal |url=http://www.economist.com/node/16481504?story_id=16481504 |title=Cyberwar: War in the Fifth Domain |journal=Economist |date=1 July 2010 |access-date=23 April 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207071347/http://www.economist.com/node/16481504?story_id=16481504&source=features_box1 |archive-date=7 December 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

• Electronic warfare
• Interoperability
• Reconnaissance
• Surveillance
• Target acquisition

and others.

{{anchor | CC | cc code | code || CC terminology}}

Some of the more common variations include:

• AC2 - Aviation command & control
• C2I – Command, control & intelligence
• C2I – command, control & information (a less common usage)[http://www.dtic.mil/ttcp/groups.htm TTCP Groups] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605074328/http://www.dtic.mil/ttcp/groups.htm |date=5 June 2011 }}, www.dtic.mil/ttcp/
• R2C2I - rapid advanced manufacturing, command, control & intelligence [developed by SICDRONE]
• C2IS – command and control information systems
• C2ISR – C2I plus surveillance and reconnaissance
• C2ISTAR – C2 plus ISTAR (intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance)
• C3 – command, control & communication (human activity focus)
• C3 – command, control & communications (technology focus)
• C3 – consultation, command, and control [NATO]
• C3I – 4 possibilities; the most common is command, control, communications and intelligence
• C3ISTAR – C3 plus ISTAR
• C3ISREW – C2ISR plus communications plus electronic warfare (technology focus)
• C3MS - cyber command and control mission system
• C3/SA - C3 plus situational awareness
• C4, C4I, C4ISR, C4ISTAR, C4ISREW, C4ISTAREW – plus computers (technology focus) or computing (human activity focus)[http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf "Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081123014953/http://www.dtic.mil/doctrine/jel/new_pubs/jp1_02.pdf |date=23 November 2008 }}, Joint Publication 1-02, US Department of Defense, 17 March 2009.Sloan, E., "Security and Defence in the Terrorist Era", McGill-Queen's University Press, Montreal, 2005; see Ch. 7 for C4ISTAR discussion.
• C4I2 – command, control, communications, computers, intelligence, and interoperability
• C5I – command, control, communications, computers, collaboration and intelligence
• C5I – command, control, communications, computers, cyber and intelligence (US Army)
• C6ISR – command, control, communications, computers, cyber-defense and combat systems and intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/000093646820000016/lmtq4201910k.htm | title=The 2019 Annual Report of Lockheed Martin Corporation | publisher=the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | date=February 7, 2020 | access-date=28 June 2020 | archive-date=28 June 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628204543/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/936468/000093646820000016/lmtq4201910k.htm | url-status=live }}
• MDC2 - multi-domain command and control
• NC2 − nuclear command and control
• NC3 − nuclear command and control and communications

and others.

:Command: The exercise of authority based upon certain knowledge to attain an objective.

:Control: The process of verifying and correcting activity such that the objective or goal of command is accomplished.

:Communication: Ability to exercise the necessary liaison to exercise effective command between tactical or strategic units to command.

:Computers: The computer systems and compatibility of computer systems. Also includes data processing.

:Intelligence: Includes collection as well as analysis and distribution of information.

File:Soviet command ship SSV-33.jpg|The Soviet nuclear-powered command and control naval ship SSV-33 Ural in 1988

File:US Navy 040616-N-3725R-009 Joint Operations Center watch standers review the latest battle assessment.jpg|Joint Operations Center watch standers aboard the command ship USS Mount Whitney in 2005

A command and control center is typically a secure room or building in a government, military or prison facility that operates as the agency's dispatch center, surveillance monitoring center, coordination office and alarm monitoring center all in one. Command and control centers are operated by a government or municipal agency.

Various branches of the US military such as the US Coast Guard and Navy have command and control centers. They are also common in many large correctional facilities.

A command and control center that is used by a military unit in a deployed location is usually called a "command post".[http://peoc3t.monmouth.army.mil/cp/cpsi_cpp.html US Army PEO C3T – Project Manager, Command Posts] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100511155756/http://peoc3t.monmouth.army.mil/cp/cpsi_cpp.html |date=11 May 2010 }}, peoc3t.monmouth.army.mil A warship has a combat information center for tactical control of the ship's resources, but commanding a fleet or joint operation requires additional space for commanders and staff plus C4I facilities provided on a flagship (e.g., aircraft carriers), sometimes a command ship or upgraded logistics ship such as USS Coronado.

Command and control warfare encompasses all the military tactics that use communications technology. It can be abbreviated as C²W. An older name for these tactics is "signals warfare", derived from the name given to communications by the military. Newer names include information operations and information warfare.{{cite magazine |title=Exploiting Electronic Warfare |last=Larson |first=Doyle E. |author-link=Doyle E. Larson |date=1981-07-01 |url=https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0781electronic/ |magazine=Air & Space Forces Magazine|publisher=Air & Space Forces Association|access-date=2025-01-26}}

The following techniques are combined:

• Cyber operations

with the physical destruction of enemy communications facilities. The objective is to deny information to the enemy and so disrupt its command and control capabilities. At the same time precautions are taken to protect friendly command and control capabilities against retaliation.

In addition to targeting the enemy's command and control, information warfare can be directed to the enemy's politicians and other civilian communications.

• Electronic warfare (EW)
• Military deception
• Operations security (OPSEC)
• Psychological operations (PSYOP)
• Psychological warfare

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• Battlespace
• Battle command
• Civilian control of the military
• Command and control warfare
• Command center
• Command ship
• Communications protection
• Defence Information Infrastructure
• Electronic warfare
• Fingerspitzengefühl
• Fog of war
• Intent (military)
• International Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium
• Military communications
• Mission Command
• Mission-type tactics
• Network-centric warfare
• Reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition (RSTA)
• Signal Corps (disambiguation)
• Signals intelligence (SIGINT)
• Situation room
• Surveillance and Target Acquisition (STA)

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US and other NATO specific:

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• 505th Command and Control Wing
• Command and Control Research Program (CCRP)
• Command systems in the United States Army
• Deployable Joint Command and Control
• Future Combat Systems Command and Control Vehicle
• Global Command and Control System
• Joint Force Air Component Headquarters
• Joint Interoperability of Tactical Command and Control Systems
• National Command Authority (United States)
• NATO Communications and Information Systems Agency
• NATO Consultation, Command and Control Agency
• NORAD
• Worldwide Military Command and Control System

{{Div col end}}

Other

• Military Institute of Telecommunications and Information Technologies

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• {{DODDIC}}
• {{FS1037C}}

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{{Wiktionary}}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://www.college.police.uk/app/operations/command-and-control/definitions-and-procedures Command and control definitions and procedures], UK College of Policing
• [https://internationalc2institute.org/ International Command and Control Institute]
• [http://www.dodccrp.org/files/Alberts_UC2.pdf Understanding Command and Control] by D. S. Alberts and R. E. Hayes (2006)

{{Military and war}}

Category:Military terminology

Category:Military science

Category:Military organization