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Common reed bunting

{{Short description|Species of bird}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2023}}

{{Speciesbox

| name = Common reed bunting

| status = LC

| status_system = IUCN3.1

| status_ref = {{cite iucn |author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year=2019 |title=Emberiza schoeniclus |amends=2018 |page=e.T22721012A155430396 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22721012A155430396.en |access-date=13 November 2021}}

| image = Common reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus) m.jpg

| image_caption = Male

| image2 = Common reed bunting (emberiza schoeniclus) f.jpg

| image2_caption = Female – Both at Otmoor, Oxfordshire

File:Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) (W1CDR0001379 BD4).ogg, England]]

| taxon = Emberiza schoeniclus

| authority = (Linnaeus, 1758)

| synonyms = * Fringilla schoeniclus Linnaeus, 1758

  • Schoeniclus schoeniclus (Linnaeus, 1758)

| range_map = EmberizaSchoeniclusIUCN2019-3.png

| range_map_caption = Range of E. schoeniclus{{leftlegend|#00FF00|Breeding|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#008000|Resident|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#00FFFF|Passage|outline=gray}} {{leftlegend|#007FFF|Non-breeding|outline=gray}}

| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies

| subdivision =

  • E. s. schoeniclus {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
  • E. s. caspia {{small|Ménétries, 1832}}
  • E. s. centralasiae {{small|Hartert, 1904}}
  • E. s. harterti {{small|Sushkin, 1906}}
  • E. s. incognita {{small|(Zarudny, 1917)}}
  • E. s. intermedia {{small|Degland, 1849}}
  • E. s. korejewi {{small|(Zarudny, 1907)}}
  • E. s. lusitanica {{small|Steinbacher, 1930}}
  • E. s. pallidior {{small|Hartert, 1904}}
  • E. s. parvirostris {{small|Buturlin, 1910}}
  • E. s. passerina {{small|Pallas, 1771}}
  • E. s. pyrrhulina {{small|(Swinhoe, 1876)}}
  • E. s. pyrrhuloides {{small|Pallas, 1811}}
  • E. s. reiseri {{small|Hartert, 1904}}
  • E. s. schoeniclus {{small|(Linnaeus, 1758)}}
  • E. s. stresemanni {{small|Steinbacher, 1930}}
  • E. s. tschusii {{small|Reiser and Almasy, 1898}}
  • E. s. ukrainae {{small|(Zarudny, 1917)}}
  • E. s. witherbyi {{small|von Jordans, 1923}}
  • E. s. zaidamensis {{small|Portenko, 1929}}

}}

The common reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus) is a passerine bird in the bunting family Emberizidae, a group now separated by most modern authors from the finches, Fringillidae. The genus name Emberiza is from Old German Embritz, a bunting. The specific schoeniclus is from Ancient Greek skhoiniklos, a now unknown waterside bird.{{cite book | last= Jobling | first= James A. | year= 2010| title= The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url= https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling | publisher=Christopher Helm | location = London, United Kingdom | isbn = 978-1-4081-2501-4 | pages = 145, 350}}

It breeds throughout Europe and much of the Palearctic. Most birds migrate south in winter, but those in the milder south and west of the range are resident. It is common in reedbeds and also breeds in drier open areas such as moorland and arable land. For example, it is a component of the purple moor grass and rush pastures, a type of Biodiversity Action Plan habitat in the UK. It occurs on poorly drained neutral and acid soils of the lowlands and upland fringe.

Taxonomy

The common reed bunting was described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his Systema Naturae under the binomial name Fringilla schoeniclus.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=182 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727089 }} This bunting is now placed in the genus Emberiza that Linnaeus had introduced in the same edition of his Systema Naturae.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=176 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | place=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=la | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727083 }}{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | year=2023 | title=Buntings | work=IOC World Bird List |version= v13.2 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/buntings/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=22 December 2023}} The specific epithet schoeniclus is from the Ancient Greek skhoiniklos, a word that was used by Greek authors for an unidentified bird.{{cite book | last=Jobling | first=James A. | year=2010| title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names | url=https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl | url-access=limited | publisher=Christopher Helm | location=London | isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4 | page=[https://archive.org/details/helmdictionarysc00jobl/page/n350 350] }} Linnaeus specified the type locality as Europe but this is now restricted to Sweden.{{ cite book | editor-last=Paynter | editor-first=Raymond A. Jr | year=1970 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=13 | publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology | place=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=13 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14483266 }} Nineteen subspecies are recognised.

The bird family Emberizidae contains approximately 300 species of seed-eating birds, the majority of which are endemic to the Americas. However, the genus Emberiza, which comprises over 40 species, is exclusively found in the Old World.{{cite journal| editor = Hoyo, Josep del| editor2 = Elliott, Andrew| editor3 = Sargatal, Jordi| editor4 = Christie, David A| title=Emberizidae | journal= Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive | date = 2020| url=http://www.hbw.com/family/buntings-and-new-world-sparrows-emberizidae | publisher= Lynx Edicions | doi = 10.2173/bow.emberi2.01| s2cid = 216412784| access-date = 13 April 2014}} {{subscription required}} Within its genus, the reed bunting is most closely related to the Japanese reed bunting and the Pallas's reed bunting, which are sometimes classified as being in the genus Schoeniclus.

=Subspecies=

Nineteen subspecies are recognised, including- E. s. schoeniclus, the nominate subspecies, which occurs in most of Europe, E. s. witherbyi which is found in south Portugal, western Spain, France and Sardinia, E. s. intermedia from Italy and the Adriatic coast to northwest Albania, E. s. reiseri from southeast Albania, northwest Greece, south North Macedonia and west and central Turkey, E. s. caspia from east Turkey and northwest Iran, E. s. korejewi from southwest and eastern Iran and south Turkmenistan, E. s. pyrrhuloides from north Caspian sea region to western Mongolia, southeast Kazakhstan and central Tien Shan, E. s. passerina from northwest Siberia, wintering in south Asia, E. s. parvirostris from central Siberia wintering in northern China, E. s. pyrrhulina from Kamchatka and northern Japan, wintering in central Japan, Korea and eastern China, E. s. pallidior from southwestern Siberia wintering in southwest Asia, E. s. minor from Russian Far East and northeast China, wintering in east China, E. s. ukrainae from Ukraine and adjacent areas of Russia, E. s. incognita from southeastern European Russia to north Kazakhstan and E. s. zaidamensis, endemic to northwest Qinghai, China.

Description

The common reed bunting is a medium-sized bird, {{cvt|13.5–15.5|cm|in}} long and weighing 10–28 g,{{Cite journal |last1=Copete |first1=José Luis |last2=Christie |first2=David |date=2021 |title=Reed Bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus), version 1.1 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/reebun/cur/introduction |journal=Birds of the World |language=en |doi=10.2173/bow.reebun.01.1 |issn=2771-3105}} with a small but powerful seed-eating bill. The male has a black head and throat, white neck collar and underparts, and a heavily barred brown back. The female is much duller, with a streaked brown head, and more barring underneath.

The male's song is a repetitive {{not a typo|srip}}.

Behaviour

Its natural diet consists of insects when feeding its young, and seeds otherwise.

=Breeding=

Breeding usually begins in early April and ends in late August, depending on location and altitude. The species is monogamous{{Citation needed|date=June 2023}}. The nest is made of twigs, grass and reeds lined with finer materials such as hair, moss and rootlets in a bush or reed tussock. 4–5 olive-grey eggs are laid, showing the distinctive hair-like markings characteristic of those of buntings. The incubation period is 12–15 days, during which the chicks are fed by both parents.{{cite journal |last1=Copete |first1=J.L |last2=Christie |first2=D.A |title=Reed Bunting |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/reebun/cur/introduction |website=Birds of the World |date=2021 |doi=10.2173/bow.reebun.01.1 |access-date=8 May 2020}}

Status

The reed bunting is not globally threatened and is listed as least concern by the IUCN. The estimated European population is at least 4.8 million pairs, with particular strongholds in Sweden, Poland and Norway. However, the reed bunting is reported to be declining in Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Germany.

Gallery

Zingend mannetje rietgors in verschillende vegetatie-4961944.webm|Emberiza schoeniclus

Emberiza schoeniclus -England -male-8.jpg|A male in winter in England

EmberizaSchoeniclusNaturalHabitat.jpg|In natural shore habitat

Reed Bunting.jpg|Female

File:Reed Bunting from the Crossley ID Guide Britain and Ireland.jpg|ID composite

Emberiza schoeniclus MHNT.ZOO.2010.11.218. Bréhal.jpg|Eggs

File:Leucistic Reed Bunting 1.jpg|Leucistic reed bunting

{{Commonscat-inline|Emberiza schoeniclus}}

References

{{Reflist}}

External links

  • [http://audioblog.sonatura.com/?p=255 Emberiza schoeniclus : songs, sonagrams]
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080524050150/http://www.arkive.org/species/ARK/birds/Emberiza_schoeniclus/ ARKive] Stills, Video
  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305072031/http://aulaenred.ibercaja.es/wp-content/uploads/451_ReedBuntingEschoeniclus.pdf Ageing and sexing (PDF; 3.7 MB) by Javier Blasco-Zumeta and Gerd-Michael Heinze]
  • [http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Emberiza_schoeniclus/Emberiza_schoeniclus.htm Feathers of common reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180304043911/http://www.ornithos.de/Ornithos/Feather_Collection/Emberiza_schoeniclus/Emberiza_schoeniclus.htm |date=4 March 2018 }}
  • {{Xeno-canto species|Emberiza|schoeniclus}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q26961}}

common reed bunting

Category:Birds of Eurasia

common reed bunting

common reed bunting