Communications Workers of America
{{short description|North American labor union}}
{{Infobox organization
| name = Communications Workers of America
| logo = Communications Workers of America.svg
| logo_alt =
| abbreviation = CWA
| predecessor = National Federation of Telephone Workers
| merged =
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| formation = {{start date and age|1947}}
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| type = Trade union
| headquarters = Washington, DC, US
| location = {{hlist | United States | Canada{{efn|The CWA also represents a few hundred members in England.}}}}
| coordinates =
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| membership = {{ubl | 456,529 ("active" and "dues-paying retired" members) | 166,491 ("non-dues-paying retired" members){{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-188|rptId=560870|rptForm=LM2Form|date=August 29, 2014}}}}
| membership_year = 2014
| leader_title = President
| leader_name = Claude Cummings Jr.
| leader_title2 = Secretary-treasurer
| leader_name2 = Ameenah Salaam
| secessions =
| affiliations = {{hlist|AFL–CIO|Canadian Labour Congress|Strategic Organizing Center|UNI Global Union}}
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| website = {{official URL}}
}}
The Communications Workers of America (CWA) is the largest communications and media labor union in the United States, representing about 700,000 members in both the private and public sectors (also in Canada and Puerto Rico). The union has 27 locals in Canada via CWA-SCA Canada ({{langx|fr|Syndicat des communications d'Amérique|links=no}}) representing about 8,000 members. CWA has several affiliated subsidiary labor unions bringing total membership to over 700,000. CWA is headquartered in Washington, DC, and affiliated with the AFL–CIO, the Strategic Organizing Center,{{Cite web|title=About |url=http://thesoc.org/about/|access-date=2021-11-03|publisher=Strategic Organizing Center|language=en-US}} the Canadian Labour Congress, and UNI Global Union.
History
In 1918 telephone operators organized under the Telephone Operators Department of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. While initially successful at organizing, the union was damaged by a 1923 strike and subsequent AT&T lockout. After AT&T installed company-controlled Employees' Committees, the Telephone Operators Department eventually disbanded.Norwood, Stephen H.: [https://archive.org/details/laborsflamingyou0000norw Labor's Flaming Youth: Telephone Operators and Worker Militancy, 1878-1923], page 302. University of Illinois Press, 1990. The CWA's roots lie in the 1938 reorganization of telephone workers into the National Federation of Telephone Workers after the Wagner Act outlawed such employees' committees or "company unions". NFTW was a federation of sovereign local independent unions that lacked authority over the affiliated local unions leaving it at a serious organizational disadvantage. After losing a strike with AT&T in 1947, the federation led by Joseph A. Beirne,{{cite web|title=U.S. Department of Labor - Labor Hall of Honor - Joseph A. Beirne|url=http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/hallofhonor/2000_beirne.htm#.UNtgxHcgZrw|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130217134721/http://www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/hallofhonor/2000_beirne.htm%23.UNtgxHcgZrw|url-status=dead|archive-date=17 February 2013|work=Labor Hall of Honor|publisher=United States Department of Labor|access-date=26 December 2012}} reorganized as CWA, a truly national union, which affiliated with the Congress of Industrial Organizations in 1949. The union's Canadian members split away in 1972, forming the Communication Workers of Canada.{{cite book |last1=Rideout |first1=Vanda |title=Continentalizing Canadian Telecommunications |date=2003 |publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press |isbn=9780773524255}}
CWA has continued to expand into areas beyond traditional telephone service. In 1994 the National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians merged with the CWA and became The Broadcasting and Cable Television Workers Sector of the CWA, NABET-CWA. Since 1997, it includes The Newspaper Guild (now renamed The NewsGuild-CWA). In 2004, the Association of Flight Attendants merged with CWA, and became formally known as the Association of Flight Attendants-CWA, or AFA-CWA. In 2020 CWA launched the Campaign to Organize Digital Employees (CODE-CWA) initiative to unionize tech, video game, and digital workers which has led to CWA becoming a major union for US and Canada tech worker organizing,{{Cite web|date=2020-01-07|title=Major union launches campaign to organize video game and tech workers|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-01-07/major-union-launches-campaign-to-organize-video-game-and-tech-workers|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US |quote=But despite this swell in labor activism, employees at no major video game studios and only a handful of tech offices have formally voted to form or join a union. }}{{Cite web|date=2021-08-27|title=Campaigns|url=https://www.code-cwa.org/campaigns|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Organizing Campaigns|language=en}}{{Cite web|date=2019-11-25|title=Campaign to Organize Digital Employees (CODE-CWA)|url=https://www.code-cwa.org/|access-date=2021-11-11|website=Organizing Campaigns|language=en}} including organizing all non-management workers at the Hawaii digital wireless carrier Mobi in 2022.{{cite web|url=https://www.hawaiipublicradio.org/local-news/2022-09-14/local-telecommunications-company-mobi-unionizes-with-support-of-ceo|title=Local telecommunications company Mobi unionizes with support of CEO|website=hawaiipublicradio.org|date=14 September 2022 }}
=Contracts and strikes=
Following is a partial list of contracts and strikes that the Communications Workers of America were involved in:[http://www.cwa-union.org/about/timeline Communications Workers of America - Timeline] Accessed March 24, 2010.[http://www.cwa3805.org/HistoryOfTheCWA.pdf CWA Local 3805 Timeline] Accessed March 24, 2010.[http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1990/01/art2full.pdf U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Monthly Labor Review - January, 1990] Accessed March 24, 2010.
File:CWA union rat protest Verizon.jpg used by the CWA during a 2009 rally against Verizon]]
File:Day 36 Occupy Wall Street October 21 2011 Shankbone 48.JPG in October 2011]]
| class="wikitable"
!width=2%|Year !!width=20%|Company !!width=5%| Number of Members Affected !!width=1%| Duration of Strike !!width=40%| Notes | ||||
| 1955 | Southern Bell Telephone Co. | 50,000 | 72 days | Strike was in answer to management's effort to prohibit workers from striking. An expensive strike due to significant number of illegal firings and civil suits from Southern Bell. Out of 200 fired strikers, 150 were reinstated following legal action, with over $200,000 in back pay awarded.{{cite journal |title=Monthly Labor Review |date=August 1956 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ggRticsnBYC&dq=%22Southern+Bell+Strike%22&pg=PA917 |publisher=US Government Printing Office |language=en}} AT&T was forced to acknowledge the union. |
| 1968 | AT&T | 200,000 | 18 days | Wage increases to compensate for cost of living, and medical benefits won |
| 1971 | Bell System | 400,000 | 9 months | Cost of Living Adjustment (COLA) won for workers |
| 1983 | Bell System | 600,000 | 22 days | 1983 AT&T strike: Last contract with the Bell System before its breakup. Bell System sought givebacks. The contract resulted in Wage increases, employment security, pension, and health improvements. |
| 1986 | AT&T | 175,000 | 25 days | COLA clause suspended in contract - former Bell System contracts vary substantially from the AT&T contract. |
| 1989 | AT&T | 175,000 | n/a | Child and elder care benefits added to contract. COLA clause removed from contract |
| 1989 | NYNEX | 175,000 | 17 weeks | Strike was due to major health care cuts by NYNEX |
| 1998 | US West | 34,000 | 15 days | Strike was due to mandatory overtime demands and forced pay-for-performance plan. Overtime caps were won.{{cite news|title=Tentative Agreement Is Reached In Strike by U S West Workers|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/31/us/tentative-agreement-is-reached-in-strike-by-u-s-west-workers.html|access-date=26 December 2012|newspaper=The New York Times|date=31 August 1998}} |
| 2000 | Verizon | 80,000 | 18 days | Verizon strike of 2000: Strike was due to mandatory overtime demands. Provisions for stress were won. |
| 2011 | Verizon | 45,000 | 13 days | Strike was due to major wage and health care cuts by Verizon, a forced pay-for-performance plan and movement-of-work job security provisions. Contract extended. |
| 2012 | AT&T | 20,000 | 2 Days | AT&T West; California, Nevada, and AT&T East; Connecticut - Unfair labor practice strike during contract negotiations.{{cite news|last=Svensson|first=Peter|title=AT&T workers in 3 states launch short strike|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2012/08/07/workers-states-launch-short-strike/kd83GcK49yTxuYtt1C1DSM/story.html|access-date=26 December 2012|newspaper=Boston Globe|date=8 August 2012}} |
| 2016 | Verizon | 40,000 | 49 Days | Verizon strike of 2016: Issues include healthcare and pension costs, moving call center jobs overseas and temporary job relocations.{{cite news|last=Nayak|first=Malathi|title=About 40,000 unionized Verizon workers walk off the job|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-verizon-strike-idUSKCN0XA117|access-date=26 December 2012|newspaper=Reuters|date=13 April 2016}} Call center jobs were returned to the bargaining unit; pension increases won; healthcare reimbursement added and first Verizon Wireless contract reached.{{Cite news|url=http://www.cwa-union.org/news/releases/big-gains-for-striking-verizon-workers-in-new-agreement|title=Big Gains for Striking Verizon Workers in New Agreement|date=2016-05-29|newspaper=Communications Workers of America|access-date=2016-11-27}} |
| 2019 | AT&T | 20,000 | 5 days | 2019 AT&T strike: AT&T Southeast - Unfair labor practice strike during contract negotiations.{{Cite news | url=https://district3.cwa-union.org/news/cwaatt-southeast-bargaining-report-46 |title = CWA/AT&T Southeast Bargaining Report #46| newspaper=District 3 |date = 2019-08-25}} |
Composition
=Membership=
{{thumb|content=
{{center|Total membership (US records){{Cite OLMS|filenum=000-188}}}}{{Graph:Chart
| height = 160
| xAxisTitle = Year | xAxisAngle = -40
| x = 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
| yAxisTitle = Members | yAxisMin = 0 | yAxisFormat = | yGrid =
| y = 499557, 617881, 589143, 557136, 576153, 545638, 720534, 559083, 549791, 492762, 503790, 468469, 467001, 475114, 623020
}}
----
{{center|Finances (US records; ×$1000)}}{{Graph:Chart
| height = 160
| yAxisTitle = Value | yAxisFormat = | yGrid = | colors = red, blue, green, orange
| xAxisTitle = Year | xAxisAngle = -40
| x = 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014
| y1 = 319892, 339937, 373119, 406177, 442755, 474822, 510618, 575710, 584311, 486263, 479109, 644379, 463973, 564767, 566631
| y2 = 73014, 85619, 95028, 120293, 150006, 158134, 190412, 164807, 175851, 223677, 273773, 291051, 295139, 347320, 292688
| y3 = 474352, 557901, 512173, 418489, 516853, 546870, 899657, 643499, 579299, 732935, 301013, 636526, 294874, 289861, 273649
| y4 = 468289, 552043, 489235, 431867, 522475, 513830, 925160, 631310, 561914, 719692, 334463, 638212, 289446, 270211, 290303
}}|caption={{legend0|red|Assets}} {{legend0|blue|Liabilities}} {{legend0|green|Receipts}} {{legend0|orange|Disbursements}}}}
According to CWA's Department of Labor records since 2006, when membership classifications were first reported, the total reported membership has varied greatly and unpredictably due to the addition and removal of reported membership categories. As of 2014, around 27%, or a fourth, of the union's total membership are classified as "non-dues-paying retirees", and not eligible to vote in the union. The other, voting eligible, classifications are "active" (65%) and "dues-paying retired" (8%). CWA contracts also cover some non-members, known as agency fee payers, which number comparatively about 7% of the size of the union's membership. This accounts for 166,491 "non-dues-paying retirees" and 52,240 "dues-paying retirees", plus about 43,353 non-members paying agency fees, compared to 404,289 "active" members.
=Affiliates=
- Association of Flight Attendants (AFA-CWA) represents over 55,000 flight attendants at 22 airlines. Established in 1945, it affiliated with the CWA in 2004.{{Cite journal|last=Ashack|first=Elizabeth A.|date=2008|title=Major Union Mergers, Alliances, and Disaffiliations, 1995-2007|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/monthlylaborrev.2008.09.059|journal=Monthly Labor Review|issn=0098-1818}}
- CODE-CWA (Campaign to Organize Digital Employees)
- International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers ([https://www.iue-cwa.org/ IUE-CWA]) represents over 45,000 manufacturing and industrial workers and affiliated with CWA in 2000.
- The NewsGuild (TNG-CWA) represents over 26,000 journalists and media workers at wire services, newspapers, magazines, and broadcast news. Established in 1933, it affiliated with the CWA in 1995.{{Cite thesis|title=From newspaper guild to multimedia union : a study in labour convergence|url=https://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/998/|publisher=Concordia University|date=2000|degree=phd|language=en|first=Catherine|last=McKercher}}
- National Association of Broadcast Employees and Technicians (NABET-CWA) represents over 10,000 workers employed in the broadcasting, distributing, telecasting, recording, cable, video, sound recording and related industries. Established in 1934, it affiliated with the CWA in 1994.{{Cite journal |last=Mosco |first=Vincent |date=2006-10-23 |title=Convergence Bites Back: Labour Struggles in the Canadian Communication Industry |url=https://cjc.utpjournals.press/doi/10.22230/cjc.2006v31n3a1756 |journal=Canadian Journal of Communication |language=en |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=733–752 |doi=10.22230/cjc.2006v31n3a1756 |issn=0705-3657}}
- CWA Public, Healthcare and Education Workers represents more than 140,000 workers including social workers, educators, and health care providers, including state workers across New Jersey.{{Cite book|last=Cain|first=Timothy Reese|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zkc1DwAAQBAJ&dq=CWA+%22Public,+Healthcare+and+Education+Workers%22&pg=PA40|title=Campus Unions: Organized Faculty and Graduate Students in U.S. Higher Education, ASHE Higher Education Report|date=2017-09-11|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-45343-7|language=en}}
- Printing, Publishing and Media Workers Sector (PPMWS-CWA) was formed from the merger of the International Typographical Union printers.{{Cite journal|last=Stratton|first=Kay|date=1989-03-01|title=Union democracy in the international typographical union: Thirty years later|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02685521|journal=Journal of Labor Research|language=en|volume=10|issue=1|pages=119–134|doi=10.1007/BF02685521|s2cid=153930391|issn=1936-4768}} PPMWS-CWA represents over 8,000 workers in a diverse range of occupations in daily newspapers, commercial printing and mailing operations, and graphic design.
- University Professional and Technical Employees (UPTE-CWA) represents 18,000 clinical lab technicians, computer resource specialists, editors, lab assistants, museum scientists, social workers, staff research associates, student affairs officers, and writers at all campuses and medical centers of the University of California. Established in 1990, it affiliated with the CWA in 1993.{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.7591/9781501728341-025/html|chapter="Other than having a baby, it's the most optimistic thing you can do"|date=2018-08-06|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=978-1-5017-2834-1|language=en|doi=10.7591/9781501728341-025|title=The New Rank and File|pages=230–242|s2cid=243310849}}
- Wells Fargo Workers United (WFWU-CWA) formed in 2023 with its first win in an Alberqueque, New Mexico branch office. Since this first win, the division has successfully organized 20 local branch offices across the country.{{Cite news|date=2023-12-20|title= Wells Fargo Workers Win First-Ever Union Election|url=https://cwa-union.org/news/releases/wells-fargo-workers-win-first-ever-union-election}}{{Cite news|date=2024-10-17|title=Union drive at Wells Fargo heats up as employees allege intimidation tactics|url=https://www.latimes.com/business/story/2024-10-17/union-drive-at-wells-fargo-heats-up-as-employees-allege-intimidation-tactics}}
- United Videogame Workers-CWA (UVW-CWA) was launched in March 2025 to cover all workers involved in the video game industry across United States and Canada.{{cite web | url = https://variety.com/2025/gaming/news/united-video-game-workers-union-launches-cwa-1236341871/ | title = United Videogame Workers Union Launches in Partnership With Communication Workers of America | first = Jennifer | last = Maas | date = March 19, 2025 | accessdate = March 19, 2025 | work = Variety }}
- ZeniMax United (ZOS United-CWA), represents 461 workers of ZeniMax Online Studios and 241 workers of subsidiary studio Bethesda Studios{{Cite news|date=2024-12-12|title=ZeniMax Online Studios Workers Form Latest Video Game Union with Communications Workers of America|url=https://cwa-union.org/news/releases/zenimax-online-studios-workers-form-latest-video-game-union-communications-workers}}{{Cite web|last=Wilde|first=Tyler|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/gaming-industry/bethesda-game-studios-developers-form-wall-to-wall-union-with-241-members/|title=Bethesda Game Studios developers form 'wall to wall' union that includes artists, designers, and programmers|date=2017-07-19|publisher=PCGamer|language=en}}
Leadership
=Presidents=
:1947: Joseph A. Beirne
:1974: Glenn Watts
:1985: Morton Bahr
:2005: Larry Cohen
:2015: Chris Shelton
:2023: Claude Cummings Jr.
=Secretary-Treasurers=
:1947: Carlton W. Werkau
:1955: William A. Smallwood
:1969: Glenn Watts
:1974: Louis Knecht
:1985: James E. Booe
:1992: Barbara Easterling
:2008: Jeff Rechenbach
:2015: Sara Steffens
:2023: Ameenah Salaam
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{Reflist}}
Further reading
- Bahr, Morton. From the Telegraph to the Internet: A 60 Year History of the CWA. Washington, DC: Welcome Rain Publishers, 1998. {{ISBN|978-1-56649-949-1}}
- Palladino, Grace. Dreams of Dignity, Workers of Vision: A History of the International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers. Washington, DC: International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers, 1991.
- Schacht, John N. The Making of Telephone Unionism, 1920–1947. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1985. {{ISBN|978-0-8135-1136-8}}
External links
{{Commons category|Communications Workers of America}}
- {{official website}}
- [http://www.cwa-scacanada.ca Communications Workers of America-Syndicat des communications d’Amérique]
- [http://www.cwa-union.org/about/timeline CWA Timeline]
- [https://wayback.archive-it.org/288/*/http://www.cwa-scacanada.ca/ Communications Workers of America-Syndicat des communications d’Amérique] – Web Archive created by the University of Toronto Libraries
- [https://www.iue-cwa.org/ IUE-CWA] (International Union of Electronic, Electrical, Salaried, Machine and Furniture Workers)
- {{TARO|utarl|02311|Communications Workers of America Photograph Collection}}
- [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/wag_124/ Communications Workers of America Records], Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University
- [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/oh_026/ Communications Workers of America Audio Tape Inventory], Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University
- [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/wag_124_001/ Communications Workers of America Records Addendum], Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University
- [http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/photos_086/ Communications Workers of America Photographs and Videos], Tamiment Library & Robert F. Wagner Labor Archives, New York University
{{Canadian Labour Congress}}
{{AFL-CIO}}
{{Strategic Organizing Center}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Portal bar|Organized labour}}
Category:Canadian Labour Congress affiliates
Category:Communications trade unions
Category:Congress of Industrial Organizations