Unionization in the tech sector

UNI Global Union is a global union federation that has an Information, Communications, Technology and Related Services (ICTS) sector.{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://www.uniglobalunion.org/sectors/icts/about-us|access-date=2021-12-23|website=UNI Global Union|language=en|archive-date=2021-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818041227/https://uniglobalunion.org/sectors/icts/about-us|url-status=dead}}

In 2021, UNI Global Union and international workers of Alphabet, Google's parent company, announced an international union coalition called Alpha Global to assist in organizing the company's global workforce.{{Cite web |last=Schiffer |first=Zoe |date=2021-01-25 |title=Exclusive: Google workers across the globe announce international union alliance to hold Alphabet accountable |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/25/22243138/google-union-alphabet-workers-europe-announce-global-alliance |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=The Verge |language=en}}

Professionals Australia is the union that represents Australian tech workers.

The ICT Union ({{Langx|cs|ICT Odbory}}) was formed in the summer of 2021. It has public campaigns with Expedia and Red Hat Czech. It is affiliated with the OSPPP ({{Langx|cs|Odborový svaz pracovníků peněžnictví a pojišťovnictví|lit=Trade Union of Money and Insurance Workers}}) which in turn is affiliated with the ČMKOS federation.{{Cite web |title=About Us {{!}} ICT Union |url=https://ictunion.cz/en/about-us/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=ictunion.cz}}

Solidaires Informatique is a union that includes game workers and filed a lawsuit against game developer Ubisoft in 2021.{{Cite news|last=Andy Chalk published|date=2021-07-17|title=French game workers union sues Ubisoft for 'institutional sexual harassment'|language=en|work=PC Gamer|url=https://www.pcgamer.com/french-game-workers-union-sues-ubisoft-for-institutional-sexual-harassment/|access-date=2021-12-23}}

The German Trade Union Confederation (DGB) has the principle of one trade union for each company. In practice, the two largest trade unions, IG Metall and ver.di{{efn|In 2001, German Salaried Employees' Union (DAG) merged to form ver.di trade union.{{Cite web |last=Schulten |first=Thorsten |date=November 27, 1999 |title=Verdi overture - five unions agree to form Unified Service Sector |url=https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/1999/verdi-overture-five-unions-agree-to-form-unified-service-sector-union |access-date=2023-08-03 |website=Eurofound |language=en}}|name=verdi-merge}} have been competing since the early 1990s to represent the tech industry which are part of the newer economies.{{Cite journal |last1=Töpsch |first1=Karin |last2=Menez |first2=Raphael |last3=Malanowski |first3=Norbert |date=2001 |title=Ist Wissensarbeit regulierbar? Arbeitsregulation und Arbeitsbeziehungen am Beispiel der IT-Branche |trans-title=Can knowledge work be regulated? Labor regulation and labor relations using the example of the IT industry |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23276690 |journal=The German Journal of Industrial Relations |language=de |volume=8 |issue=3 |pages=306–332 |issn=0943-2779 |jstor=23276690}} High-tech workers in Germany have lower union density than other workers, and are less likely to engage in collective bargaining and are more likely to engage in alternative organisations, sometimes in direct competition with trade unions.{{Cite journal |last1=Croucher |first1=Richard |last2=Martens |first2=Helmut |last3=Singe |first3=Ingo |date=2007 |title=A German Employee Network and Union Renewal: The Siemenskonflikt |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23077943 |journal=Relations Industrielles / Industrial Relations |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=143–169 |doi=10.7202/015801ar |issn=0034-379X |jstor=23077943 |jstor-access=free|url-access=subscription }}

At IBM Germany, the two unions formed a joint collective bargaining committee to resolve their internal union competition.{{Cite web |last=Schulten |first=Thorsten |date=January 15, 2002 |title=IG Metall and ver.di create joint bargaining committee at IBM |url=https://www.eurofound.europa.eu/publications/article/2002/ig-metall-and-verdi-create-joint-bargaining-committee-at-ibm |access-date=2023-02-26 |website=Eurofound |language=en}} SAP employees are similarly represented by both unions.{{Cite web |last=Kerkmann |first=Christoph |date=5 May 2022 |title=Softwarehersteller: Zäsur bei SAP: IG-Metall-Vertreter wird Vorsitzender des Betriebsrats |trans-title=Software manufacturer: Breakthrough at SAP: IG Metall representative becomes chair of the works council |url=https://www.handelsblatt.com/technik/it-internet/softwarehersteller-zaesur-bei-sap-ig-metall-vertreter-wird-vorsitzender-des-betriebsrats/28309900.html |access-date=2022-06-13 |website=Handelsblatt |language=de}}

Tech companies in Berlin have increasingly formed works councils, notably at TikTok, Tesla, Gorillas,{{Cite web |last1=Fiedler |first1=Tristan |last2=Westendarp |first2=Louis |date=2022-08-01 |title=Berlin's tech workers unite to fight for labor rights |url=https://www.politico.eu/article/berlin-tech-worker-unite-fight-labor-right/ |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Politico |language=en}} N26,{{Cite web |last=Bulkeley |first=Andrew |date=2020-08-14 |title=Spat gives N26 employees works council |url=https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/en/n26-employees-vote-on-works-council-li.98855 |access-date=2023-09-18 |website=Berliner Zeitung}} and Zalando.{{Cite web |last=Kaleta |first=Philip |date=30 October 2020 |title=Zalando-Mitarbeiter haben erstmals Gesamtbetriebsrat gewählt |url=https://www.businessinsider.de/bi/zalando-mitarbeiter-haben-erstmals-gesamtbetriebsrat-gewaehlt-wahlbeteiligung-liegt-bei-etwa-40-prozent/ |access-date=2 November 2020 |website=Business Insider |language=de}}

The Financial Services Union (FSU) has produced surveys, research, and legislative action around the IT, tech, and financial tech sectors as early as 2019.{{Cite news|last=Brennan|first=Joe|title=FSU union targets IFSC banks and fintechs in conditions survey|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/financial-services/fsu-union-targets-ifsc-banks-and-fintechs-in-conditions-survey-1.3777859|access-date=2021-12-23|newspaper=The Irish Times|language=en}}{{Cite web|title=A trade union report has called on the government to legislate for a 'right to disconnect'|url=https://fora.ie/right-to-disconnect-fsu-ireland-4845561-Oct2019/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Fora.ie|date=10 October 2019 }}

Cellular, Internet and High-Tech was founded in 2014 as an affiliate of the Israeli trade union confederation Histadrut.{{Cite news|title=Unions set sights on high-tech industry|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/business/.premium-unions-set-sights-on-high-tech-industry-1.5223526|access-date=2020-12-23|newspaper=Haaretz|language=en}}{{Cite book|last=Fisher, Ben|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/iez/16631.pdf|title=Unlikely unionists : organised labour in the Israeli ICT sector|publisher=Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Referat Globale Politik und Entwicklung|isbn=978-3-96250-653-7|location=Berlin|oclc=1220920741}} It represents 3,000 workers through the collective bargaining agreement it has with 6 high-tech firms including the Israel divisions of SAP and Visonic.{{Cite web|last=Gamss|first=Netanel|date=February 24, 2021|title=High-tech unions get a cool reception in Israel. Could U.S. example change that?|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/tech-news/.premium-high-tech-unions-get-a-cool-reception-in-israel-could-u-s-example-change-that-1.9564182|access-date=2021-08-17|website=Haaretz.com|language=en}} A further 200 employees of Surecomp are organized through the other Israeli federation, Koach LaOvdim.

{{See also|2010 Chinese labour unrest|996.icu}}

The All-China Federation of Trade Unions is officially the only trade union in China and acts as an extension of the state's interests. It either co-opts or restricts independent labour organizing.{{Cite web|date=2021-06-30|title=Workers' rights and labour relations in China|url=https://clb.org.hk/content/workers%E2%80%99-rights-and-labour-relations-china|access-date=2021-07-09|website=China Labour Bulletin|language=en}}{{Cite journal|last=Bai|first=Ruixue|date=2011|title=The Role of the All China Federation of Trade Unions: Implications for Chinese Workers Today|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00318.x|journal=WorkingUSA|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=19–39|doi=10.1111/j.1743-4580.2010.00318.x|issn=1743-4580|url-access=subscription}} Most trade union chairs in China are company managers, party cadre members and appointed, rather than elected. The Foxconn Trade Union was formed in November 2006. It represents 90 percent of Foxconn's 1.4 million workers in China and is a company union dominated by management.{{Cite journal |last=Chan |first=Jenny |date=18 July 2013 |title=A suicide survivor: the life of a Chinese worker: The life of a Chinese worker |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ntwe.12007 |journal=New Technology, Work and Employment |language=en |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=84–99 |doi=10.1111/ntwe.12007|s2cid=154463838 }} However, since 2010, due to increased labour militancy and strikes, workers through China have been able to demand more worker representation in union elections.{{Cite journal|last1=Hui|first1=Elaine Sio-ieng|last2=Chan|first2=Chris King-chi|date=September 2015|title=Beyond the Union-Centred Approach: A Critical Evaluation of Recent Trade Union Elections in China: Trade Union Elections in China|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bjir.12111|journal=British Journal of Industrial Relations|language=en|volume=53|issue=3|pages=601–627|doi=10.1111/bjir.12111|s2cid=20101896|url-access=subscription}}

In 2018 Jasic Technology retaliated against a worker led union drive. Over 100 students and workers were arrested including members of Jasic Workers Solidarity Group in what became known as the Jasic incident.{{Cite journal|last=Lin|first=Kevin|date=May 14, 2020|title=Tech Worker Organizing in China: A New Model for Workers Battling a Repressive State|url=https://www.theleftberlin.com/post/tech-worker-organizing-in-china|journal=New Labor Forum|language=en|volume=29|issue=2|pages=52–59|doi=10.1177/1095796020916201|s2cid=219422484|issn=1095-7960|access-date=December 24, 2020|archive-date=November 28, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128024430/https://www.theleftberlin.com/post/tech-worker-organizing-in-china|url-status=dead|url-access=subscription}}

In March 2019, Chinese tech workers mobilized, after an anonymous person uploaded a repository named 996.icu to GitHub. 996 refers to 9 am to 9 pm, 6 days a week or 72-hour work cycle. Over 230,000 tech workers, mainly in China 'starred' or 'liked' the repository, making it one of the largest tech actions in China.{{Cite web|last=Tan|first=JS|title=Tech Workers Are Workers, Too|url=https://jacobinmag.com/2019/05/tech-workers-chinese-solidarity-microsoft-github|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Jacobin Magazine|language=en-US}} US based Microsoft (which own GitHub) employees signed a letter in support of the 996 movement, opposing censorship.{{Cite web|date=2019-04-23|title=Microsoft workers decry grueling '996' working standard at Chinese tech firms|url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/apr/22/microsoft-workers-decry-grueling-996-working-standard-at-chinese-tech-firms|access-date=2020-12-24|website=the Guardian|language=en}}

In the context of the pro-democracy 2019 protests, tech workers founded the Hong Kong Information Technology Workers' Union and developed a database of sympathetic employers who are supportive of the protests.{{Cite news|last=Wu|first=Sarah|date=2020-01-10|title=Hong Kong workers flock to labor unions as new protest tactic|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-protests-unions-idUSKBN1Z9007|access-date=2020-12-25}} The union was later dissolved due to widespread state repression in Hong Kong following the protests.{{cite press release|url=https://hkitwu.org/2021/09/4298/|title=感謝各位支持 HKITWU決定解散|date=2021-09-18}}

The Business Process Outsourcing Industry Employee's Network (BIEN), historically organized call center workers and more recently has focused on organizing tech industry contract workers. In 2021, the union's president had to move into hiding after increased government surveillance and right-wing targeting of left and labor organizers and organizations in the country.{{Cite web|date=2021-07-06|title=Tech contractors are organizing and facing violent threats in the Philippines|url=https://restofworld.org/2021/tech-contractors-are-organizing-and-facing-violent-threats-in-the-philippines/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Rest of World|language=en-US}} BIEN has a long history of organizing in solidarity with US and Canada tech, media, and telecommunications union Communications Workers of America (CWA), including an incident in 2016 where BIEN and CWA organizers were held at gunpoint by an armed right-wing militia during an organizing effort.{{Cite web|last=Finnegan|first=Brian|title=What Happens When Call Center Jobs Are Shipped Abroad and Workers Try to Organize? {{!}} AFL-CIO|url=https://aflcio.org/2019/4/24/what-happens-when-call-center-jobs-are-shipped-abroad-and-workers-try-organize|access-date=2021-12-23|website=aflcio.org|date=24 April 2019 |language=en}}{{Cite web|title=Verizon Strikers Confronted By Armed Security in Philippines Protest|url=https://fortune.com/2016/05/12/verizon-strike-armed-confrontation-philippines/|access-date=2021-12-23|website=Fortune|language=en}}

Sindicatul IT Timișoara (SITT; Romanian IT Union) represents 3,000 IT and outsourcing workers at Alcatel-Lucent, Wipro, Accenture and Alto since 2009. In 2015, SITT met with UNI Global Union to develop an organizing strategy.{{Cite book |last1=Donna |first1=Baines |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=za8CEAAAQBAJ&dq=3000+workers&pg=PT225 |title=Working in the Context of Austerity: Challenges and Struggles |last2=Ian |first2=Cunningham |date=2020-11-09 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-5292-0869-6 |language=en}}

The Association of Internet Workers is a trade union of internet-based platform workers in Serbia.{{Cite web|date=2021-04-09|title=Serbian freelancers protest new taxation law that threatens to push thousands into poverty|url=https://globalvoices.org/2021/04/09/serbian-freelancers-protest-new-taxation-law-that-threatens-to-push-thousands-into-poverty/|access-date=2021-07-16|website=Global Voices|language=en}}

IT, tech, and game worker unionization is a recent trend, located primarily in the Pangyo Techno Valley with a first wave of organization in 2018 and a second in 2021.{{Cite web |last=Yu-Jin |first=Kwen |title=Unions in tech go from improbable to popular |url=https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/2021/04/06/business/industry/IT-Games-Pangyo/20210406194900376.html |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=Korea JoongAng Daily |date=6 April 2021 |language=en}}

In September 2018, over 300 workers at video-game developer Nexon formed the country's first game worker union across the company's affiliates such as Nexon Networks Corp., Neople and Nexon Red.{{Cite web |date=2018-09-03 |title=Nexon forms gaming industry's first union in Korea |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180903000760 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=The Korea Herald |publisher=Yonhap News |language=en}} In 2019 over 600 members took collective action around reorganizations, job security, and other issues at Nexon.{{Cite web |title=Nexon Korea union holds demonstration one year after formation |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2019-09-05-nexon-korean-union-holds-demonstration-one-year-after-formation |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |date=5 September 2019 |language=en}} The union, known as Starting Point, successfully won significant pay raises for members in 2020.{{Cite web |title=Nexon Korea and union agree on pay raises |url=https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2020-02-06-nexon-korea-and-union-agree-on-wage-boost |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=GamesIndustry.biz |date=6 February 2020 |language=en}}

In 2018 workers at South Korean game company Smilegate also formed a labor union known as SG Guild and successfully got Smilegate executives to sign an agreement with the employees. The union held a demonstration in 2019 calling for "stable work practices".{{Cite web |last=Jeong-yeo |first=Lim |date=2020-02-04 |title=Nexon Korea tentatively agrees on 6.8% salary hike |url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20200204000826 |access-date=2021-12-23 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}

In March 2021 workers at Kakao's online-only bank firm KakaoBank formed a union. In April 2021, workers at Webzen, an online game developer, established a union. As of 2021 there are also unions at IT, financial tech, and game firms AhnLab, Hangul & Computer, XL Games, and Naver.

In April 2023, Google Korea and Google Cloud Korea formed a union with Korea Finance & Service Workers Union (KFSWU) affiliated to KCTU. KFSWU has previously organized workers at Oracle, Hewlett Packard, SAP, and Microsoft Korea.{{Cite web |date=14 April 2023 |title=Google Korea workers form a union |url=https://uniglobalunion.org/news/google-korea-workers-form-a-union/ |access-date=2023-04-15 |website=UNI Global Union |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |last=Ye-eun |first=Jie |date=2023-04-20 |title=Is Google Korea no longer dream workplace? |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20230420000621 |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=The Korea Herald |language=en}}

Swedish unions Unionen and Saco signed a collective bargaining agreement with strategy game developer Paradox Interactive that covers all 200 of Paradox's workers in Sweden.{{Cite web|last=Gartenberg|first=Chaim|date=2020-06-03|title=Paradox Interactive signs collective bargaining agreement with labor unions in Sweden|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/6/3/21279538/paradox-interactive-collective-bargaining-agreement-labor-unions-sweden|access-date=2021-12-23|website=The Verge|language=en}}

The Swiss union syndicom covers the IT sector. It is active within Google among other companies.{{Cite web |title=Google |url=https://en.syndicom.ch/en/sectors/ict/it/google/ |access-date=2023-01-29 |website=syndicom EN |language=en-GB}}

In October 2019 employees of Google Switzerland invited syndicom to their office while Google management attempted to shut down their talk.{{Cite web|title=Google's attempt to shut down a unionization meeting just riled up its employees|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/10/21/20924697/google-unionization-switzerland-zurich-syndicom-zooglers|access-date=2023-03-08|website=Vox|date=21 October 2019 |language=en}}

In February and March 2023, employees of Google Switzerland supported by syndicom walked out to protest layoffs.{{Cite news |title=Hundreds of Google Staff in Zurich Stage Walkout Over Job Cuts |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-02-15/hundreds-of-google-staff-in-zurich-stage-walkout-over-job-cuts |access-date=2023-03-08 |website=Bloomberg |date=15 February 2023 |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2023-03-15 |title=Google va licencier 200 personnes à Zurich |url=https://www.rts.ch/info/economie/13863848-google-va-licencier-200-personnes-a-zurich.html |access-date=2023-03-19 |website=Radio Télévision Suisse |language=fr}}

Unite the Union (and its predecessor Graphical, Paper and Media Union) represents Information and Technology sector workers. Unite has a number of collective agreements with tech companies such as Fujitsu, DXC & Daisy Group. In London, a dedicated Unite branch for tech workers has been established.{{Cite web |date=2023-11-01 |title=Unite London Digital & Tech branch - The union for technology, communications & digital workers |url=https://www.unitedigitaltech.org/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Unite London Digital & Tech branch |language=en-GB}}

In 2020 the first dedicated union branch for tech workers was launched by members of the London chapter of the Tech Workers Coalition. The branch, United Tech and Allied Workers, operates as part of the Communication Workers Union.{{Cite news|last=Mellino|first=Emiliano|date=2020-09-22|title=Google and Microsoft staff set to join the UK's first tech trade union|language=en-GB|magazine=Wired UK|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/united-tech-and-allied-workers-union|access-date=2020-12-23|issn=1357-0978}}

In 2018, the British chapter of Game Workers Unite became a legally recognized union with the IWGB for all video game workers.{{Cite web|last=Fogel|first=Stefanie|date=2018-12-14|title=Game Workers Unite UK Is That Country's First Games Industry Union|url=https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/game-workers-unite-uk-video-game-union-1203090102/|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Variety|language=en-US}}

In November 2021, Prospect launched a new tech section, which they described as "a new home of tech workers within the union",{{Cite web |publisher=Prospect |date=2021-11-16 |title=Building worker power in data & tech |url=https://prospect.org.uk/news/building-worker-power-in-data-tech |access-date=2022-07-29 |language=en-GB }} and which has played a role in challenging treatment of staff at Twitter after Elon Musk's takeover.{{Cite web |work=The Independent |date=2022-11-18 |title=Tech worker union demands talks with Twitter over treatment of UK staff |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/business/tech-worker-union-demands-talks-with-twitter-over-treatment-of-uk-staff-b2228256.html |access-date=2022-07-29 |language=en-GB }}{{Cite web |work=The Times |date=2023-01-09 |title=Twitter's cuts pay lip service to redundancy rules, says union |url=https://www.thetimes.com/business-money/article/twitters-job-cuts-pay-lip-service-to-uk-law-says-union-5fmxwjwwp |access-date=2022-07-29 |language=en-GB}}

{{See also|Amazon and unions#United States|Amazon Labor Union}}

Tech unionization is relatively new in the United States, with the exception of telecommunications. Workplaces are primarily organized with the Communications Workers of America and to a lesser extent OPEIU, USW, Teamsters. The overall private job sector has a historically low union density rate of 7 percent, with the tech industry being even lower than that.{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=Union Members Summary|url=https://www.bls.gov/news.release/union2.nr0.htm|access-date=2020-12-23|website=Bureau of Labor Statistics|language=en}}

From 1974 to 1983, the United Electrical (UE) formed a Silicon Valley Electronics Organizing Committee (EOC), which was made up of 1 full time staffer and a dedicated network of rank and file from National Semiconductor, Siltec, Fairchild, Siliconix, Semimetals, and others.{{Cite journal |last1=Early |first1=Steve |last2=Wilson |first2=Rand |date=1986-04-01 |title=Organizing High Tech: Unions & Their Future |url=https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/102472 |journal=Labor Research Review |language=en-US |volume=1 |issue=8}} They had a newsletter called "The Union Voice" in English, Spanish and Tagalog languages.{{Cite web |last=Bacon |first=David |title=Up Against the Open Shop - the Hidden Story of Silicon Valley's High-Tech Workers |url=https://truthout.org/articles/up-against-the-open-shop-the-hidden-story-of-silicon-valley-s-high-tech-workers/ |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=Truthout |date=2 March 2011 |language=en-US}}

Between 1970 and 2016, a patchwork of IBM worker initiatives formed including the National Black Workers Alliance, IBM Workers United and Alliance@IBM.{{Cite web |last=Wright |first=Andy |date=2020-02-17 |title=Don't Call It a Trend: A Brief History of Organizing in Tech |url=https://onezero.medium.com/dont-call-it-a-trend-a-brief-history-of-organizing-in-tech-75aa4ed61c |access-date=2021-04-20 |website=OneZero |language=en}}

Since 2014,{{Cite web |last=Luhby |first=Tami |date=2014-01-15 |title=Amazon warehouse workers in Delaware have voted against forming a union |url=https://money.cnn.com/2014/01/15/news/economy/amazon-union/index.html |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=CNNMoney}}{{Cite news |title=Amazon Warehouse Workers In Alabama May Get To Vote Again On Union |language=en |website=NPR.org |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/02/1014632356/amazon-alabama-warehouse-workers-may-get-to-vote-again-on-union |access-date=2021-08-12}} various Amazon worker initiatives have largely unsuccessfully sought union recognition in different Amazon warehouses. In 2021, members of Teamsters voted at a convention to form an 'Amazon division' to make it a strategic priority.{{Cite news |last1=Hsu |first1=Andrea |date=22 June 2021 |title=The Teamsters Want To Unionize Amazon Workers. Here's What That Means |language=en |newspaper=NPR |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/22/1009213361/the-teamsters-want-to-unionize-amazon-workers-heres-what-that-means |access-date=2021-08-12}}{{Cite web |date=2021-06-24 |title=Amazon crushed the Alabama union drive – can the Teamsters do better? |url=http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/jun/24/amazon-alabama-union-drive-teamsters |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}

Unionization has picked up speed since 2019 as several unions have successfully launched initiatives to organize tech workers, such as the Communications Workers of America, United Steel Workers and Office and Professional Employees International Union.

In March 2019, 5 employees of npm, Inc. were laid off, 4 of whom were involved in organizing for a union.{{Cite news |last1=Conger |first1=Kate |last2=Scheiber |first2=Noam |date=2019-07-08 |title=Employee Activism Is Alive in Tech. It Stops Short of Organizing Unions. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/08/technology/tech-companies-union-organizing.html |access-date=2021-07-04 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} In July, npm settled with three employees for $105,000 after they filed a complaint with the NLRB alleging retaliation.{{r|NYT_2019-07-08}}{{Cite web |last=Francisco |first=Thomas Claburn in San |title=NPM Inc settles union-busting complaints on third try – after CEO trolled for ordering internal mole hunt |url=https://www.theregister.com/2019/07/02/npm_abandons_settlement_talks/ |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=www.theregister.com |language=en}}

In February 2020, 14 Instacart part-time (<30 hours) in-store shopper employees voted to form a union with UFCW, in the first app based union in the nation.{{Cite web |last=Gurley |first=Lauren Kaori |date=February 2, 2020 |title=Instacart Workers Win Historic Union Election |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/instacart-workers-win-historic-union-election/ |access-date=2020-12-31 |website=Vice Media |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=2020-02-04 |title=Instacart workers voted to unionize this past weekend for better working conditions |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/4/21122632/instacart-workers-union-vote-succeed-gig-worker-economy-labor-activism |access-date=2020-12-31 |website=The Verge |language=en}} One year later, in January 2021, Instacart announced it is laying off 2,000 employees including all 10 remaining unionized workers.{{Cite web |last=Schiffer |first=Zoe |date=2021-01-21 |title=Instacart is firing every employee who voted to unionize |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/21/22242676/instacart-firing-every-union-employee-coronavirus-pandemic |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=The Verge |language=en}}

{{See also|Google worker organization#United States}}

In September 2019, 80 vendor contractors of Google Shopping at the outsourcing company HCL Technologies voted to form a union with Pittsburgh United Steel Workers, making it the first successful tech union for office based workers.{{Cite news |title=US HCL Tech Employees: HCL Tech employees at Google US join Union |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/ites/hcl-tech-employees-at-google-us-join-union/articleshow/71299050.cms |access-date=2020-12-23 |work=The Economic Times}}{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Anna |title=Google contractors reach first union agreement - Protocol |url=https://www.protocol.com/bulletins/google-contractors-reach--union-agreement |access-date=2023-09-19 |website=Protocol |language=en}} Two years later, HCL and 65 workers ratified a three-year collective bargaining agreement, one of the first in tech industry.{{Cite web |last=Heater |first=Brian |title=Pittsburgh Google contractors ratify deal with HCL |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/07/30/pittsburgh-google-contractors-ratify-deal-with-hcl/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=TechCrunch |date=30 July 2021 |language=en-US}}

{{Main|CODE-CWA|Communications Workers of America}}

In January 2018, 15 employees of logistics startup company Lanetix were fired, 10 days after they petitioned to form a union with Washington-Baltimore News Guild (CWA).{{Cite web |last=Evangelista |first=Benny |date=2018-02-01 |title=SF tech company fired software engineers seeking to organize, union claims |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/business/article/SF-tech-company-fired-software-engineers-seeking-12541301.php |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=San Francisco Chronicle |language=en-US}} In November, the company agreed to pay $775,000 to the 15 former employees after the NLRB found they retaliated.{{Cite web |date=12 November 2018 |title=Full Page Reload |url=https://spectrum.ieee.org/startup-lanetix-pays-775000-to-software-engineers-fired-for-union-organizing |access-date=2021-07-04 |website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News |language=en}}{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Software Engineers Settle NLRB Case for $775,000 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/mare.30479 |journal=Management Report for Nonunion Organizations |language=en |volume=42 |issue=4 |pages=1–2 |doi=10.1002/mare.30479 |issn=1530-8286 |s2cid=240800883|url-access=subscription }}

In January 2020, the Communications Workers of America launched the Campaign to Organize Digital Employees (CODE-CWA) to organize tech, game, and digital workers in the US and Canada.{{Cite web |date=2020-01-07 |title=Major union launches campaign to organize video game and tech workers |url=https://www.latimes.com/business/technology/story/2020-01-07/major-union-launches-campaign-to-organize-video-game-and-tech-workers |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}} According to the CODE-CWA website "thousands of tech, game, and digital workers" have organized with over a dozen CODE-CWA organizing campaigns, including several certified unions with collective bargaining rights.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-27 |title=Campaigns |url=https://www.code-cwa.org/campaigns |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=Organizing Campaigns |language=en}} As of August 2022, CODE-CWA has organized over 3000 union members in various sub-industries of the tech sector across over 25 bargaining units in the last two years of organizing.{{Cite web |date=September 2022 |title=Not Playing Around: QA Testers at Blizzard Albany Organize with CODE-CWA |url=https://www.thestrikewave.com/original-content/2022/9/1/blizzard-albany-qa-workers-organize |access-date=2022-09-01 |website=Strikewave |language=en-US}}

Within its first year{{Cite web |last=Schiffer |first=Zoe |date=2021-01-05 |title=Here's what we know about the Google union so far |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/1/5/22215171/google-alphabet-union-cwa-organizers-goals-explainer |access-date=2021-01-22 |website=The Verge |language=en}} the CODE-CWA campaign unionized workers at Glitch,{{Cite web |title=Online code collaboration tool Glitch votes to unionize |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/13/online-code-collaboration-tool-glitch-votes-to-unionize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719222218/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/13/online-code-collaboration-tool-glitch-votes-to-unionize/ |archive-date=2021-07-19 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=TechCrunch |date=13 March 2020 |language=en-US}} Blue State Digital,{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Sean |date=October 21, 2020 |title=Employees At Democratic Firm Blue State Unionized By CODE-CWA |url=https://www.campaignsandelections.com/prestitial |access-date=2020-12-31 |website=Campaigns and Elections}} the Alphabet Workers Union at Alphabet, and game studio Voltage Entertainment.{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Nicole |date=2020-08-11 |title=These game writers made history by going on strike — and winning |url=https://www.polygon.com/2020/8/11/21363817/lovestruck-voltage-entertainment-writers-strike-video-game-industry-unionization |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}} In 2021, workers at Do Better Tech,{{cite tweet |number=1345027742723497984 |user=adamwebs1 |title=I'm looking forward to continuing the relationship with participating organizations as a contractor under the auspices of Do Better Tech and our upcoming voluntary recognition of a union contract with #CWA 9003! |author=Adam Webster 🌹 |date=January 1, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113163018/https://twitter.com/adamwebs1/status/1345027742723497984 |archive-date=November 13, 2021 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |title=Home Page {{!}} Do Better Tech |url=https://dobettertech.com/ |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=dobettertech.com}} Mobilize,{{Cite web |last=Kramer |first=Anna |date=2021-03-15 |title=Mobilize app workers have unionized, adding momentum to CWA's tech organizing efforts |url=https://www.protocol.com/mobilize-app-code-cwa-union |access-date=2021-08-12 |website=Protocol |language=en}} Medium,{{Cite web |last=Schiffer |first=Zoe |date=2021-03-01 |title=Medium union effort stalls, falling one vote short of majority |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/1/22307415/medium-union-effort-stalls-one-vote-short-majority-cwa |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Verge |language=en}} NPR,{{cite tweet |number=1386680140097363974 |user=WeBuildNPR |title=We, the rank and file employees of NPR's Digital Media Division (Content Operations, Design, Engineering, Online Support, and Product Management), are proud to announce we are joining our broadcast colleagues in NABET-CWA Local 31. @cwaunion @code_cwa @nabetcwa (1/11) |author=Digital Media United |date=April 26, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114084906/https://twitter.com/webuildnpr/status/1386680140097363974 |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cite tweet |number=1455522581205954567 |user=WeGrowNPR |title=Today we, the staff of @NPR's Communications and Audience Growth divisions, asked for voluntary recognition from management to join @WeBuildNPR. Inspired by our colleagues in Digital Media, we want to join the movement for greater solidarity at NPR. 1/ #WeGrowNPR |author=WeGrowNPR |date=November 2, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114184627/https://twitter.com/wegrownpr/status/1455522581205954567 |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |url-status=live}}{{cite tweet |number=1458163480691945475 |user=WeGrowNPR |title=We are excited to share that as of today, we have been voluntarily recognized!!! Our group will now officially be part of the @WeBuildNPR unit within @CODE_CWA. /1 |author=WeGrowNPR |date=November 9, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211114090103/https://twitter.com/wegrownpr/status/1458163480691945475 |archive-date=November 14, 2021 |url-status=live}} Mapbox,{{Cite web |date=2021-08-05 |title=Silicon Valley workers vote down union at SoftBank-backed Mapbox |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/silicon-valley-workers-vote-down-union-softbank-backed-mapbox-2021-08-05/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Reuters}} Catalist,{{Cite web |last=Rowland |first=Geoffrey |date=2021-06-16 |title=Workers at progressive data firm Catalist unionize |url=https://thehill.com/policy/technology/558812-workers-at-progressive-data-firm-catalist-unionize |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=TheHill |language=en}} Change.org,{{Cite web |title=Change.Org Workers Form A Union, Giving Labor Activists Another Win In Tech |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/06/30/1011387838/change-org-workers-form-a-union-giving-labor-activists-another-win-in-tech |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=NPR.org |language=en}} EveryAction,{{Cite web |date=2021-09-03 |title=Workers at EveryAction Become Largest Progressive Tech Union |url=https://cwa-union.org/news/releases/workers-everyaction-become-largest-progressive-tech-union |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=Communications Workers of America |language=en}} and New York Times Tech staff launched public unionization drives,{{Cite news |last=Eidelson |first=Josh |date=10 August 2021 |title=New York Times Tech Staff to Walk Out in Growing Union Fight |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-08-10/new-york-times-tech-staff-to-walk-out-escalating-union-fight |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Bloomberg News}} with civic tech companies Mobilize, Catalist and Change.org receiving voluntary recognition from their employers. CODE-CWA has also supported workers at Activision Blizzard by filing Unfair Labor Practice charge with the NLRB.{{Cite web |last=Parrish |first=Ash |date=2021-09-14 |title=Activision Blizzard sued again, this time for labor violations |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/9/14/22674269/activision-blizzard-sued-nlrb-labor-violations |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=The Verge |language=en}} CODE-CWA has also organized the first table-top game company at Pathfinder and Starfinder developer Paizo.{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Charlie |date=2021-10-14 |title=Workers at Paizo unionize, a first for the tabletop role-playing game industry |url=https://www.polygon.com/tabletop-games/22726765/paizo-workers-form-union-demands-cwa-pathfinder-starfinder |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}{{cite tweet |number=1451344696597438467 |user=rkgwork |title=The freelancers of @paizo refused to work until @PaizoWorkers were recognized! https://t.co/qu90BftfDB |author=R Givan |date=October 21, 2021 |access-date=December 7, 2021 |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111190944/https://twitter.com/rkgwork/status/1451344696597438467 |archive-date=November 11, 2021 |url-status=live}}{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Nicole |date=2021-10-22 |title=Pathfinder, Starfinder publisher voluntarily recognizes workers' union |url=https://www.polygon.com/22740227/pathfinder-starfinder-voluntarily-recognized-workers-union |access-date=2021-11-11 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}

Glitch staff announced intentions to unionize with the CWA Local 1101 as part of CODE-CWA in early 2020. The company voluntarily recognized their union. Around the same time, the company laid off a third of its staff of 50 during the COVID-19 pandemic.{{Cite web |last1=Kastrenakes |first1=Jacob |date=2020-05-22 |title=Glitch lays off 'substantial number of employees' to cut costs |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/22/21268007/glitch-layoffs-substantial-number-coding-platform-union |accessdate=2020-05-26 |work=The Verge |language=en |df=mdy-all}}{{Cite web |last=Heater |first=Brian |date=March 13, 2020 |title=Online code collaboration tool Glitch votes to unionize |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/13/online-code-collaboration-tool-glitch-votes-to-unionize/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210719222218/https://techcrunch.com/2020/03/13/online-code-collaboration-tool-glitch-votes-to-unionize/ |archive-date=2021-07-19 |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=Tech Crunch |language=en-US}} Glitch signed a collective bargaining agreement in March 2021, the first in the American tech industry.{{Cite web |last1=Schiffer |first1=Zoe |date=2021-03-02 |title=Glitch workers sign tech's first collective bargaining agreement |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/2/22307671/glitch-workers-sign-historic-collective-bargaining-agreement-cwa |accessdate=2021-03-21 |work=The Verge |language=en |df=mdy-all}}

{{Main|Alphabet Workers Union|Google worker organization#United States}}

On January 4, 2021, over 400 employees (out of 130,000) of Alphabet (parent company of Google) formed the Alphabet Workers Union (CWA Local No. 1400) with a rare solidarity union model, which is not registered with the National Labor Relations Board, and thus cannot engage in collective bargaining.{{Cite news |last=Marshall |first=Aarian |date=2021-01-12 |title=Google's New Union Is Already Addressing Political Issues |url=https://www.wired.com/story/googles-new-union-addressing-political-issues/ |magazine=Wired |language=en-us |issn=1059-1028 |quote=The AWU is somewhat unusual in that it is affiliated with the Communications Workers of America but won’t seek recognition or collective bargaining rights through the National Labor Relations Board. “We will use our reclaimed power to control what we work on and how it is used,” AWU writes in its mission statement. “We will ensure Alphabet acts ethically and in the best interests of society and the environment.” The group says it now has more than 700 dues-paying members. But that’s still a tiny percentage of Alphabet’s 130,000 employees—and an even smaller share of the company’s total workforce, including temporary workers, contractors, and vendors. The union is unusual in another respect, because it welcomes contractors and temporary workers.}}{{Cite news |last=Tiku |first=Nitasha |title=Google workers launch unconventional union with help of Communications Workers of America - The Alphabet Workers Union will push for change without traditional collective bargaining rights |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/01/04/google-union-cwa/ |access-date=2021-01-05 |newspaper=Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286}} Alphabet Workers Union is notably open to non Alphabet employees, including Temporary, Vendor, and Contract workers, who make up almost half of the workforce.{{r | Wired_2021-01-12 }}

On April 13, 2021, more than 650 tech workers at the New York Times announced that they were unionizing with the NewsGuild-CWA.{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |date=2021-04-13 |title=New York Times tech workers form a union. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/13/business/media/new-york-times-tech-workers-form-a-union.html |access-date=2021-12-22 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}{{Cite web |date=29 June 2021 |title=Shrugging Off Anti-Union Campaign, New York Times Tech Workers See a Chance to Make History |url=https://inthesetimes.com/article/new-york-times-tech-workers-guild-union-drive |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=In These Times |language=en}} In July 2021 the workers filed for union certification with the National Labor Relations Board.{{Cite web |date=2021-07-23 |title=600+ New York Times Tech Workers File for Union Certification! |url=https://www.code-cwa.org/stories/600-new-york-times-tech-workers-file-union-certification |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=Organizing Campaigns |language=en}} On August 11, 2021, the New York Times Tech Guild held a half-day work stoppage in protest of alleged union-busting tactics from the New York Times management for which the Guild filed at least three unfair labor practices charges with the NLRB.{{Cite web |date=2021-08-11 |title=New York Times tech workers escalate union conflict with half-day walkout |url=https://www.poynter.org/business-work/2021/new-york-times-tech-workers-escalate-union-conflict-with-half-day-walkout/ |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=Poynter |language=en-US}} On November 4, 2024 the New York Times Tech Guild conducted an eight-day unfair labor practice strike of in-person and remote workers.{{cite news |title=New York Times Tech Guild goes on strike |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/style/media/2024/11/04/new-york-times-tech-strike-walkout/ |access-date=12 November 2024 |publisher=The Washington Post}} They returned to work on November 12, 2024 without a signed collective bargaining agreement.{{cite news |last1=Roth |first1=Emma |title=The NYT Tech Guild’s election week strike is over |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/11/11/24294023/new-york-times-tech-workers-strike-end |access-date=12 November 2024 |publisher=The Verge}} At the time the union was certified, it was the largest union representing tech workers with collective bargaining rights in the country.{{Cite news |last=Robertson |first=Katie |date=2022-03-03 |title=New York Times Tech Workers Vote to Certify Union |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/03/03/business/media/new-york-times-tech-union.html |work=The New York Times |language=en}}{{Main|Microsoft and unions#United States|Activision Blizzard worker organization}}

Microsoft recognizes several video game unions at its subsidiaries ZeniMax Studios and Activision Blizzard.{{Cite web |last=Carpenter |first=Nicole |date=2024-03-08 |title=600 Activision QA workers unionize, Microsoft voluntarily recognizes |url=https://www.polygon.com/24093254/activision-qa-600-workers-union-microsoft |access-date=2024-06-18 |website=Polygon |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last1=Carpenter |first1=Nicole |date=2022-12-02 |title=Blizzard Albany becomes second unionized studio at Activision Blizzard |url=https://www.polygon.com/23490063/activision-blizzard-albany-qa-union-vote-win |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126175937/https://www.polygon.com/23490063/activision-blizzard-albany-qa-union-vote-win |archive-date=January 26, 2023 |access-date=2023-02-11 |work=Polygon |language=en-US |df=mdy-all}}{{cite web |last1=Wood |first1=Austin |date=May 23, 2022 |title=Activision Blizzard employees form first major NA games union, hope to inspire "growing movement of workers" |url=https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/activision-blizzards-raven-software-wins-landmark-union-vote-its-a-beautiful-day-to-unionize |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614213540/https://www.gamesradar.com/uk/activision-blizzards-raven-software-wins-landmark-union-vote-its-a-beautiful-day-to-unionize/ |archive-date=June 14, 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022 |website=GamesRadar+}} Microsoft has a labor neutrality agreement with CODE-CWA that extends to all Microsoft workers, including its subsidiaries.{{Cite news |date=2022-06-13 |title=Microsoft, union enter into labor neutrality agreement |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/microsoft-union-enter-into-labor-neutrality-agreement-2022-06-13/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |work=Reuters |language=en}}

{{Main|Office and Professional Employees International Union}}

In February 2020, 85 Kickstarter employees voted to unionize with Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU) Local 153.{{Cite web |last=Carman |first=Ashley |date=2020-02-18 |title=Kickstarter employees vote to unionize |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/2/18/21142308/kickstarter-employee-vote-union-unionize |access-date=2020-12-23 |website=The Verge |language=en}}

In January 2021, Office and Professional Employees International Union (OPEIU) launched Tech Workers Union Local 1010 as a result of its success unionizing Kickstarter.{{Cite press release |last= |first= |title=OPEIU Launches Tech Workers Union Local 1010 to Raise Standards for Tech Industry Employees |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/opeiu-launches-tech-workers-union-local-1010-to-raise-standards-for-tech-industry-employees-301214121.html |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}} In August, workers at Code for America went public with their union drive with OPEIU.{{Cite web |last=Schiffer |first=Zoe |date=2021-08-04 |title=Code for America employees are unionizing |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/8/4/22607889/code-for-america-employees-unionizing |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=The Verge |language=en}} A majority of workers at the e-commerce platform Big Cartel signed union cards with OPEIU Local 1010, calling for voluntary recognition by December 6, 2021.{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Tech Workers at Big Cartel Request Voluntary Recognition of Their Union |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/tech-workers-big-cartel-request-183100314.html |access-date=2021-12-01 |website=Yahoo! Finance |language=en-US}} On December 13, the company announced that they were granting voluntary recognition.{{Cite web |title=Big Cartel staff are voluntarily recognized as the latest tech workers union |url=https://techcrunch.com/2021/12/14/big-cartel-staff-are-voluntarily-recognized-as-the-latest-tech-workers-union/ |access-date=2021-12-22 |website=TechCrunch |date=14 December 2021 |language=en-US}}

• Apple worker organization
• SAP employee representation
• Tech Workers Coalition
• Tesla and unions
• Crunch (video games)

{{notelist}}

{{reflist}}

• {{Lang-zh|c=香港資訊科技界工會|s=|t=|p=|l=Hong Kong Information Technology Workers’ Union|links=no}} [https://hkitwu.org/ Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120025429/https://www.hkitwu.org/ |date=2021-01-20 }}
• UNI Global Union Information, Communications, Technology and Services sector [https://www.uniglobalunion.org/sectors/icts/about-us Official Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811230512/https://uniglobalunion.org/sectors/icts/about-us |date=2021-08-11 }}
• [https://data.collectiveaction.tech/ Collective Actions in Tech Data]

{{Multinational unions}}

*

Category:Lists of trade unions

Category:Labour relations in Australia

Category:Labor relations in Germany

Category:Labour relations in Israel

Category:Labor relations in China

Category:Labour relations in the United Kingdom

Category:Labor relations in France

Category:Labor relations in the United States

Category:Labor relations in Romania