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Composition of heated tobacco product emissions

The composition of the emissions generated from heated tobacco products are generally lower than that found in cigarette smoke. This is due to the comparatively low temperatures, the filter systems, and physical design. The composition of what is produced is complex. The main toxicants found in the emissions of cigarette smoke (i.e., tar, nicotine, carbonyl compounds, and nitrosamines) are also found in the emissions of these products in varying concentrations. The aerosol generated contains levels of nicotine and cancer-causing chemicals that are comparable to regular cigarettes.{{cite journal|last1=Jenssen|first1=Brian P.|last2=Walley|first2=Susan C.|last3=McGrath-Morrow|first3=Sharon A.|title=Heat-not-Burn Tobacco Products: Tobacco Industry Claims No Substitute for Science|journal=Pediatrics|volume=141|issue=1|year=2017|pages=e20172383|issn=0031-4005|doi=10.1542/peds.2017-2383|pmid=29233936|doi-access=free}} The emissions contained 84% of the nicotine found in regular cigarettes.{{cite journal|year=2017|last1=Ziedonis|first1=Douglas|title=Tobacco use disorder and treatment: New challenges and opportunities|journal=Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience|volume=19|issue=3|pages=271–80|last2=Das|first2=Smita|last3=Larkin|first3=Celine|doi=10.31887/DCNS.2017.19.3/dziedonis|pmc=5741110|pmid=29302224}}

The available research on the mainstream and exhaled aerosol generated by these products is limited, as of 2018. They do not generate side-stream emissions. The exhaled aerosol is highly volatile because it is made up of liquid particles that evaporate quickly. The particle size of their emissions have a median aerodynamic diameter that is somewhat bigger than those found in cigarette smoke. There is a lack of agreement on the composition of the emissions in the documented literature, as of 2018.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}} These products, however, still pose health risks. Lower levels of harmful emissions has been shown, but lowering the risk to the smoker who transitions to using them has not been shown, as of 2018. As a result of the various types of heated tobacco products, the characteristics and effects for each type will be different.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=219}}

Since the 1960s heated tobacco products were in development by tobacco companies. Safer heated tobacco products that deliver nicotine but limit emissions of tar or carbon monoxide (CO) is a half-century old idea, which had been unsuccessfully market-tested since 1988, first as Premier by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) and later as Eclipse (RJR) and Accord Philip Morris International (PMI). Various heated products were reintroduced to the market, as of 2018.

Introduction

Heated tobacco products are electronic devices that heat processed tobacco to supposedly deliver an aerosol with fewer toxicants than in cigarette smoke. Commercially available heated tobacco systems like glo (produced by British American Tobacco (BAT)) or IQOS (Philip Morris International (PMI)) include a charger, a holder and tobacco sticks, plugs or capsules. Inserted into the holder, tobacco sticks are heated with an electronically controlled heating element. Other products, like {{Proper name|iFuse}} from BAT or Ploom Tech from Japan Tobacco (JT), produce aerosol from a non-tobacco source and pass it through a tobacco plug to absorb flavor and nicotine. Heated tobacco products aim for a niche between combustible tobacco smoking and electronic cigarettes that aerosolize nicotine suspended in humectants.

Since the 1960s heated tobacco products were in development by tobacco companies.{{cite journal|last1=Elias|first1=Jesse|last2=Dutra|first2=Lauren M|last3=St. Helen|first3=Gideon|last4=Ling|first4=Pamela M|title=Revolution or redux? Assessing IQOS through a precursor product|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=27|issue=Suppl 1|year=2018|pages=s102–s110|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054327|pmc=6238084|pmid=30305324}} Safer heated tobacco products that deliver nicotine but limit emissions of tar or carbon monoxide (CO) is a half-century-old idea, which had been unsuccessfully market-tested since 1988, first as Premier by the RJ Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) and later as Eclipse (RJR) and Accord (PMI). As of 2018, various heated tobacco products were reintroduced to the market.{{cite journal|last1=Staal|first1=Yvonne CM|last2=van de Nobelen|first2=Suzanne|last3=Havermans|first3=Anne|last4=Talhout|first4=Reinskje|title=New Tobacco and Tobacco-Related Products: Early Detection of Product Development, Marketing Strategies, and Consumer Interest|journal=JMIR Public Health and Surveillance|volume=4|issue=2|year=2018|pages=e55|issn=2369-2960|doi=10.2196/publichealth.7359|pmc=5996176|pmid=29807884 |doi-access=free }}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=http://publichealth.jmir.org/2018/2/e55/|author(s)=Yvonne CM Staal, Suzanne van de Nobelen, Anne Havermans, and Reinskje Talhout}} Japan, where manufacturers have marketed several heated tobacco brands since 2014, has been the focal national test market, with the intention of developing global marketing strategies.{{cite journal|last1=Shi|first1=Yuyan|last2=Caputi|first2=Theodore L.|last3=Leas|first3=Eric|last4=Dredze|first4=Mark|last5=Cohen|first5=Joanna E.|last6=Ayers|first6=John W.|title=They're heating up: Internet search query trends reveal significant public interest in heat-not-burn tobacco products|journal=PLOS ONE|volume=12|issue=10|year=2017|pages=e0185735|issn=1932-6203|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0185735|pmc=5636077|pmid=29020019|bibcode=2017PLoSO..1285735C|doi-access=free}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/file?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0185735&type=printable|author(s)=Theodore L. Caputi, Eric Leas, Mark Dredze, Joanna E. Cohen, and John W. Ayers}} According to a 2018 report, the launching of the latest incarnation of heated tobacco products is a reiteration of similar efforts in the past to use similar products to undermine tobacco control, particularly efforts that present the tobacco industry as a harm reduction partner.{{cite journal|last1=Bialous|first1=Stella A|last2=Glantz|first2=Stanton A|title=Heated tobacco products: another tobacco industry global strategy to slow progress in tobacco control|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=27|issue=Suppl 1|year=2018|pages=s111–s117|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054340|pmc=6202178|pmid=30209207}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/27/Suppl_1/s111.long|author(s)=Stella A Bialous and Stanton A Glantz}}

As of 2018, of the current heated tobacco products, IQOS was launched in several cities in Japan, Italy and Switzerland in 2014, {{Proper name|iFuse}} was released in Romania in 2015 and {{Proper name|glo}} and Ploom Tech were introduced to Japanese cities in 2016. Due to regulations restricting the sale of nicotine-containing e-cigarettes, Japan was a fertile market for heated tobacco producers, suggesting that the products have potential 'for explosive global growth'. By 2017, IQOS was available in 30 countries and was being considered by United States Food and Drug Administration for a reduced-risk product approval, and the UK was one of the first countries to assign a separate taxation category for heated tobacco products.{{cite journal|last1=Simonavicius|first1=Erikas|last2=McNeill|first2=Ann|last3=Shahab|first3=Lion|last4=Brose|first4=Leonie S|title=Heat-not-burn tobacco products: a systematic literature review|journal=Tobacco Control|volume=28|issue=5|year=2018|pages=tobaccocontrol–2018–054419|issn=0964-4563|doi=10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2018-054419|pmc=6824610|pmid=30181382}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://tobaccocontrol.bmj.com/content/early/2019/01/28/tobaccocontrol-2018-054419|author(s)=Erikas Simonavicius, Ann McNeill1, Lion Shahab, and Leonie S Brose}}

List of substances

Substances emitted exist as gases, liquid droplets, and particulate matter.{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=219}}

{{div col}}

  • Acenaphthene{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}}
  • Acetaldehyde
  • Acrylonitrile
  • Acetone{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}}
  • Acrolein
  • Aerosol (vapor)
  • Ammonia
  • Aldehydes{{cite journal|last1=Kaunelienė|first1=Violeta|last2=Meišutovič-Akhtarieva|first2=Marija|last3=Martuzevičius|first3=Dainius|title=A review of the impacts of tobacco heating system on indoor air quality versus conventional pollution sources|journal=Chemosphere|volume=206|year=2018|pages=568–578|issn=0045-6535|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.039|pmid=29778082|bibcode=2018Chmsp.206..568K|doi-access=free}}
  • 1-Aminonaphthalene
  • 2-Aminonaphthalene
  • 4-Aminobiphenyl
  • Benzine
  • Benz(a)anthracene{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}}
  • Benzo(a)pyrene
  • 1,3-Butadiene
  • Carbonyl compounds
  • Carbon monoxide
  • Cotinine{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=216}}
  • Crotonaldehyde
  • Ethylene oxide{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=216}}
  • Flavorings
  • Formaldehyde
  • Glycerin
  • Isoprene
  • Menthol
  • Nicotine{{cite web|url=https://www.who.int/tobacco/publications/prod_regulation/heated-tobacco-products/en/|title=Heated tobacco products (HTPs) information sheet|publisher=World Health Organization|date=May 2018}}
  • Nicotine equivalents{{which|date=February 2020}}{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}}
  • Nicotine derived agents{{which|date=February 2020}}
  • Nitric oxide{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}}
  • Nitrosamines{{cite journal|last1=Kaur|first1=Gurjot|last2=Muthumalage|first2=Thivanka|last3=Rahman|first3=Irfan|title=Mechanisms of toxicity and biomarkers of flavoring and flavor enhancing chemicals in emerging tobacco and non-tobacco products|journal=Toxicology Letters|volume=288|year=2018|pages=143–155|issn=0378-4274|doi=10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.02.025|pmc=6549714|pmid=29481849}}
  • Nicotine-derived nitrosamine ketone
  • N-nitrosonornicotine
  • Nitrogen oxides
  • o-Toluidine{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=216}}
  • Particulate metals{{which|date=February 2020}}
  • Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon{{cite journal|last1=Górski|first1=Paweł|title=E-cigarettes or heat-not-burn tobacco products – advantages or disadvantages for the lungs of smokers|journal=Advances in Respiratory Medicine|volume=87|issue=2|year=2019|pages=123–134|issn=2543-6031|doi=10.5603/ARM.2019.0020|pmid=31038725|doi-access=free}}
  • Pyrene{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=216}}
  • Propylene glycol{{cite journal|last1=Li|first1=Xiangyu|last2=Luo|first2=Yanbo|last3=Jiang|first3=Xingyi|last4=Zhang|first4=Hongfei|last5=Zhu|first5=Fengpeng|last6=Hu|first6=Shaodong|last7=Hou|first7=Hongwei|last8=Hu|first8=Qingyuan|last9=Pang|first9=Yongqiang|title=Chemical Analysis and Simulated Pyrolysis of Tobacco Heating System 2.2 Compared to Conventional Cigarettes|journal=Nicotine & Tobacco Research|volume=21|issue=1|year=2019|pages=111–118|issn=1462-2203|doi=10.1093/ntr/nty005|pmid=29319815}}
  • Propionaldehyde{{sfn|McNeill|2018|p=210}}
  • Solanesol
  • Styrene
  • Tar (The solids in the emissions have been called nicotine-free dry particulate matter rather than tar in papers written by people related to the tobacco industry.{{cite journal|last1=Dautzenberg|first1=B.|last2=Dautzenberg|first2=M.-D.|title=Le tabac chauffé : revue systématique de la littérature|journal=Revue des Maladies Respiratoires|volume=36|issue=1|pages=82–103|trans-title=Systematic analysis of the scientific literature on heated tobacco|language=French|year=2018|issn=0761-8425|doi=10.1016/j.rmr.2018.10.010|pmid=30429092|doi-access=free}})
  • Toluene
  • Volatile organic compounds{{which|date=February 2020}}
  • Water{{cite journal|last1=Pieper|first1=Elke|last2=Mallock|first2=Nadja|last3=Henkler-Stephani|first3=Frank|last4=Luch|first4=Andreas|title=Tabakerhitzer als neues Produkt der Tabakindustrie: Gesundheitliche Risiken|journal=Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz|volume=61|issue=11|pages=1422–1428|trans-title="Heat not burn" tobacco devices as new tobacco industry products: health risks|language=German|year=2018|issn=1436-9990|doi=10.1007/s00103-018-2823-y|pmid=30284624|doi-access=free}}{{CC-notice|cc=by4|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00103-018-2823-y|author(s)=Elke Pieper, Nadja Mallock, Frank Henkler-Stephani, and Andreas Luch}}

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See also

References

{{reflist}}

Bibliography

  • {{cite web|last1=McNeill|first1=A|last2=Brose|first2=LS|last3=Calder|first3=R|last4=Bauld|first4=L|last5=Robson|first5=D|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/684963/Evidence_review_of_e-cigarettes_and_heated_tobacco_products_2018.pdf|title=Evidence review of e-cigarettes and heated tobacco products 2018|location=UK|publisher=Public Health England|pages=1–243|date=2018|ref={{harvid|McNeill|2018}}}}

{{Cigarettes}}

Category:Heated tobacco products

Category:Cigarette types

Category:Products introduced in 2014

Category:Tobacco smoke carcinogens