Convair

Consolidated produced important aircraft in the early years of World War II, especially the B-24 Liberator heavy bomber and the PBY Catalina seaplane for the U.S. armed forces and their allies. Approximately 18,500 B-24s were produced by Consolidated and a number of major contractors across a number of versions; it holds records as the world's most-produced bomber, heavy bomber, multi-engine aircraft, and American military aircraft in history. The Catalina remained in production through May 1945, and more than 4,000 were built.

What was soon called "Convair" (first unofficially, and then officially), was created in 1943 by the merger of the Consolidated Aircraft Company and the Vultee Aircraft Company. This merger produced a large airplane company, ranked fourth among United States corporations by value of wartime production contracts, higher than the giants Douglas Aircraft, Boeing, and Lockheed.Peck, Merton J. and Scherer, Frederic M. The Weapons Acquisition Process: An Economic Analysis (1962) Harvard Business School p. 619 Convair always had most of its research, design, and manufacturing operations in San Diego County in Southern California, though surrounding counties participated as well, mostly as contractors to Convair.

In March 1953, all of the Convair company was bought by the General Dynamics Corporation, a conglomerate of military and high-technology companies, and it became officially the Convair Division within General Dynamics.{{cite web|url=http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/generaldynamics/Aero35.htm|title=General Dynamics Corporation|publisher=U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission|access-date=2006-03-31|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112045623/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/generaldynamics/Aero35.htm|archive-date=2008-11-12}}

After the beginning of the Jet Age{{cn|date=July 2022|reason=linked article only mentions civil airliners}} of military fighters and bombers, Convair was a pioneer of the delta-winged aircraft design, along with the French Dassault aircraft company, which designed and built the Mirage fighter planes.

One of Convair's most famous products was the ten-engined Convair B-36 strategic bomber, burning four turbojets and turning six pusher propellers driven by Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial piston engines. The Convair B-36 was the largest landbased piston engined bomber in the world. The Atlas missile, the F-102 Delta Dagger and F-106 Delta Dart delta-winged interceptors, and the delta-winged B-58 Hustler supersonic intercontinental nuclear bomber were all Convair products. For a period of time in the 1960s, Convair manufactured its own line of jet commercial airliners, the Convair 880 and Convair 990 Coronado, but this did not turn out to be profitable. However, Convair found that it was profitable to be an aviation subcontractor and manufacture large subsections of airliners — such as fuselages — for the larger airliner companies, McDonnell Douglas, Boeing, and Lockheed.

In the 1950s, Convair shifted money and effort to its missile and rocket projects, producing the Terrier missile ship-launched surface-to-air system for the U.S. Navy during the 1960s and 1970s. Convair's Atlas rocket, originally proposed in 1945 with a unique pressurized cylinder airframe, was revived in the 1950s as an ICBM for the U.S. Air Force using V-2 technology motors in response to the Soviet missile threat. see Karel Bossart It was first launched in 1957 but its use as an ICBM was soon replaced in 1962 by the room-temperature liquid-fueled Titan II missile, and later by the solid-fueled Minuteman missile. The Atlas rocket transitioned into a civilian launch vehicle and was used for the first orbital crewed U.S. space flights during Project Mercury in 1962 and 1963.

The Atlas rocket became a very reliable booster for launching of satellites and continued to evolve, remaining in use into the 21st century, when combined with the Centaur upper stage to form the Atlas-Centaur launch vehicle for launching geosynchronous communication satellites and space probes. The Centaur rocket was also designed, developed, and produced by Convair, and it was the first widely used outer space rocket to use the all-cryogenic fuel-oxidizer combination of liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen. The use of this liquid hydrogen – liquid oxygen combination in the Centaur was an important direct precursor to the use of the same fuel-oxidizer combination in the Saturn S-II second stage and the Saturn S-IVB third stage of the gigantic Saturn V Moon rocket of the Apollo program. The S-IVB had earlier also been used as the second stage of the smaller Saturn IB rocket, such as the one used to launch Apollo 7. The Centaur upper stage was first designed and developed for launching the Surveyor lunar landers, beginning in 1966, to augment the delta-V of the Atlas rockets and give them enough payload capability to deliver the required mass of the Surveyors to the Moon.

More than 100 Convair-produced Atlas-Centaur rockets (including those with their successor designations) were used to successfully launch over 100 satellites, and among their many other outer-space missions, they launched the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 space probes, the first two to be launched on trajectories that carried them out of the Solar System.

In addition to aircraft, missiles, and space vehicles, Convair developed the large Charactron vacuum tubes, a form of cathode-ray tube (CRT) computer display with a shaped mask to form characters,{{cite web|title=Charactron Tube|publisher=Computing at Chilton, of Atlas Computer Laboratory, Chilton, Oxfordshire|date=2006-08-05|url=http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/technology/sc4020/p002.htm|access-date=2006-10-22|archive-date=18 June 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618112821/http://www.chilton-computing.org.uk/acl/technology/sc4020/p002.htm|url-status=live}} and to give an example of a minor product, the CORDIC algorithms, which is widely used today to calculate trigonometric functions in calculators, field-programmable gate arrays, and other small electronic systems.

General Dynamics announced the sale of the Missile Systems Division segment of Convair to Hughes Aircraft Company in May 1992{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-05-12-mn-1628-story.html |title=Archives |website=Los Angeles Times |date=12 May 1992 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=11 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151211171845/http://articles.latimes.com/1992-05-12/news/mn-1628_1_general-dynamics-pomona |url-status=live }} and the Space Systems Division segment to Martin Marietta in 1994.{{Cite web |url=http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20070611/news_1n11atlas.html |title=The San Diego Union-Tribune - San Diego, California & National News |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220843/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20070611/news_1n11atlas.html |url-status=live }} In July 1994, General Dynamics and McDonnell Douglas mutually agreed to terminate Convair's contract to provide fuselages for the 300-seat MD-11 airliner.{{Cite web |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-07-02-fi-11075-story.html |title=Archives |website=Los Angeles Times |date=2 July 1994 |access-date=16 April 2020 |archive-date=19 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119040344/http://articles.latimes.com/1994-07-02/business/fi-11075_1_san-diego |url-status=live }} Manufacturing responsibility was to be transferred to McDonnell Douglas, which said it would not preserve the operation in San Diego. General Dynamics had tried for two years to sell the Aircraft structures segment of Convair unit, but the effort ultimately failed.

The termination of the contract meant the end of the Convair Division and of General Dynamics' presence in San Diego, as well as the city's long aircraft-building tradition. The defense contractor once employed 18,000 people there, but after selling its divisions, that number is now zero. General Dynamics closed its complex in Kearny Mesa, demolishing the facility between 1994 and 1996. Homes and offices now occupy the site. The Lindbergh Field plant that produced B-24s during World War II was also demolished and the consolidated rental car facility now occupies this space.

The Fort Worth, Texas factory, constructed to build the B-24s, and its associated engineering locations and laboratories — all previously used to make hundreds of Consolidated B-24s, General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark fighter-bombers and General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcons, along with dozens of smaller projects — were sold, along with all intellectual property and the legal rights to the products designed and built within, to the Lockheed Corporation.{{Cite web |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/1992/12/10/lockheed-to-acquire-jet-division-general-dynamics-selling-f-16-program/ |title=Lockheed Buys General Dynamics | Lockheed to acquire jet division General Dynamics selling F-16 program - tribunedigital-baltimoresun |date=10 December 1992 |access-date=3 July 2018 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220941/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1992-12-10/business/1992345131_1_military-aircraft-general-dynamics-aircraft-division |url-status=live }} In 1996, General Dynamics deactivated all of the remaining legal entities of the Convair Division.

[http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Textron-Lycoming-Turbine-Engine-Company-History.html Textron Lycoming Turbine Engine] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101003081015/http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Textron-Lycoming-Turbine-Engine-Company-History.html |date=3 October 2010 }}, a company history of AVCO and Lycoming/Textron[http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/chrono.html?company=avco_financial_services_inc Avco Financial Services, Inc.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100629193213/http://www.library.hbs.edu/hc/lehman/chrono.html?company=avco_financial_services_inc |date=29 June 2010 }} from the Lehman Brothers Collection – Twentieth Century Business Archives[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Consolidated_Vultee/Aero33.htm Consolidated Vultee Aircraft Corporation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606012521/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/Consolidated_Vultee/Aero33.htm|date=June 6, 2011}}, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission[http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/generaldynamics/Aero35.htm General Dynamics Corporation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112045623/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Aerospace/generaldynamics/Aero35.htm|date=November 12, 2008}}, U.S. Centennial of Flight Commission[http://www.coachbuilt.com/bui/c/central/central.htm Central Manufacturing Co. of Connersville, Indiana] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090725114537/http://www.coachbuilt.com/bui/c/central/central.htm |date=25 July 2009 }}, a history of Cord, AVCO, and others

• 1923 Consolidated Aircraft Corporation formed by Major Reuben H. Fleet
• 1934 AVCO acquired the Airplane Development Corporation from Cord and formed the Aviation Manufacturing Corporation (AMC)
• 1936 AMC liquidated to form the Vultee Aircraft Division, an autonomous subsidiary of AVCO
• 1939 Vultee Aircraft Division of AVCO reorganized as an independent company known as Vultee Aircraft, Inc.
• 1941 Consolidated Aircraft Corporation sold to AVCO
• 1943 Consolidated-Vultee, formed by the merger of Consolidated Aircraft and Vultee Aircraft; still controlled by AVCO
• 1947 Convair acquired by the Atlas Corporation
• 1953-1954 Convair acquired by General Dynamics{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rGMbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7213,4641481|newspaper=Pittsburgh Post-Gazette|title=Atlas to sell big block of Convair stock|agency=United Press|date=March 31, 1953|page=17|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311233108/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=rGMbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=nE0EAAAAIBAJ&pg=7213,4641481|url-status=live}}{{cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJ80AAAAIBAJ&sjid=pnIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6115,305088|newspaper=The Day|location=New London, Connecticut|title=General Dynamics, Vultee Directors Approve Merger|date=March 2, 1954|page=15|access-date=9 February 2016|archive-date=11 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311233111/https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=aJ80AAAAIBAJ&sjid=pnIFAAAAIBAJ&pg=6115,305088|url-status=live}}
• 1985 General Dynamics formed their "Space Systems Division" from the Convair Space Program
• 1992 Missile Systems Division sold to Hughes Aircraft Company
• 1993 The Fort Worth facility sold to Lockheed Corporation (now Lockheed Martin)
• 1994 Space Systems Division sold to Martin Marietta (now Lockheed Martin)
• 1994 Convair Aircraft Structures unit sold to McDonnell Douglas (now Boeing)

File:Convair B-36 Peacemaker.jpg, which used both piston and jet engines in later versions]]

File:Convair_340-48_PH-TGD_KLM_Ringway_03.01.54_edited-2.jpg]]

File:XF-92A DVIDS834987.jpg was the first U.S. delta wing aircraft]]

File:Convair B-58 Hustler USAF.jpg]]

• RTV-A-2 Hiroc (1946) – high-altitude rocket
• SAM-N-2 Lark (late 1940s) – surface-to-air naval missile
• MX-774 (1948) – precursor to Atlas
• XSM-74 (1950s) – decoy cruise missile
• RIM-2 Terrier (1951) – surface-to-air naval missile
• RIM-24 Tartar (1962) – surface-to-air naval missile
• XGAM-71 Buck Duck (1955) – decoy missile
• Sky Scorcher (1956) – proposed air-to-air missile
• Pye Wacket (1957) – air-to-air defensive missile project, cancelled during development
• FIM-43 Redeye (1960) – man-portable surface-to-air missile
• Atlas (rocket family) (1959) The Atlas civilian space booster
• Atlas E/F
• Atlas G
• Atlas H
• Atlas LV-3B
• Atlas SLV-3
• Atlas-Able
• Atlas-Agena
• SM-65 Atlas – The Atlas ICBM Air Force missile (1957)
• Convair X-11 and SM-65A Atlas (1957) – Atlas A prototype
• Convair X-12 and SM-65B Atlas (1958 – Atlas B prototype
• SM-65C Atlas
• SM-65D Atlas
• SM-65E Atlas
• SM-65F Atlas
• Atlas-Centaur (1962) and its successor-designations, all of which combined an Atlas booster with a centaur upper stage – a civilian rocket to launch spacecraft to outer space.
• Centaur (1962)
• BGM-109 Tomahawk long-range, all-weather, subsonic cruise missile.
• AGM-129 Advanced Cruise Missile (1983) – stealthy, nuclear, air-launched cruise missile

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• {{cite book|last=Wegg|first=John|title=General Dynamics Aircraft and their Predecessors|year=1990|publisher=Putnam Aeronautical Books|location=London|isbn=0-85177-833-X }}

{{Refend}}

{{commons category|Convair}}

{{external media

|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3GI9u511XCE Convair Heritage: History of General Dynamics/Consolidated/Convair]

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• [http://www.aerospacelegacyfoundation.org Aerospacelegacyfoundation.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118111641/http://www.aerospacelegacyfoundation.org/ |date=18 November 2020 }}
• [http://www.abcdlist.nl/mainc.html Abcdlist.nl: Complete production list of Convairliners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171129053958/http://www.abcdlist.nl/mainc.html |date=29 November 2017 }}
• Employee newspaper, [http://www.fortworthtexasarchives.org/digital/collection/convairnews Convairiety], at the Fort Worth Public Library Archives.

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