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Convoy PQ 12

{{Short description|Arctic convoy sent to aid the Soviet Union during World War II}}

{{more footnotes needed|date=August 2010}}

{{Use British English|date=July 2024}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2024}}

{{Infobox military conflict

|conflict=Convoy PQ 12

|partof= Arctic Convoys of the Second World War

|date= 1–12 March 1942

|image=File:Barents Sea map.png

|image_size = 250 px

|caption = The Norwegian and the Barents seas, site of the Arctic convoys

|place=Arctic Ocean

|result=

|coordinates =

|combatant1={{flag|United Kingdom}}
{{flag|Soviet Union}}

|combatant2={{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}}

|commander1=

|commander2=

|strength1=

|strength2=

|casualties1=

|casualties2=

| campaignbox = {{Campaignbox Arctic Naval Operations of WWII}}

}}

Convoy PQ 12 was an Arctic convoy sent from Reykjavík in Iceland by the Western Allies to aid the Soviet Union during the Second World War. It sailed 1 March 1942, reaching Murmansk on 12 March 1942 for no losse despite a sortie against it by the {{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz||2}}.

Ships

PQ 12 consisted of 16 ships under the command of the Convoy Commodore, Hubert Hudson. The Close Escort comprised the minesweeper {{HMS|Gossamer|J63|6}} and five whalers. These were joined on 5 March by the Ocean Escort of the destroyers, {{HMS|Oribi|G66|6}} (Commander J. E. H. McBeath, Senior Officer Escort) and {{HMS|Offa|G29|2}} with the cruiser {{HMS|Kenya|14|6}}. Distant cover was provided by two Heavy Cover Forces; one comprising the battleship {{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}} (Vice Admiral Alban Curteis commanding), the battlecruiser {{HMS|Renown|1916|6}} and six destroyers, sailing from Reykjavík and another led by Admiral John Tovey comprising the battleship {{HMS|King George V|41|6}}, the carrier {{HMS|Victorious|R38|6}}, the cruiser {{HMS|Berwick|65|6}} and six destroyers, sailing from Scapa Flow.

Action

PQ 12 sailed from Reykjavík on 1 March 1942 with its Close Escort.{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=188}} It was joined on 5 March by the Ocean Escort and on 6 March by the cruiser Kenya. Also at sea were the Heavy Cover Forces, Curteis from Reykjavík sailing on 3 March and Tovey from Scapa Flow on 4 March. On 5 March the convoy was sighted by a German reconnaissance aircraft and on 6 March, after obtaining permission from Hitler to do so, Tirpitz sortied from Trondheim with three destroyers as escort. This was Operation Sportpalast, and was intended to find and destroy PQ 12 and its reciprocal, QP 8, which was also at sea.

Shortly after sailing Tirpitz was sighted by the patrolling submarine {{HMS|Seawolf|47S|6}} and the Heavy Cover Forces, now joined, sought to bring Tirpitz to action. Over the next two days these groups of ships manoeuvred around each other without coming into contact, though on two occasions they were {{cvt|60|nmi}} apart. Tirpitz had no success, though her destroyers encountered one straggler from QP 8, the freighter Ijora, and sank her. Finally on 9 March as Tirpitz headed for home, she was sighted by aircraft from Victorious and attacked, though also without success.

PQ 12 arrived at Murmansk on 12 March.{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=188}} No ships were lost, though the escort suffered one whaler lost, Shera, capsized by ice buildup and Oribi, damaged by pack ice. On 24 March, Lancaster Castle was dive-bombed alongside the quay in Murmansk and ten men were killed.{{sfn|Hague|2000|p=190}} It was towed out and moored in the river, the crew remaining on board. A few days later it was dive-bombed again and received five hits. There were no casualties but the crew moved to shore. PQ 12 provided valuable military equipment and other materials for the Soviet war effort. The distribution of equipment and supplies delivered with PQ 12 was the subject of a Soviet State Defence Committee decree.{{sfn|Hill|2006|pp=727–738}}

Ships in the convoy

=Allied merchant ships=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Ships convoyed{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=28}}{{efn|Convoys had a standard formation of short columns, number 1 to port in the direction of travel. Each position in the column was numbered; position number 11 was the first ship in column 1, 12 was the second ship in the column; position number 21 was the first ship in column 2.{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=31, inside front cover}}}}

! scope="col" width="100px" |Name

! scope="col" width="25px" |Year

! scope="col" width="120px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="25px" |GRT

! scope="col" width="15px" |No.

! Notes

align="left"|{{SS|Artigas2}}

|align="left"|1920

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|5,613

|align="center"|12

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Ballot2}}

|align="left"|1922

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|6,131

|align="center"|41

|align="left"|Dynamo defects, did not sail

align="left"|{{SS|Bateau2}}

|align="left"|1926

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|4,687

|align="center"|23

|align="left"|Returned

align="left"|{{SS|Beaconstreet2}}

|align="left"|1927

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|7,467

|align="center"|32

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Belomorcanal2}}

|align="left"|1936

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}

|align="right"|2,900

|align="center"|43

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Capulin2}}

|align="left"|1920

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|4,977

|align="center"|52

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Dneprostroi2}}

|align="left"|1919

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}

|align="right"|4,756

|align="center"|42

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Earlston2}}

|align="left"|1941

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|7,195

|align="center"|53

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|El Coston2}}

|align="left"|1924

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|7,286

|align="center"|33

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|El Occidente2}}

|align="left"|1910

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|6,008

|align="center"|22

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Empire Byron2}}

|align="left"|1941

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|6,645

|align="center"|51

|align="left"|Vice-Convoy Commodore

align="left"|{{SS|Kiev2}}

|align="left"|1917

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}

|align="right"|5,823

|align="center"|13

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Lancaster Castle2}}

|align="left"|1937

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|5,172

|align="center"|63

|align="left"| Sunk Luftwaffe Murmansk, 9 killed, 48 survivors {{sfn|Jordan|2006|p=502}}

align="left"|{{SS|Llandaff2}}

|align="left"|1937

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|4,825

|align="center"|31

|align="left"|Convoy commodore Captain Hubert Hudson

align="left"|{{SS|Navarino2}}

|align="left"|1937

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|4,825

|align="center"|21

|align="left"|Rear-Convoy Commodore

align="left"|{{SS|Sevzaples2}}

|align="left"|1932

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Soviet Union}}

|align="right"|3,974

|align="center"|62

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Stone Street2}}

|align="left"|1922

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|Panama}}

|align="right"|6,131

|align="center"|11

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{SS|Temple Arch2}}

|align="left"|1940

|align="left"|{{flagcountry|UKGBI|civil}}

|align="right"|5,138

|align="center"|61

|align="left"|

Convoy escorts

=Iceland escorts=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Iceland local escorts{{sfn|Kindell|2025}}

! scope="col" width="100px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="80px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|{{HMT|Angle|FY201|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW trawler

|align="right"|1–4 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMT|Chiltern6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW trawler

|align="left"|1–4 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMT|Notts County|FY250|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW trawler

|align="left"|1–4 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMT|Stella Capella6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW trawler

|align="left"|1–4 March 1942

=Close cover=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Close escort{{sfn|Woodman|2004|pp=69–81}}

! scope="col" width="80px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="150px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|{{HMS|Kenya|14|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Crown Colony|cruiser}}

|align="left"|Detached to convoy 6–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Offa|G29|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|O-class destroyer

|align="left"|4–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Oribi|G66|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|O-class destroyer

|align="left"|4–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Shera|FY1724|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW whaler

|align="left"|4–9 March 1942 capsized in storm, 3 survivors

align="left"|{{HMS|Shusa|FY1702|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW whaler

|align="left"|4–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Stefa|FY1702|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW whaler

|align="left"|4–6 March 1942, lost contact{{efn|Joined Sevaples 10 March, shot down aircraft 12 March}}

align="left"|{{HMS|Sulla|FY1874|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW whaler

|align="left"|4–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Svega|FY294|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|ASW whaler

|align="left"|4–11 March 1942, arrived independently

=Distant cover=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Distant cover{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=149–150}}

! scope="col" width="100px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="160px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|{{HMS|Duke of York|17|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|King George V-class battleship

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Renown|1916|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|Renown-class battlecruiser

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Punjabi}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer

|1936}}

|align="left"|6–11 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Tartar|F43|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer

|1936}}

|align="left"|9–10 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Echo|H23|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|E-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Eclipse|H08|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|E-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Eskimo|F75|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|E-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Faulknor|H62|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|F-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Fury|H76|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|F-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–11 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Inconstant|H49|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|I-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Javelin|F61|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|J-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|HMS Lancaster

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|Town-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|HMS Wells

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|Town-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Verdun|L93|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|V-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Woolston|1918|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|W-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Grove|L77|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|Hunt-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Ledbury|L90|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|Hunt-class destroyer

|align="left"|10 March 1942

=Home Fleet=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Home Fleet{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=149–150}}

! scope="col" width="100px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="160px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|{{HMS|King George V|41|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|King George V|battleship

|19392}}

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Victorious|R38|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Illustrious|aircraft carrier}}

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Berwick|65|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left" |{{sclass|County|cruiser}}

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Ashanti|F51|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer

|1936}}

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Bedouin|F67|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Tribal|destroyer

|1936}}

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Icarus|D03|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|I-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–11 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Intrepid|D10|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|I-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–11 March 1942, 11–12 March sortied against Tirpitz

align="left"|{{HMS|Lookout|G32|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|L-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–11 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Onslow|G17|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|O-class destroyer

|align="left"|6–10 March 1942

=Murmansk escort=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Murmansk local escort{{sfn|Ruegg|Hague|1993|p=29}}

! scope="col" width="100px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="160px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|Gremyaschi

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Gnevny|destroyer}}

|align="left"|11–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Gossamer|J63|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}}

|align="left"|4–10 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Harrier|J71|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}}

|align="left"|11–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Hussar|J82|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}}

|align="left"|11–12 March 1942

align="left"|{{HMS|Speedwell|J87|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Halcyon|minesweeper}}

|align="left"|11–12 March 1942

=Allied submarines=

class="wikitable sortable"
+Allied submarines{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|pp=149–150}}

! scope="col" width="80px" |Name

! scope="col" width="160px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="140px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|{{HMS|Sealion|72S|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|S-class submarine

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{HMS|Seawolf|47S|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|S-class submarine

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{HMS|Trident|N52|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|UK}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Triton|submarine}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{HNoMS|Uredd|P41|6}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Norway}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|U|submarine}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{ship|French submarine|Junon|1935|2}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Free France}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Minerve|submarine}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|D-32}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Dekabrist|submarine}}

|align="left"|South flank convoy cover

align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|K-212}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Soviet K|submarine}}

|align="left"|South flank convoy cover

align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|K-232}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Soviet K|submarine}}

|align="left"|South flank convoy cover

align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|S-1022}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Soviet S|submarine}}

|align="left"|South flank convoy cover

align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|Shch-4032}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Shchuka|submarine}}

|align="left"|South flank convoy cover

align="left"|{{ship|Soviet submarine|Shch-4222}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Soviet Union}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Shchuka|submarine}}

|align="left"|South flank convoy cover

=U-boats=

class="wikitable sortable"

|+U-boats{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=149}}

scope="col" width="40px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="120px" |Class

! Notes

align="left"|{{GS|U-134|1941|2}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|Type VIIC submarine

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{GS|U-3772}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|Type VIIC submarine

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{GS|U-4032}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|Type VIIC submarine

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{GS|U-5842}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|Type VIIC submarine

|align="left"|

=German ships=

class="wikitable sortable"
+German ships{{sfn|Rohwer|Hümmelchen|2005|p=149}}

! scope="col" width="140px" |Name

! scope="col" width="100px" |Flag

! scope="col" width="160px"|Type

! Notes

align="left"|{{ship|German battleship|Tirpitz2}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|{{sclass|Bismarck|battleship}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{ship|German destroyer|Z5 Paul Jacobi2}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Type 1934A|destroyer}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{ship|German destroyer|Z7 Hermann Schoemann2}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Type 1934A|destroyer}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{ship|German destroyer|Z14 Friedrich Ihn2}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Type 1934A|destroyer}}

|align="left"|

align="left"|{{ship|German destroyer|Z252}}

|align="left"|{{navy|Nazi Germany}}

|align="left"|{{sclass2|Type 1936A|destroyer}}

|align="left"|

Notes

{{notelist}}

Footnotes

{{reflist|20em}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{cite book |last=Hague |first=Arnold |title=The Allied Convoy System 1939–1945 |year=2000 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |isbn=978-1-55125-033-5}}
  • {{cite journal |last=Hill |first=Alexander |year=2006 |title=The Allocation of Allied "Lend-Lease" Aid to the Soviet Union arriving with Convoy PQ 12, March 1942 – A State Defense Committee Decree |journal=The Journal of Slavic Military Studies |volume=19 |issue=4 |publisher=Taylor and Francis |location=Philadelphia, PA |doi=10.1080/13518040601028545 |s2cid=144712146 |issn=1351-8046}}
  • {{cite book |last=Jordan |first=Roger W. |title=The World's Merchant Fleets 1939: The Particulars and Wartime Fates of 6,000 Ships |year=2006 |orig-year=1999 |publisher=Chatham/Lionel Leventhal |location=London |edition=2nd |isbn=978-1-86176-293-1}}
  • {{cite book |first1=Jürgen |last1=Rohwer |first2=Gerhard |last2=Hümmelchen |title=Chronology of the War at Sea, 1939–1945: The Naval History of World War Two |year=2005 |orig-year=1972 |publisher=Chatham |location=London |edition=3rd rev. |isbn=978-1-86176-257-3}}
  • {{cite web |last=Kindell |first=Don |title=Convoy PQ.12 |year=2025 |website=Arnold Hague Convoy Database |url=http://www.convoyweb.org.uk/pq/index.html |access-date=8 April 2025}}
  • {{cite book |last1=Ruegg |first1=R. |last2=Hague |first2=A. |title=Convoys to Russia: Allied Convoys and Naval Surface Operations in Arctic Waters 1941–1945 |year=1993 |orig-year=1992 |publisher=World Ship Society |location=Kendal |edition=2nd rev. enl. |isbn=0-905617-66-5}}
  • {{cite book |first=Richard |last=Woodman |year=2004 |orig-year=1994 |title=Arctic Convoys 1941–1945 |publisher=John Murray |location=London |isbn=978-0-7195-5752-1}}

{{refend}}

Further reading

  • {{cite book |last=Blair |first=Clay |title=Hitler's U-Boat War |volume=I |year=1997 |publisher=Weidenfeld & Nicolson |location=London |isbn=978-0-29-784076-3}}
  • {{cite book |last=Claasen |first=A. R. A. |title=Hitler's Northern War: The Luftwaffe's Ill-fated Campaign, 1940–1945 |year=2001 |publisher=University Press of Kansas |location=Lawrence, KS |isbn=0-7006-1050-2}}
  • {{cite book |last=Kenyon |first=David |title=Arctic Convoys: Bletchley Park and the War for the Seas |year=2023 |publisher=Yale University Press |location=New Haven and London |isbn=978-0-300-27501-8}}
  • {{cite book |last=Kemp |first=Paul |title=Convoy: Drama in Arctic Waters |publisher=Arms and Armour |location=London |year=1993 |isbn=978-1-85409-130-7 |url=https://archive.org/details/convoydramainarc0000kemp_k9q5 |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation}}
  • {{cite book |editor-last=Llewellyn-Jones |editor-first=Malcolm |series=Naval Staff Histories |title=The Royal Navy and the Arctic Convoys: A Naval Staff History |year=2014 |publisher=Whitehall Publishing in association with Routledge |location=London |isbn=978-0-415-86177-9}}
  • {{cite book |last=Roskill |first=Stephen |author-link=Stephen Roskill |editor-last=Butler |editor-first=J. R. M. |series=History of the Second World War |title=The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Period of Balance |volume=II |publisher=HMSO |location=London |year=1962 |orig-year=1957 |edition=3rd impr. |url=http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html |via=Hyperwar |oclc=174453986}}
  • {{cite book |last=Sharpe |first=Peter |title=U-Boat Fact File: Detailed Service Histories of the Submarines operated by the Kriegsmarine, 1935–1945 |year=1998 |publisher=Midland Publishing |location=East Shilton |isbn=978-1-85-780072-2}}
  • {{cite book |last=Schofield |first=B. B. |title=The Russian Convoys |year=1964 |publisher=BT Batsford |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/russianconvoys0000scho |url-access=registration |via=Archive Foundation |oclc=923314731}}

External links

  • [https://www.convoyweb.org.uk/russian/convoy1.php?convoy=PQ.12 PQ 12 at Convoyweb]

{{Arctic convoys}}

{{World War II}}

PQ 12

C