Cory Booker's marathon speech#Watching the speech

{{Main|Standing Rules of the United States Senate#Debate}}

{{if mobile|File:Cory Booker, official portrait (119th Congress).jpg}}

The United States Senate does not limit debate unless limits have been imposed; in most circumstances, a senator who has been granted permission to speak by the presiding officer of the Senate may speak indefinitely so long as they "remain standing" and "speak more or less continuously."{{Cite news |last=Treisman |first=Rachel |date=2025-04-02 |title=Cory Booker breaks a 68-year-old Senate record with a 25-hour speech |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/01/nx-s1-5347318/cory-booker-senate-speech |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=NPR |language=en}}

In preparation, Booker had not drunk water since the preceding day to avoid having to stop the speech to use the bathroom. He also fasted for days leading up to the speech.{{Cite news |last=Blum |first=Dani |date=2025-04-02 |title=The Cory Booker Endurance Test |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/02/well/cory-booker-senate-speech-prep.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} Afterward, Booker said that rather than needing to use the bathroom, he instead felt dehydrated.{{Cite web |last=Arco |first=Matt |date=2025-04-02 |title=How did Booker not pee for 24 hours? |url=https://www.nj.com/politics/2025/04/how-did-booker-not-pee-for-24-hours.html?outputType=amp |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=nj |language=en}}

Booker's congressional staff prepared content for his speech, including writing talking points and gathering letters from constituents, which totaled over 1,164 pages of material. Booker claimed that they had prepared "ten binders" of content and periodically noted throughout his speech that he was "behind" on the pacing of his speech. Throughout the speech, staffers were seen delivering black binders to Booker's lectern.{{Cite web |last=Neukam |first=Stephen |date=2025-04-03 |title=How Booker pulled off the Senate's longest speech ever |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/03/cory-booker-filiibuster-shoes-water-bathroom |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Axios |language=en}}

The speech began at 7 p.m. EDT on March 31, 2025,{{Cite news |last1=Balk |first1=Tim |last2=Ives |first2=Mike |last3=Bigg |first3=Matthew Mpoke |date=2025-04-01 |title=Cory Booker Condemns Trump's Policies in Longest Senate Speech on Record |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2025/04/01/us/politics/booker-senate-trump.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} before unrelated deliberations for Matthew Whitaker's nomination to serve as ambassador to NATO.{{Cite web |last=Carney |first=Jordain |date=2025-03-31 |title=Cory Booker launches marathon Senate speech |url=https://www.politico.com/live-updates/2025/03/31/congress/cory-booker-talk-a-thon-00262482 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=POLITICO |language=en}}{{Cite web |last=Robledo |first=Anthony |title=Cory Booker is giving a marathon speech on the Senate floor. Why and how long can it last? |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/03/31/cory-booker-marathon-speech-senate/82750881007/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}} Booker dedicated the beginning of his speech to John Lewis, a civil rights activist and representative who died in 2020, and explained that he took the floor "with the intention of disrupting the normal business of the United States Senate for as long as I am physically able."{{cite journal |author= |title=Senate |journal=Congress.gov |date=2025-03-31 |volume=171 |issue=57 |url=https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/03/31/171/57/CREC-2025-03-31-senate.pdf#page=16 |access-date=2025-06-11 |page=S1932 |series=Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the 119th Congress, First Session |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Catalini |first1=Mike |last2=Groves |first2=Stephen |date=2025-04-01 |title=Cory Booker sets a record with marathon Senate speech. Will it rally anti-Trump resistance? |url=https://apnews.com/article/cory-booker-new-jersey-senator-speech-ab573bb7c3c76fa107cacac7136d3823 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=AP News |language=en}}{{Cite web |last1=Thorp |first1=Frank V |last2=Lebowitz |first2=Megan |last3=Gregorian |first3=Dareh |last4=Richards |first4=Zoe |date=2025-04-02 |title=Cory Booker sets record for longest Senate speech in anti-Trump remarks that exceeded 25 hours |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/congress/sen-cory-booker-holds-hours-long-overnight-speech-taking-aim-trump-adm-rcna199014 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}} He stated that he believed the country was in crisis, saying "In just 71 days, the president of the United States has inflicted so much harm on Americans' safety, financial stability, the core foundations of our democracy, and even our aspirations as a people."{{Cite news |last=Booker |first=Cory |date=2025-04-03 |title='Did you stand up?': read part of Cory Booker's blockbuster 25-hour speech |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2025/apr/03/cory-booker-speech-transcript-excerpt |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}} Booker emphasized his belief in the need to challenge actions he believed undermine democratic institutions and the rule of law.{{Cite web |last=Ahmad |first=Manahil |title=Breaking down what Cory Booker spoke about during his record-setting speech, and when |url=https://www.northjersey.com/story/news/politics/2025/04/02/cory-booker-speech-topics-by-hour-transcript/82773462007/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=North Jersey Media Group |language=en-US}}

By midnight, Booker focused on the administration's proposal to cut Social Security and Medicare. He criticized efforts to reduce funding for these programs, highlighting the potential negative impact on millions of Americans who rely on the benefits. Booker then addressed attempts to eliminate the Department of Education, sharing testimonials from educators and students affected by the policies. Turning his attention to immigration enforcement practices, he argued that the administration was undermining public safety and violating constitutional rights, again sharing testimonials of people who were adversely affected.

By 9 a.m., Booker stated that Trump had abandoned America's allies, emboldening its enemies, and made the country less safe. Booker addressed the housing affordability crisis and referred to the vision outlined in Ezra Klein's book Abundance. He criticized the administration's failure to address rent and home prices and provided testimonials of families facing eviction and homelessness due to unaffordable housing. Booker criticized environmental policy rollbacks and the administration's refusal to honor existing USDA contracts, emphasizing the destabilizing effects on rural communities.

A few minutes into the speech, one of Booker's staff directed a Senate page to remove his chair. He read from multiple three-ring binders, including articles from bipartisan sources and letters from his constituents, whom he described as "'terrified people' with 'heartbreaking' stories".{{Cite web |last=Beggin |first=Riley |title=No food or bathroom breaks: How Cory Booker is pulling off his Senate talk-a-thon |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2025/04/01/cory-booker-trump-senate-speech-filibuster/82760608007/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=USA TODAY |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |last=Hubbard |first=Kaia |date=2025-04-01 |title=Sen. Cory Booker breaks record with marathon 25-hour speech on Senate floor to protest Trump policies - CBS News |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/cory-booker-senate-speech-trump-policies/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=CBS News |language=en-US}}{{Cite news |last=Smith |first=David |date=2025-04-02 |title=Booker makes a stand against Trump – and doesn't stop for 25 hours |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2025/apr/02/senator-cory-booker-takes-a-stand-speech-donald-trump-25-hours |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

Booker invoked Arizona Senator John McCain and his vote to kill the American Health Care Act, a bill that would have partially repealed the Affordable Care Act.{{Cite web |last1=Rimmer |first1=Morgan |last2=Raju |first2=Manu |last3=Foran |first3=Clare |first4=Ted |last4=Barrett |date=2025-03-31 |title=Cory Booker makes history with longest Senate floor speech in protest of Trump agenda |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/03/31/politics/booker-senate-floor-speech-trump-protest/index.html |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=CNN |language=en}} He read an account by Jasmine Mooney, a Canadian who was detained by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement, for thirty minutes of his speech.

Offering an apology from Democrats for the current political climate, Booker stated: "I confess that I've been inadequate. That the Democrats have been responsible for allowing the rise of this demagogue." He emphasized the role of Congress to hold the executive branch accountable, and decried his fellow congress members for failing to vote against the president's cabinet nominees and other policies.

Booker's speech protested Donald Trump's second presidency, including efforts to eliminate the Department of Education, ignore judicial mandates, and deport participants of the 2024 pro-Palestinian protests on university campuses. He criticized Trump and his advisor Elon Musk for having "shown a complete disregard for the rule of law, the Constitution, and the needs of the American people."{{Cite web |last1=Falconer |first1=Rebecca |last2=Saric |first2=Ivana |date=2025-04-01 |title=Watch: Cory Booker gives marathon speech on Senate floor to protest Trump policies |url=https://www.axios.com/2025/04/01/cory-booker-senate-speech-trump-protest-watch |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Axios |language=en}} Booker also criticized the Department of Government Efficiency (DOGE) led by Musk.{{Cite web |last=Paz |first=Christian |date=2025-04-01 |title=Why has Cory Booker been talking for more than 24 hours (and counting)? |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/406606/cory-booker-marathon-speech-filibuster-senate-floor-briefly-explained-protest |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Vox |language=en-US}} Booker included a list of executive orders in Trump's second presidency during his speech.{{Cite news |last1=Ho |first1=Vivian |last2=Meyer |first2=Theodoric |last3=Vazquez |first3=Maegan |date=2025-04-01 |title=Cory Booker breaks modern record for longest speech from Senate floor |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2025/04/01/cory-booker-senate-floor-speech-trump-protest/ |newspaper=The Washington Post}}

Booker referenced John Lewis several times in his speech, stating,

I don't know what John Lewis would say, but John Lewis would do something. He would say something. What we will have to repent for is not the words and violent actions for bad people, but the appalling silence and inaction of good people. This is our moral moment.

According to David Smith of The Guardian, "As Booker approached the 24-hour mark, most Senate Democrats took their seats and Democrats from the House of Representatives, including minority leader Hakeem Jeffries, sat or stood in the chamber. The public and press galleries swelled." Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer announced to Booker that he had broken the record at 24 hours and 18 minutes into the speech, prompting sustained and significant applause throughout the chamber.

Finally, at 8:05 p.m. EDT the next day, Booker yielded the floor and was immediately met with a standing ovation.

While retaining the floor, Booker yielded to questions from 35 of his Democratic colleagues and one Independent colleague,{{Efn|name=AngusKingNote|Angus King ({{USpolabbr|I|ME}}) is an independent senator who caucuses with the Democratic Party.}} which allowed him to rest. The two senators with the most questions were the Senate minority leader Chuck Schumer, and Senator Chris Murphy, a close colleague of Booker's who stayed on the floor with him the entire speech.{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Al |date=2025-04-01 |title=Booker talks through the night in marathon floor speech to protest Trump |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5225095-booker-marathon-speech-senate/ |website=The Hill}} As they both mention during the speech, Booker played a similar role during Murphy's 2016 filibuster.{{unbulleted list citebundle|{{cite AV media |department=United States Senate |date=2025-04-01 |title=Cory Booker's 25-hour speech |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cory_Booker%27s_25-hour_speech.webm?start=03:53:19 |time=03:53:19 |time-caption=From |via=Wikimedia Commons |format=WebM |language=en |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=2025-04-25}}|{{cite journal |author= |title=Senate |journal=Congress.gov |date=2025-03-31 |volume=171 |issue=57 |url=https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/03/31/171/57/CREC-2025-03-31-senate.pdf#page=36 |access-date=2025-04-25 |page=S1952 |series=Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the 119th Congress, First Session |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |language=en}}|{{cite AV media |department=United States Senate |date=2025-04-01 |title=Cory Booker's 25-hour speech |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Cory_Booker%27s_25-hour_speech.webm?start=04:56:48 |time=04:56:48 |time-caption=From |via=Wikimedia Commons |format=WebM |language=en |publisher=C-SPAN |access-date=2025-04-25}}|{{cite journal |author= |title=Senate |journal=Congress.gov |date=2025-03-31 |volume=171 |issue=57 |url=https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/03/31/171/57/CREC-2025-03-31-senate.pdf#page=42 |access-date=2025-04-25 |page=S1958 |series=Congressional Record : Proceedings and Debates of the 119th Congress, First Session |publisher=United States Government Publishing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |language=en}}}}

The table below shows the chronology of the speech, including topics discussed by Booker as well as questions posed to him by fellow senators. Topics in italics indicate subject divisions and refer to the binders Booker read from.

At over 25 hours in length, Booker's speech became the longest speech in United States Senate history, surpassing the previous record of 24 hours and 18 minutes set by Senator Strom Thurmond,{{Cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Bridget |last2=Burdette |first2=Sam |last3=McGhee |first3=Bernard |title=Cory Booker's speech in protest of Trump breaks the Senate record |url=https://apnews.com/live/donald-trump-news-updates-4-1-2025 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=AP News |language=en}} who began a filibuster to prevent the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1957.{{Cite web |last=Li |first=Jasmine |title=Cory Booker Breaks Record for Longest Senate Speech in Trump Protest |url=https://www.wsj.com/politics/policy/cory-booker-senate-speech-f6fb8263 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=WSJ |language=en-US}}

Booker had been bothered by Thurmond holding the record, saying it "just really irked me, that he would be the longest speech — that the longest speech, on our great Senate floor, was someone who was trying to stop people like me from being in the Senate."{{Cite web |last=Bohannon |first=Molly |title=Cory Booker Breaks Record With 25-Hour Speech Blasting Trump |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mollybohannon/2025/04/02/cory-booker-breaks-record-with-25-hour-speech-blasting-trump-heres-why/ |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Forbes |language=en}} During Booker's speech, just before breaking Thurmond's record, Booker said, "To hate him is wrong, and maybe my ego got too caught up in if I stood here maybe, maybe—just maybe—I could break this record of the man who tried to stop the rights upon which I stand. [...] I'm not here, though, because of his speech. I'm here despite his speech. I'm here because as powerful as he was, the people were more powerful."{{Cite web |last=Weaver |first=Al |date=2025-04-01 |title=Booker talks through the night in marathon floor speech to protest Trump |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5225095-booker-marathon-speech-senate/ |website=The Hill}}

Immediately following the speech, deliberations on Matthew Whitaker's nomination to serve as ambassador to NATO resumed on the Senate floor, resulting in the Senate confirming his nomination later that evening 52–45.{{Cite web |last=Ewing |first=Giselle Ruhiyyih |date=2025-04-01 |title=Former acting AG Whitaker confirmed as US envoy to NATO |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/01/former-acting-ag-whitaker-confirmed-as-us-envoy-to-nato-00006035 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=POLITICO |language=en}} However, Booker's speech was, according to David Smith, "not technically a filibuster" to prevent a piece of legislation from passing.

The speech was widely televised, appearing on C-SPAN and livestreamed on Booker's TikTok,{{Cite news |last=Sullivan |first=Eileen |date=2025-04-01 |title=Trump Administration Highlights: Layoffs of 10,000 Government Health Workers Begin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/2025/04/01/us/trump-news-updates#bfcf4206-1ba3-5fec-b8da-1ba3fbb3a8d3 |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}} YouTube, Twitter,{{Cite web |last=Blanco |first=Andrea |date=2025-04-02 |title=Cory Booker fasted for days before 25-hour speech on Trump |url=https://www.thetimes.com/us/american-politics/article/cory-booker-filibuster-record-trump-speech-2gtv0s8td |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=The Times |language=en |quote=More than a million people streamed Booker’s speech on his X account. Another 150,000 watched it via an Associated Press YouTube livestream.}} and Instagram{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Minyvonne |date=2025-04-02 |title=Cory Booker goes viral in shattering a nearly 70-year record with historic marathon Senate speech |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/cory-booker-marathon-speech-rcna199246 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=NBC News |language=en}} accounts. Several news organizations had live feeds for the speech, including the Associated Press, PBS, CBS News, MSNBC,{{Cite web |date=2025-03-31 |title=Watch live: Sen. Booker continues marathon Senate speech to protest Trump |url=https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/watch-live-sen-booker-continues-marathon-senate-speech-to-protest-trump-235975749827 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401163203/https://www.msnbc.com/msnbc/watch/watch-live-sen-booker-continues-marathon-senate-speech-to-protest-trump-235975749827 |archive-date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}} and The Guardian.{{Cite news |last1=Nowell |first1=Cecilia |last2=Chao-Fong |first2=Léonie |last3=Marcos |first3=Coral Murphy |last4=Ambrose |first4=Tom |last5= |first5= |last6= |first6= |date=2025-04-02 |title=Election results released in Wisconsin judicial race – as it happened |url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/live/2025/apr/01/donald-trump-elon-musk-special-elections-florida-wisconsin-texas-arizona-us-politics-live?page=with:block-67ec4eee8f08b5dc8a06a4b1#block-67ec4eee8f08b5dc8a06a4b1 |access-date=2025-04-05 |work=the Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

Booker received widespread praise from Democrats, including former House Speaker Nancy Pelosi and Representative Ilhan Omar, who stated that "this is the kind of relentless resistance our democracy demands."{{Cite web |last=Corbett |first=Jessica |title='It Can't Be Business as Usual': Cory Booker Praised for Historic Stand Against Trump-Musk |url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/cory-booker-speech |date=2025-04-01 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=Common Dreams |language=en}} Former Vice President Kamala Harris praised Booker for amplifying the voices of Americans affected by the current administration's policies and for exemplifying leadership that uplifts others.{{Cite web |last=Ornedo |first=Julia |date=2025-04-02 |title=Cory Booker Rushes to the Restroom After Breaking Senate Speech Record |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/cory-bookers-anti-trump-tirade-breaks-record-for-longest-senate-speech/ |access-date=2025-04-10 |website=The Daily Beast |language=en}}

Senator Lisa Murkowski (R-AK), a moderate Republican, congratulated Booker on setting a new record for the longest Senate floor speech.{{Cite web |last=Fortinsky |first=Sarah |date=2025-04-01 |title=Murkowski congratulates Booker for 'historic feat' after marathon speech |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5227044-murkowski-congratulates-booker-marathon-speech/ |website=The Hill}}

The live stream of Booker's floor speech on TikTok received more than 350 million likes and, according to Senator Booker's office, was viewed by more than 300,000 people at once.{{Cite news |last=Fortinsky |first=Sarah |date=2025-04-01 |year=2025a |title=Booker's speech tops 350M likes on TikTok live |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5226903-bookers-speech-tops-350-million-likes-on-tiktok-live/ |work=The Hill}}

Various media outlets and opinion columns characterized Booker's speech as a potential turning point for Democrats. Semafor{{'}}s Burgess Everett assessed the speech as a juxtaposition to the Democratic Party's "wait-and-see" strategy.{{Cite web |last=Everett |first=Burgess |url=https://www.semafor.com/article/03/31/2025/booker-bids-for-a-marathon-anti-trump-speech |title=Booker bids for a marathon anti-Trump speech |date=March 31, 2025 |work=Semafor |access-date=April 1, 2025}} Writing for The Guardian, David Smith characterized the speech as a "primal act of resistance" and that Booker "made a persuasive case that an inability to do everything should not undermine an attempt to do something." Hayes Brown, an opinion writer for MSNBC, called the speech a "rallying point for a demoralized party," and asked "whether Democrats can keep this energy going beyond this specific moment".{{Cite web |last=Brown |first=Hayes |date=2025-04-02 |title=Opinion {{!}} Booker's record-breaking speech should only be the beginning |url=https://www.msnbc.com/opinion/msnbc-opinion/cory-booker-record-speech-trump-filibuster-rcna199065 |access-date=2025-04-05 |website=MSNBC.com |language=en}} Providing analysis for The Independent, Richard Hall stated that Booker's speech was "both a sign of desperation and a call to arms", and that the Democratic party had so far struggled to find a response to Trump's administration.{{Cite web |last=Hall |first=Richard |date=2025-04-02 |title=Cory Booker breaks record for longest Senate speech as he rallies resistance to Trump |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/cory-booker-senate-filibuster-time-record-b2725556.html |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Independent |language=en}} Nia-Malika Henderson, a politics and policy columnist for Bloomberg Opinion suggested that Booker's speech could "rebrand" the Democratic Party as more populist and less risk-averse, drawing parallels to political movements such as the Tea Party faction which eventually led to Trump's rise.{{Cite news |last=Henderson |first=Nia-Malika |date=April 2, 2025 |title=Cory Booker's 25-Hour Speech Was a Stunt. It Worked. |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/opinion/articles/2025-04-02/cory-booker-s-25-hour-speech-was-a-stunt-it-worked?srnd=phx-opinion}}

The speech was also noted by Steven Zeitchik of The Hollywood Reporter for its scope. Zeitchik praised Booker's speech as "the Screen Performance of the Year", describing the speech as a "cinematic spectacle". Zeitchik noted the variety in Booker's speech, stating that "you'd experience different arcs; come in at different moments and you'd infer different genres."{{Cite web |last=Zeitchik |first=Steven |date=2025-04-02 |title=25th Hour: Why Cory Booker's Speech Was the Screen Performance of the Year |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/politics-news/cory-booker-senate-speech-record-1236179068/ |access-date=2025-04-02 |website=The Hollywood Reporter |language=en-US}} Natalie Korach of Vanity Fair called the speech a masterclass in social media savvy, quoting a Booker aide that stated Booker had taken on a leadership role to "demonstrate to his colleagues the power of social media to reach people."{{Cite magazine |last=Korach |first=Natalie |date=2025-04-03 |title=Why Cory Booker's Talkathon Was a Masterclass in Social Media Savvy: "The Numbers Rival TV Networks" |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/story/cory-bookers-talkathon-tiktok-masterclass |access-date=2025-04-04 |magazine=Vanity Fair |language=en-US}}

Ed Kilgore, a columnist for Intelligencer, questioned the effectiveness of Booker's speech in stopping Trump.{{Cite web |last=Kilgore |first=Ed |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/cory-booker-filibuster-speech-trump.html |title=Is Cory Booker's 'Filibuster' Doing Anything to Stop Trump? |date=April 1, 2025 |work=New York |access-date=April 1, 2025}}

Republican pollster Frank Luntz argued that the performance established Booker as a leading contender in the Democratic Party for the 2028 presidential election.{{Cite web |last=Fields |first=Ashleigh |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/senate/5227463-cory-booker-senate-record/ |title=Frank Luntz: Booker marathon speech 'may have changed the course of political history' |date=April 3, 2025 |work=The Hill |access-date=April 3, 2025}}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist}}

• [https://www.congress.gov/congressional-record/volume-171/issue-57/senate-section Congressional Record issue for March 31, 2025]
• [https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/03/31/171/57/CREC-2025-03-31-senate.pdf Proceedings and Debates of the 119th Congress, First Session, Volume 171, No. 57 (Part 1)]
• [https://www.congress.gov/119/crec/2025/03/31/171/57/CREC-2025-03-31-bk2.pdf Proceedings and Debates of the 119th Congress, First Session, Volume 171, No. 57 (Part 2)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Booker Marathon Speech}}

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