Coutts Crawford

{{Short description|New Zealand Naval officer, farmer, scientist, explorer and public servant}}

{{about|the New Zealand official|his father, the Royal Navy officer|James Coutts Crawford}}

{{Infobox person

| name = Coutts Crawford

| image = James Coutts Crawford.jpg

| image_upright =

| landscape =

| alt =

| caption =

| birth_name = James Coutts Crawford

| birth_date = 19 January 1817

| birth_place = Strathaven, Lanarkshire, Scotland

| baptised =

| death_date = {{Death date and age|1889|04|08|1817|01|19|df=yes}}

| death_place = London, England

| monuments =

| education = Royal Naval College, Portsmouth

| occupation = Public official, landowner

| spouse = (1)Sophia Whitley Deans Dundas;

(2)Jessie Cruickshank McBarnet

| children = (1) 1d, 1s; (2) 3s

| father = James Coutts Crawford

| mother = Jane Inglis

| relatives = John Inglis (Royal Navy officer) (grandfather)

}}

James Coutts Crawford (19 January 1817 – 8 April 1889), known as Coutts Crawford, was a naval officer, farmer, scientist, explorer and public servant in New Zealand.

He was born in Strathaven, South Lanarkshire, Scotland in 1817 and came to New Zealand in 1839. He settled in Wellington, owning the Miramar Peninsula and parts of Rongotai and Kilbirnie, which he named after the town in Scotland.{{cite book |last = Reed |first = A. W. |author-link = Clif Reed |title = Place Names of New Zealand |year = 2010 |publisher = Raupo |location = Rosedale, North Shore |isbn = 9780143204107 |editor = Peter Dowling |page =203}} Crawford was active in local affairs. He served on the New Zealand Legislative Council from 1859 to 1867. He died in London in 1889.{{cite web | url=http://www.dnzb.govt.nz/dnzb/alt_essayBody.asp?essayID=1C26 | title= Crawford, James Coutts 1817 – 1889 | last= Rosier | first= Laura | date= 22 June 2007 |publisher= Dictionary of New Zealand Biography | access-date= 5 December 2010}}

Mount Crawford (South Australia) and several locations in Wellington are named after him.{{cite book |last=Crawford |first=J. C. |title=Recollections of Travel In New Zealand and Australia |publisher=Trübner edition |year=1880 |page=17 |chapter=From Sydney to Adelaide |access-date=10 March 2011 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/recollectionstr00coutgoog#page/n42/mode/2up/search/Mount+Crawford}}{{Cite book |last=Irvine-Smith |first=Fanny |author-link=Fanny Irvine-Smith |title=The Streets of my City |publisher=AH & AW Reed |year=1949 |edition=2nd |location=Wellington, New Zealand}}

Early life and family

Crawford was born in Strathaven, South Lanarkshire, Scotland, the son of naval officer James Coutts Crawford, and his second wife, Jane Inglis. His maternal grandfather was Admiral John Inglis.{{Cite web |last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |date=1891 |title=A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Colonial Gentry Vol 1 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Index:A_Genealogical_and_Heraldic_History_of_the_Colonial_Gentry_Vol_1.djvu |access-date=2024-04-11 |website= |language=en |via=Wikisource}}{{Rp|page=294}} Crawford was educated at the Royal Naval College in Portsmouth, then went to sea with the navy in 1831, aged 14.{{Cite web |last=Rosier |first=L. |date=1990 |title=Story: Crawford, James Coutts |url=https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1c26/crawford-james-coutts |website=Te Ara}} He was awarded a Royal Humane Society medal for jumping overboard to rescue sailors on two occasions in 1834, while he was a College Midshipman on HMS Dublin.{{Cite book |last=Young |first=Lambton |url=https://archive.org/details/actsgallantrybe00youngoog |title=Acts of Gallantry |publisher=Sampson Low, Marston, Low, and Searle |year=1872 |location=London |pages=57 |quote=J. C. CRAWFORD, MIDSHIPMAN. This is to certify that Mr. James C. Crawford, College Midshipman of His Majesty’s ship Dublin, then under my command, did jump overboard in a most gallant style, at ten o’clock at night, on the 26th of January 1834, in Coquimbo harbour, and assisted in saving the life of James Welsh, seaman, who had fallen overboard from the fore chains. J. TOWNSEND, Captain, R. N. This is to certify that Mr. James C. Crawford, College Midshipman, Of his Majesty’ s ship Dublin, then under my command, did jump overboard on the 31st [sic] of September 1834, in Hamoaze, and gallantly saved the life Of David Houston A. B. who had fallen overboard, and must inevitably have perished but for Mr. Crawford’ s determined conduct at the moment. Houston had been severely injured in the right hand, and was at the time of the accident under the care of the surgeon. J. TOWNSEND, Captain, R N. |via=}} In 1836 Crawford became a sub-lieutenant, but he discharged himself from the navy in 1837.

Crawford was a captain in the Militia.{{Cite news |date=8 February 1884 |title=The forty-fourth anniversary of the colony |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZMAIL18840208.2.128.2 |work=New Zealand Mail |via=Papers Past}}

In 1838, Crawford sailed to Sydney, Australia. He bought 700 cattle and, with the help of an overseer and seven workers, drove the herd overland on a five-month journey between Sydney and Adelaide, arriving there in April 1839.{{Cite book |last=Crawford |first=James Coutts |url=http://archive.org/details/recollectionstr00coutgoog |title=Recollections of travel in New Zealand and Australia |date=1880 |publisher=London, Trübner |others=University of California}}{{Cite web |title=Mt. Crawford |url=https://www.prospectorspatch.com.au/mt-crawford/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=The Prospectors Patch}}{{Cite web |date=1 January 1992 |title=James Coutts Crawford |url=https://www.daao.org.au/bio/james-coutts-crawford/biography/ |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Design & Art Australia Online}} Charles Sturt named Mount Crawford in South Australia after Crawford, who set up a cattle run near the hill on his arrival from Sydney.

In 1839 Crawford visited New Zealand and bought land in Wellington. He went back to Sydney to buy stock for his land, then returned to New Zealand. In 1841 he returned to England, marrying Sophia Whitley Deans Dundas in Berkshire in 1843. Their daughter Janet was born in 1844, and then the family returned to Australia, where Crawford bought property in Queensland in 1845. In 1846 Crawford and his family returned to Wellington, before heading back to the United Kingdom where his son James Dundas Crawford was born in 1850. Sophia Crawford died in 1852. Crawford remarried in Scotland in 1857 to Jessie Cruickshank McBarnet, before returning to settle in New Zealand. They had three sons born in New Zealand: Henry Duncan (1859–1908), Alexander Donald (1862–1935) and Charles John (1867–1945).{{cite book |last=Burke |first=Bernard |author-link=Bernard Burke |url=https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera0000burk/page/292 |title=Burke's Colonial Gentry |publisher=Genealogical Publishing Company |year=1970 |isbn=0-8063-0415-4 |edition=2 |location=Baltimore, Ohio |pages=[https://archive.org/details/genealogicalhera0000burk/page/292 292-294] |orig-year=1890}} Jessie died in 1880 at Overton House in Scotland.{{Cite news |date=6 January 1881 |title=Death |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18810106.2.9 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}}

Development of Wellington's eastern suburbs

File:Miramar Peninsula map 1872.jpgOn his arrival in Wellington in 1839, Crawford bought most of the Miramar Peninsula, then known as Watts Peninsula. He later bought the remaining portions from other landowners, eventually owning the whole of the peninsula. On his return to Wellington in 1846, he established a farm ('Glendavar') on the north of the peninsula. The centre of the peninsula contained a shallow lake of about 200 acres, known to Māori as Para or Te Roto Kura, and to Europeans as Burnham Water, which was surrounded by swamps.{{Cite news |date=4 June 1928 |title=Miramar as island |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP19280604.2.49.1 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}}{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=J. C. |date=25 September 1872 |title=Notes on Miramar Peninsula, Wellington Harbour |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1872-5.2.6.1.57 |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=5 |pages=396–400 |via=Papers Past}} In 1847, Crawford built what may have been the first tunnel in New Zealand, to drain the lake into Evans Bay.{{Cite news |date=25 August 1847 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZSCSG18470825.2.3 |work=The New Zealand Spectator, and Cook's Strait Guardian |pages=2 |via=Papers Past}} He enlarged the tunnel and did further drainage work on the swamps in 1859. Crawford sowed various types of grasses to fix the sand in parts of the peninsula and improve the former swampy areas.{{Cite journal |last=Crawford |first=J. C. |date=9 November 1878 |title=An account of improvements on Miramar Peninsula |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/periodicals/TPRSNZ1878-11.2.7.1.7 |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New Zealand |volume=11 |pages=530 |via=Papers Past}} The former lake later became the site of the Miramar shopping area.{{Cite book |last1=Pillans |first1=Brad |url=https://www.eqc.govt.nz/assets/Publications-Resources/3664-Earthquakes-and-Uplift-History-Of-Miramar-Peninsula-Wellington-compressed.pdf |title=Earthquakes and uplift history of Miramar Peninsula, Wellington: Report to the Earthquake & War Damage Commission, May 1992 [Report] |last2=Huber |first2=Phil |date=May 1992 |publisher=Victoria University of Wellington |location=Wellington, New Zealand |pages=10}}

In 1859, the Superintendent of Wellington proposed to tax landowners in Te Aro to pay for a sewerage and drainage scheme there. Amidst widespread opposition to the tax, the Wellington Spectator newspaper published an article alleging that:

the road at present leading to Burnham Water and Evans's Bay either is or will shortly be interrupted by the enclosure of some town acres over which it passes, and hence this attempt to make a road at the expense of the owners of property at the southern extremity of the Town to benefit those who will not in any way contribute to the undertaking, because their property is not within the limits of the Town, and consequently not affected by the Act.{{Cite news |date=26 January 1859 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZSCSG18590126.2.7 |work=Wellington Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian |pages=3 |via=Papers Past}}

Crawford objected to this statement, and at a public meeting said that the editor of the Wellington Spectator was a woman who was "an ugly old hag".{{Cite news |date=2 February 1859 |title=Public meeting |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZSCSG18590202.2.11 |work=New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian |via=Papers Past}} His property at Watts (Miramar) Peninsula was not within the Wellington town limits, but Crawford stated that a road would be a general improvement that would be needed sooner or later, and he believed taxation was the best way forward.{{Cite news |date=5 February 1859 |title=Street and sewers election |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WI18590205.2.14 |work=Wellington Independent |via=Papers Past}}{{Cite news |date=16 February 1859 |title=Public meeting |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZSCSG18590216.2.11 |work=New Zealand Spectator and Cook's Strait Guardian |via=Papers Past}}

In 1868, Crawford's brother-in-law Major McBarnet built a house which he named 'Miramar', at the south-east of Evans Bay. In 1872, Crawford proposed changing the name of the peninsula from Watts Peninsula to Miramar, and around this time moved from the city to live in McBarnet's house.{{Cite book |url=https://www.ancestry.co.uk/discoveryui-content/view/3593611:1845 |title=Wise's New Zealand Post Office Directory |publisher=Wise's |year=1872–1873 |location=New Zealand |pages=131 |quote=Wellington Province: Country Districts Directory[...] Evans' Bay: Crawford, J. C. R. M. sheep farmer}}

In 1877, Crawford sold allotments totalling 130 acres at Kilbirnie, which spurred the development of the suburb.{{Cite news |date=23 August 1877 |title=Sale of Kilbirnie township |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18770823.2.17 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}} The new property owners raised funds for a direct road from Newtown to Kilbirnie, which was built in 1878 and named after Crawford.{{Cite news |date=15 February 1878 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM18780215.2.7 |work=New Zealand Times |pages=2 |via=Papers Past}}

In 1878, Crawford put up for sale 100 acres of land divided into 200 sections at his new "Township of Seatoun". Roads had already been laid out and "partially formed", with allowance for future tram lines, and land was set aside for churches, schools and parks.{{Cite news |date=1 October 1878 |title=Auctions: The Township of Seatoun [advertisement] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM18781001.2.23.2 |work=New Zealand Times}}File:Township_of_Seatoun.jpgIn 1878, Crawford donated land at Kilbirnie for a church,{{Cite news |date=5 April 1878 |title=Diocesan standing committee |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780405.2.34 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}} and in 1881 he donated 4 acres for a recreation reserve and salt-water baths there.{{Cite news |date=18 May 1881 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM18810518.2.6 |work=New Zealand Times |pages=2 |via=Papers Past}} In 1882 he offered land for a school in Kilbirnie, but this was declined by the Education Board.{{Cite news |date=1 June 1882 |title=Education Board |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZTIM18820601.2.18 |work=New Zealand Times |via=Papers Past}}

In 1886, the Government took 245 acres of Crawford's land at Evans Bay for defence purposes.{{Cite news |date=10 December 1886 |title=Compensation Court |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZMAIL18861210.2.84 |work=New Zealand Mail |via=Papers Past}} This became the Shelly Bay base.{{Cite web |last=Hunt |first=Tom |date=21 July 2019 |title=133-year-old transaction gets legal standing in Shelly Bay saga |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/114393073/133yearold-transaction-gets-legal-standing-in-shelly-bay-saga |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=Stuff}}

New Zealand public life

Crawford took an active part in civic life in New Zealand. He was a captain in the Wellington Militia between 1860 and 1864.{{Cite news |date=13 March 1860 |title=Postscript |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/WI18600313.2.14 |work=Wellington Independent |via=Papers Past}}{{Cite journal |date=1865 |title=Finance Accounts of the General Government of New Zealand, from the 1st October, 1863, to 30th September, 1864 |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/AJHR1865-I.2.1.3.1 |journal=Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives |volume=Session 1, B 01 |pages=28 |quote=Captain J. C. Crawford, Wellington Militia |via=Papers Past}} He served on the Legislative Council from 1859 until 1867, when he resigned for political reasons.{{Cite news |date=28 September 1859 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZ18590928.2.24.2 |work=New Zealander |pages=6 |via=Papers Past}} Crawford had voted against a government bill, which prompted Edward Stafford, the then Premier of New Zealand, to state that Crawford's position on the Legislative Council was incompatible with his role as a magistrate.{{Cite news |date=5 December 1867 |title=Mr Stafford and Mr J. C. Crawford |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NENZC18671205.2.38 |work=Nelson Examiner and New Zealand Chronicle |via=Papers Past}}{{Cite journal |date=13 August 1869 |title=Report of the Select Committee on Privilege; together with the evidence and the appendix to the report |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/parliamentary/appendix-to-the-journals-of-the-house-of-representatives/1869/I/1647 |journal=Appendices to the Journals of the House of Representatives |volume=1869 Session 1, F04 |pages=6 |via=Papers Past}}

Crawford was a keen amateur geologist, and was appointed as Wellington Provincial Geologist in 1861 until the government could bring a professional geologist to New Zealand.{{Cite news |date=3 May 1862 |title=Wellington |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/HBH18620503.2.6 |work=Hawke's Bay Herald |via=Papers Past}} From 1861 to 1864 he explored the Whanganui and Rangitīkei rivers, the central plateau and northern Wairarapa, looking for mining potential and routes for road and rail. He became a member of the Geological Society of London, the Geological Society of Edinburgh and the Imperial and Royal Geological Society of Vienna.

In 1864 Crawford established and presided over the Resident Magistrate and Warden's Court at Havelock in Pelorus Sound for some months. He was appointed Resident Magistrate in Wellington in 1864 and Sheriff of Wellington in 1866.

From 1867, Crawford was a member of the Wellington Philosophical Society and the New Zealand Institute (later known as the Royal Society of New Zealand).{{Cite news |date=15 May 1934 |title=Scientific world |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/DOM19340515.2.124 |work=Dominion |via=Papers Past}} He presented many papers about geology, farming, drainage and other subjects that interested him.

In 1867, Crawford became a founding member of the Wellington Benevolent Society, an organisation formed to relieve poverty in the city.{{Cite news |date=13 July 1867 |title=Wellington Benevolent Society |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18670713.2.13.1 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}}{{Cite news |date=10 July 1867 |title=[untitled editorial] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18670710.2.8 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}} He resigned his position as chairman of the society in April 1878, after members of Temperance groups said that it was hypocritical of him to administer funds to destitute families while creating drunkenness and harm by granting licences to public houses in his role as chairman of the Licensing Bench.{{Cite news |date=5 April 1878 |title=[untitled editorial] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780405.2.29.3 |work=Evening Post |pages=2 |via=Papers Past}}{{Cite news |date=10 April 1878 |title=Wellington Benevolent Institution |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780410.2.26 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}}

In June 1878, Crawford resigned as Sheriff and was replaced as Resident Magistrate because he was over the age of compulsory retirement.{{Cite news |date=6 June 1878 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18780606.2.23.5 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}} On his retirement, Crawford went to the United Kingdom in March 1879 for an extended stay.{{Cite news |date=29 March 1879 |title=[untitled] |url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/EP18790329.2.11 |work=Evening Post |via=Papers Past}} Crawford's wife Jessie died there in 1880, and Crawford returned to Wellington by early 1884.

Death and legacy

With his health failing, Crawford returned to London around 1887 to seek medical advice.{{Cite journal |date=27 April 1889 |editor-last=Harding |editor-first=Robert Coupland |title=Obituary |url=https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Har03Typo-t1-g1-t4-body-d24.html |journal=Typo: A Monthly Newspaper and Literary Review |volume=3 |issue=28 |pages=44 |via=NZETC}} He died there on 8 April 1889, of kidney and bladder disease.{{Cite web |title=CRAWFORD, James Coutts |url=https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE57330930 |access-date=2024-04-21 |website=ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz}} Crawford left his land to be divided between his three younger sons: Henry received land on the isthmus and Kilbirnie, and Alexander and Charles formed a partnership to manage the Miramar Peninsula. Charles later became Mayor of Miramar and Henry became Mayor of Melrose, before these areas were merged into Wellington city.{{Cite book |last=Struthers |first=John |title=Miramar Peninsula: A historical and social study |publisher=John Struthers |year=1975 |location=Wellington, New Zealand |pages=33, 36–37}} In 1901 and 1904, Alexander and Charles offered large areas of the peninsula to Wellington City Council, but on both occasions the Council declined their proposals. The land was then broken up and sold to various private syndicates and speculators.

Crawford kept detailed diaries of his travels in Australia and throughout New Zealand, and in 1880 published a book called [https://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/document/?wid=2361&p=1 Recollections of travel in New Zealand and Australia]. He also drew and painted many images of the places he visited, which together with his diaries are of historical interest.

= Wellington place names =

Many place names in the eastern suburbs of Wellington are linked to Crawford's family. Aside from James Street (now Samoa Street, Kilbirnie), Coutts Street (Kilbirnie), Crawford Road (Kilbirnie), Crawford Green (Strathmore) and Mount Crawford (Miramar), others include:

Charles Street (now part of Moxham Avenue, Hataitai): Coutts' son Charles
Cruickshank Street (Lyall Bay): Coutts' second wife
Duncan Street (Kilbirnie): Coutts' son, Henry Duncan Crawford
Dundas Street (Seatoun): Coutts' first wife, whose name was also given to Coutts' son, James Dundas Crawford
Hamilton Road and Busaco Street (Hataitai): named for General John Hamilton, a close friend of Crawford, who fought at the Battle of Bussaco
Henry Street (Kilbirnie): Coutts' son, Henry Duncan Crawford
Inglis Street (Seatoun): Coutts' mother, Jane Inglis
Kilbirnie: Kilbirnie, a town in Ayrshire, Scotland that was home to the Crawfords{{Rp|pages=|page=293}}
Monorgan Road (Seatoun): after old Crawford family holdings in Monorgan, Perthshire{{Rp|page=294}}
Nevay Road (Miramar): after Crawford ancestor Sir David Nevay{{Rp|page=294}}
Overtoun Terrace (Hataitai): Crawford family landholding near Strathaven in Lanarkshire{{Rp|page=293}}
Seatoun: after Easter Seatoun, Crawford family property in Forfarshire{{Rp|page=293}}
Torridon Road (Miramar): after property owned in Torridon, Scotland, by Jessie McBarnet's father{{Rp|page=293}}
Vallance Street (Kilbirnie): friends of the Crawford family

References

External links

[https://archive.org/details/recollectionstr00coutgoog Recollections of travel in New Zealand and Australia (1880)]
[http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-CraGeoR-t1-g1-t1-body-d5.html Geological and Other Reports]
[https://collections.archives.govt.nz/en/web/arena/search Probate held by Archives NZ]

Category:1817 births

Category:1889 deaths

Category:Members of the New Zealand Legislative Council

Category:19th-century New Zealand politicians

Category:Scottish emigrants to New Zealand

Category:People from Strathaven

Category:Sheriffs of New Zealand

Category:Settlers of New Zealand