Craven in the Domesday Book

{{Infobox manuscript

| name = Craven in the Domesday Book

| location = The National Archives, Kew, London

| image = File:Domesday Book folio 301v ms detail.jpg

| width = 250

| caption =

| Date = prehistory to 11th Century

| Language= =

}}

The extent of the medieval district of Craven, in the north of England is a matter of debate. The name Craven is either pre-Celtic British, Britonnic or Romano-British in origin. However, its usage continued following the ascendancy of the Anglo-Saxons and the Normans – as was demonstrated by its many appearances in the Domesday Book of 1086. Places described as being In Craven in the Domesday Book fell later within the modern county of North Yorkshire, as well as neighbouring areas of West Yorkshire, Lancashire and Cumbria. Usage of Craven in the Domesday Book is, therefore, circumstantial evidence of an extinct, British or Anglo-Saxon kingdom or subnational entity (such as a shire or earldom).

The former local government district of Craven – a much smaller area entirely within North Yorkshire – was defined in 1974 and was abolished in 2023 to be replaced by the unitary authority of North Yorkshire.

Background

Although historic Craven extended a little further southeast in Yorkshire, as it still does with the Church of England's Deanery of South Craven, the northwestern boundary is the one much disputed.

The creation of Lancashire, Cumberland and Westmorland took place after 1086: Cumberland may have been shired in 1092, there was a sheriff of Westmorland by 1129, and a sheriff of Lancashire by 1164.

It has also been proposed that the first Yorkshire was smaller, much as it was up till 1974, and that Amounderness, Cartmel, Furness, Kendale, Copeland and Lonsdale were attached to it in the Domesday Book, merely for administrative convenience.{{cite journal| last =Palliser| first =D.M.| title =An introduction to the Yorkshire Domesday | journal =Yorkshire Domesday| pages =4–5| publisher =Alecto Historical Editions| location =London| date =1922}}{{cite journal| last =Thorn| first =F.R.| title =Hundreds and Wapentakes| journal =Yorkshire Domesday| pages =55–60| publisher =Alecto Historical Editions| location =London| date =1922}}{{cite book| last =Hey| first =D.| title =Yorkshire from AD 1000|publisher=Longman| page =[https://archive.org/details/yorkshirefromad10000heyd/page/4 4]| location =London| date =1986| isbn =978-0-582-49211-0| url =https://archive.org/details/yorkshirefromad10000heyd/page/4}}{{cite journal| last =Roffe| first =D.R.| title =The Yorkshire Summary: a Domesday satellite| journal =Northern History, A Review of the History of the North of England and the Borders| volume =27| pages =257| date =1991}}

Craven in the Domesday Book

File:Curactes-in-Craven-Yorkshire-in-1086.png

The Domesday Book (1086) was essentially an economic census of England, completed during the reign of William the Conqueror, to find out how much each landholder had in arable land and what that land was worth in terms of the taxes they used to pay under Edward the Confessor.

The areas of ploughland were counted in carucates: the land a farmer could manage throughout the year with a team of eight oxen. That area varied with the local soil but on average it was 120 acres, (50 hectares). Some carucates are designated Waste, many of these were devastated and depopulated by the Norman army during the Harrying of the North 1069–70, ca.17 years prior to this survey.

=The Land of the King in Craven, Domesday Book folio 301v=

Mostly in Airedale but also in Lonsdale for that was then considered part of Yorkshire.

LOCATION

Newsholme[http://www.achurchnearyou.com/newsholme-st-john-keighley Newsholme near Oakworth has a unique church that forms part of a farmhouse]. Retrieved November 2010

Laycock

Sutton-in-Craven

Melling-with-Wrayton, Hornby-with-Farleton, Wennington

Thornton in Lonsdale, Burrow-with-Burrow

CARUCATES

2 plus 1 church

2 ½

10 ½

PREVIOUS OWNER

Thorkil

Arnkeld, Thorkil, Gamel

Gamel

Arnkeld

Gamel Bern

Vilts

Ulfkeld, Thole, Ravensvartr

Gamel Bern

Vilts

Ravensvartr

Ravenkeld

Ulf and Orm

Orm

CURRENT

King William

= The Land of The Clamores of Yorkshire in Craven, Domesday Book folio 380 =

These lands centred on Bolton Abbey were soon after this date transferred to Robert de Romille. And since the Saxon manse at Bolton Abbey was beyond repair Romille built a castle elsewhere: Skipton Castle.Whitaker, Thomas Dunham (2012) [1805]. The History and Antiquities of the Deanery of Craven in the County of York (new ed.). London: British Library. pp. 8. {{ISBN|978-1-241-34269-2}}.

LOCATION

Bolton Abbey was the caput manor of a multiple estate

CARUCATES

77, waste

Earl Edwin

SOON TO BE

Robert de Romille

=The Land of William de Percy in Craven, Domesday Book folio 322=

William de Percy was the founder of the powerful English House of Percy.

LOCATION{{cite book| title=Domesday Book a Complete Translation | year=1992 | publisher=Penguin Books | isbn=978-0-14-143994-5 |editor=Dr. Anne Williams and Prof G H Martin }}

Rimington, Crooks, Little Middop, Starkeshergh

Bolton-by-Bowland, Raygill Moss, Holme

Painley, Gisburn, Paythorne, Newsholme, Ellenthorpe

Nappa, Horton

Thornton in Craven, Kelbrook

Swinden, Hellifield, Malham, Coniston Cold

Glusburn and Chelsis

CARUCATES

11, waste

8, waste

12 {{frac|2|}}, waste

6 {{frac|2|}}, waste

8 {{frac|2|}}, waste

13 {{frac|2|}}, waste

3, waste

Beornwulf

Gamal

CURRENT

William de Percy

= The Land of Gilbert Tison in Craven, Domesday Book folio 327 =

By 1118 Tison had suffered a demotion and his lands returned to the king then given to the Houses of Romille, Percy, Fitz John and d'Aubigny{{Cite book | last=Dalton | first=Paul | title=Conquest, Anarchy & Lordship: Yorkshire 1066–1154 | orig-year=1994 | edition=new | year=2002| publisher=Cambridge University Press | location=Cambridge, UK | isbn=0-521-52464-4}}

LOCATION

Grassington, Linton, Threshfield

Eastburn, Steeton

Glusburn and Chelsis

Oakworth

CARUCATES

5 {{frac|4|}}

Gamal Bern

CURRENT

Gilbert Tison

= The Land of Hugh fitzBaldric in Craven, Domesday Book folio 327v =

An "in crave" entry in this folio is difficult to explain. It is followed by Holecher, Bretebi which Robert H Skaife identified with Holker Hall and neighbouring Birkby Hall east of Grange-over-Sands (now in Cumbria), ignoring the Craven title. William Farrer had connected them with Craven as parts of Kettlewell, although no longer traceable.Henry Clifford Darby, Ian Stanley Maxwell (eds), 1962, The Domesday Geography of Northern England, Cambridge University Press, p.480 All the rest of Hugh fitzBaldric's land were in East Yorkshire, and he was High Sheriff of Yorkshire 1069–1086.

LOCATION

Holker?

CARUCATES

Orm

CURRENT

Hugh FitzBaldric

= The Land of Erneis du Buron in Craven, Domesday Book folio 327v =

In 1066 a nephew of Ralph Tesson, Ernies de Buron, from Beuron near Mantes, Normandy{{cite book |title=The Norman People. And Their Existing Descendants in the British Dominions and the United States of America|last=Hale|first=Henry S.|year=1874|publisher=Henry S. King & Co|location=London}} page 108 [https://archive.org/stream/normanpeopleand00unkngoog/normanpeopleand00unkngoog_djvu.txt The Norman People] Archive Org. Accessed 2013-6-8 provided William the Conqueror with money, men and the ships for the invasion of England. Ernies fought at the Battle of Hastings and is named in the Falaise Roll and in the Rolls of Battle Abbey.[http://www.english-heritage.org.uk/daysout/properties/1066-battle-of-hastings-abbey-and-battlefield/ Battle of Hastings Abbey and Battlefield] English-Heritage Org. Retrieved 2013-6-7 He settled in England 1068. The Domesday Book lists that he had seventy-two properties in Lincolnshire and Yorkshire.[http://www.devon-mitchells.co.uk/getperson.php?personID=I1056&tree=CornishMichells Erneis du Buron] Devon Mitchells com Retrieved 2013-6-8 In 1086 he succeeded Hugh fitz Baldric as High Sheriff of Yorkshire.K. S. B. Keats-Rohan. Domesday People: Domesday book However between 1102 and 1118 his lands were confiscated by King Henry I and given to the House of Romille.

LOCATION

Marley, Halton (in Bingley), Cottingley, Cullingworth, Hainworth

CARUCATES

7 {{frac|2|}}

—

CURRENT

Erneis du Buron

= The Land of Osbern D'Arques in Craven, Domesday Book folio 328 =

Osbern de Arches (1059–1115) became High Sheriff of Yorkshire ca1100.

LOCATION

CARUCATES

4 {{frac|4|}}

2 {{frac|4|}}

5, waste

Five thegns

Dreng

—

CURRENT

Osbern D'Arques

= The Land of the King's Thegns in Craven, Domesday Book folio 331v =

The term thegn means a retainer of a king or nobleman below the rank of high-reeve.

LOCATION

Burnsall, Thorpe

Holdene

Heuurde

CARUCATES

1 {{frac|2|}}

3 {{frac|2|}}

1 {{frac|2|}}

Almund

—

Heardwulf

Northmann

Ramkel

Ketil

Gospatric and Ulfkil

Hamal

Gospatric

Arnketil

CURRENT

Dolgfinnr

Heardwulf

Northmann

Ramkel

Orm

Gospatrick and Ulfkil

Ulf

Gospatric

Ketil

= The Land of Roger de Poitou in Yorkshire, Domesday Book folio 332 =

In looking for a definition of Craven, Roger de Poitou's entries on folio 332 are ambiguous for that page lacks the heading "In Craven". However some manors listed here as his are described elsewhere in the book as being in Craven. Thornton-in-Craven is quite outspoken in this matter. The omission of a heading could be considered a scribal error or, since the previous sub-section was entitled 'In Craven', the scribe may have decided it unnecessary to repeat the heading.

However Poitou's total lands cannot be used to determine the extent of Craven for he also held lands between the Ribble and the Mersey together with Amounderness.

After 1102 Roger rebelled against the King, so Henry I of England confiscated his lands and gave those in upper Wharfedale and upper Airedale to the House of Romille and those in Ribblesdale and around Gisburn to the House of Percy. Sometime after Domesday Poitou had given Bowland to Robert de Lacy, the Baron of Pontefract. The king allowed him to keep Bowland and expanded his lands with the whole of Blackburnshire and part of Amounderness.{{Cite book|last=Farrer and Brownbill|title=The Victoria History of the County of Lancaster Vol 1|year=1906|pages=282, 313–314}} These lands formed the basis of the Honour of Clitheroe.

References

External links

[http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/domesday The Domesday Book] on The National Archives website. Search facilities are free of charge. Downloads are chargeable.
[http://domesday.pase.ac.uk/ Searchable index of landholders in 1066 and 1087], Prosopography of Anglo-Saxon England (PASE) project.

Domesday

Category:Domesday Book

Category:History of Yorkshire

Category:History of Lancashire