Cruciferous vegetables
{{Short description|Vegetables of the family Brassicaceae}}
{{About|the use of Brassicaceae as food|a botanical description of plants in this family (whether or not used for food)|Brassicaceae}}
Cruciferous vegetables are vegetables of the family Brassicaceae (also called Cruciferae) with many genera, species, and cultivars being raised for food production such as cauliflower, cabbage, kale, garden cress, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, mustard plant and similar green leaf vegetables. The family takes its alternative name (Cruciferae, Neo-Latin for "cross-bearing") from the shape of their flowers, whose four petals resemble a cross.
Ten of the most common cruciferous vegetables eaten by people, known colloquially in North America as cole crops{{cite web | url = http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Brassica/index.html | title = Colewart and the cole crops | author = Gibson AC | publisher = University of California Los Angeles | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121109123913/http://www.botgard.ucla.edu/html/botanytextbooks/economicbotany/Brassica/index.html | archive-date = 2012-11-09 | url-status = dead }} and in the UK, Ireland and Australia as brassicas, are in a single species (Brassica oleracea); they are not distinguished from one another taxonomically, only by horticultural category of cultivar groups. Numerous other genera, and species in the family are also edible. Cruciferous vegetables are one of the dominant food crops worldwide. They are high in vitamin C and soluble fiber and contain multiple nutrients and phytochemicals.
List of cruciferous vegetables
Extensive selective breeding has produced a large variety of cultivars, especially within the genus Brassica. One description of genetic factors involved in the breeding of Brassica species is the Triangle of U.
| class="wikitable"
|+The taxonomy of common cruciferous vegetables | |||
| common name || genus || specific epithet || cultivar group | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| --- | Armoracia | rusticana | |
| --- | Barbarea | verna | |
| --- | Brassica | carinata | |
| ---
|Kale | Brassica | oleracea | Acephala group |
| -- | Brassica | oleracea | Acephala group |
| ---
|Gai lan / jie lan (Chinese broccoli) | Brassica | oleracea | Alboglabra group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Capitata group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Savoy Cabbage group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Gemmifera group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Gongylodes group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Italica group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Italica group × Alboglabra group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Italica group × Botrytis group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Botrytis group / Italica group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Botrytis group |
| --- | Brassica | oleracea | Oleracea group |
| ---
|Bok choy (Chinese cabbage) | Brassica | rapa | chinensis |
| --- | Brassica | rapa | perviridis or komatsuna |
| --- | Brassica | rapa | nipposinica |
| ---
|Rapini (broccoli rabe) | Brassica | rapa | parachinensis |
| ---
|Choy sum (flowering cabbage) | Brassica | rapa | parachinensis |
| ---
|Napa cabbage (Chinese cabbage) | Brassica | rapa | pekinensis |
| ---
|Turnip root; greens | Brassica | rapa | rapifera |
| ---
|Rutabaga (swede) | Brassica | napus | napobrassica |
| --- | Brassica | napus | pabularia |
| --- | Brassica | rapa/napus | oleifera |
| ---
|Head mustard (heart mustard) | Brassica | juncea | rugosa |
| ---
|Brown mustard seeds; Mustard greens | Brassica | juncea | |
| --- | Brassica (or Sinapis) | alba | |
| --- | Brassica (or Rhamphospermum) | nigra | |
| --- | Brassica | rapa | rosularis |
| --- | Diplotaxis | tenuifolia | |
| ---
|Arugula (rocket) | Eruca | vesicaria | |
| --- | Eutrema | japonicum | |
| --- | Lepidium | campestre | |
| ---
|Maca | Lepidium | meyenii | |
| --- | Lepidium | sativum | |
| --- | Nasturtium | officinale | |
| --- | Raphanus | sativus | |
| --- | Raphanus | sativus | longipinnatus |
Further relationships inside the family Brassicaceae can be described by tribes, a grouping of genera (see {{section link|Brassicaceae|Relationships within the family}}). Armoracia, Barbarea, and Nasturtium belong to the tribe Cardamineae; Brassica, Sinapis, Diplotaxis, Eruca, and Raphanus belong to Brassiceae; Lepidium belongs in Lepidieae; and finally Wasabia (Eutrema) belongs in Eutremeae.NCBI Taxonomy browser queries, retrieved January 3, 2022.
Research
According to an umbrella review of 41 systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 303 observational studies, there is suggestive evidence for beneficial associations in gastric cancer, lung cancer, endometrial cancer, and all-cause mortality.{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=YZ |last2=Yang |first2=ZY |last3=Gong |first3=TT |last4=Liu |first4=YS |last5=Liu |first5=FH |last6=Wen |first6=ZY |last7=Li |first7=XY |last8=Gao |first8=C |last9=Luan |first9=M |last10=Zhao |first10=YH |last11=Wu |first11=QJ |title=Cruciferous vegetable consumption and multiple health outcomes: an umbrella review of 41 systematic reviews and meta-analyses of 303 observational studies. |journal=Food & Function |date=20 April 2022 |volume=13 |issue=8 |pages=4247–4259 |doi=10.1039/d1fo03094a |pmid=35352732|s2cid=247792684 }}
= Cancer =
Cruciferous vegetables contain glucosinolates, which are under research for their potential to affect cancer. Glucosinolates are hydrolyzed to isothiocyanates (ITCs) by myrosinase.{{cite journal | vauthors = Singh SV, Singh K | title = Cancer chemoprevention with dietary isothiocyanates mature for clinical translational research | journal = Carcinogenesis | volume = 33 | issue = 10 | pages = 1833–42 | date = Oct 2012 | pmid = 22739026 | pmc = 3529556 | doi = 10.1093/carcin/bgs216 }} ITCs are being investigated for their chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic effects.{{cite journal | vauthors = Gupta P, Kim B, Kim SH, Srivastava SK | title = Molecular targets of isothiocyanates in cancer: recent advances | journal = Molecular Nutrition & Food Research | volume = 58 | issue = 8 | pages = 1685–707 | date = Aug 2014 | pmid = 24510468 | pmc = 4122603 | doi = 10.1002/mnfr.201300684 }}
= Drug and toxin metabolism =
Chemicals contained in cruciferous vegetables induce the expression of the liver enzyme CYP1A2.
Alliaceous and cruciferous vegetable consumption may induce glutathione S-transferases, uridine diphosphate-glucuronosyl transferases, and quinone reductases all of which are potentially involved in detoxification of carcinogens such as aflatoxin. High consumption of cruciferous vegetables has potential risk from allergies, interference with drugs such as warfarin, and genotoxicity.{{cite journal | vauthors = Latté KP, Appel KE, Lampen A | title = Health benefits and possible risks of broccoli - an overview | journal = Food and Chemical Toxicology | volume = 49 | issue = 12 | pages = 3287–309 | date = Dec 2011 | pmid = 21906651 | doi = 10.1016/j.fct.2011.08.019 }}
= Taste =
People who can taste phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), which is either bitter or tasteless, are less likely to find cruciferous vegetables palatable due to the resemblance between isothiocyanates and PTC.
= Contraindications =
Although cruciferous vegetables are generally safe for human consumption, individuals with known allergies or hypersensitivities to a certain Brassica vegetable, or those taking anticoagulant therapy, should be cautious.
References
{{Reflist|35em|refs=
- {{cite web |title=Bitter Truth: Humans, Chimps Developed Ability to Taste Toxic Compounds Through Separate Genetic Mutations |website=University of Utah |url=http://unews.utah.edu/news_releases/bitter-truth-humans-chimps-developed-ability-to-taste-toxic-compounds-through-separate-genetic-mutations/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120630032643/http://unews.utah.edu/news_releases/bitter-truth-humans-chimps-developed-ability-to-taste-toxic-compounds-through-separate-genetic-mutations/ |archive-date=2012-06-30}}
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{{Cruciferous Biochemistry}}
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