Brassica oleracea

Wild B. oleracea is a tall biennial or perennial plant{{Cite web |title=Brassica oleracea Wild Cabbage, Broccoli, Tronchuda cabbage, Brussels sprouts, Kohlrabi, Sprouting broccol |url=https://pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Brassica+oleracea#:~:text=Brassica%20oleracea%20is%20a%20BIENNIAL,ripen%20from%20July%20to%20September. |access-date=2024-12-26 |website=PFAF Plant Database}} that forms a stout rosette of large leaves in the first year. The grayish-green leaves are fleshy and thick, helping the plant store water and nutrients in difficult environments. In its second year, a woody spike grows up to {{convert|1.5|m|ft|frac=2}} tall, from which branch off stems with long clusters of yellow four-petaled flowers.

File:Wild legume, Mill Bay Cove - geograph.org.uk - 1011472.jpg, Devon, England]]

According to the Triangle of U theory, B. oleracea is very closely related to five other species of the genus Brassica.{{Cite book| last1=Dixon| first1=G.R.| year=2007 | title = Vegetable brassicas and related crucifers| isbn = 978-0-85199-395-9| publisher=CABI| location=Wallingford}} A 2021 study suggests that Brassica cretica, native to the Eastern Mediterranean, particularly Greece and the Aegean Islands, was the closest living relative of cultivated B. oleracea, thus supporting the view that its cultivation originated in the Eastern Mediterranean region, with later admixture from other Brassica species.{{Cite journal |last1=Mabry |first1=Makenzie E |last2=Turner-Hissong |first2=Sarah D |last3=Gallagher |first3=Evan Y |last4=McAlvay |first4=Alex C |last5=An |first5=Hong |last6=Edger |first6=Patrick P |last7=Moore |first7=Jonathan D |last8=Pink |first8=David A C |last9=Teakle |first9=Graham R |last10=Stevens |first10=Chris J |last11=Barker |first11=Guy |last12=Labate |first12=Joanne |last13=Fuller |first13=Dorian Q |last14=Allaby |first14=Robin G |last15=Beissinger |first15=Timothy |last16=Decker |first16=Jared E |last17=Gore |first17=Michael A |last18=Pires |first18=J Chris |date=2021 |title=The Evolutionary History of Wild, Domesticated, and Feral Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae) |journal=Molecular Biology and Evolution |volume=38 |issue=10 |pages=4419–4434 |doi=10.1093/molbev/msab183 |pmid=34157722 |pmc=8476135 |name-list-style=amp |doi-access=free }} Genetic analysis of nine wild populations on the French Atlantic coast indicated their common feral origin, deriving from domesticated plants escaped from fields and gardens.{{Cite journal |last1=Maggioni |first1=Lorenzo |last2=von Bothmer |first2=Roland |last3=Poulsen |first3=Gert |last4=Härnström Aloisi |first4=Karolina |year=2020 |title=Survey and genetic diversity of wild Brassica oleracea L. Germplasm on the Atlantic coast of France |journal=Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution |volume=67 |issue=7 |pages=1853–1866 |doi=10.1007/s10722-020-00945-0 |s2cid=218772995 |hdl-access=free |hdl=10568/121870}}

The cultivars of B. oleracea are grouped by developmental form into several major cultivar groups, of which the Acephala ("non-heading") group remains most like the natural wild cabbage in appearance.

'Brassica' was Pliny the Elder's name for several cabbage-like plants.Gledhill, David (2008). "The Names of Plants". Cambridge University Press. {{ISBN|9780521866453}} (hardback), {{ISBN|9780521685535}} (paperback). pp 76

Its specific epithet oleracea means "vegetable/herbal" in Latin and is a form of {{wikt-lang|la|holeraceus}} ({{lang|la|oleraceus}}).{{cite book |last=Parker |first=Peter |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-tzDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT328 |title=A Little Book of Latin for Gardeners |date=2018 |publisher=Little, Brown Book Group |isbn=978-1-4087-0615-2 |page=328 |quote={{lang|la|oleraceus, holeraceus}} = relating to vegetables or kitchen garden}}{{cite book |last=Whitney |first=William Dwight |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGTWRtstsaEC&pg=PA2856 |title=The Century Dictionary and Cyclopedia |publisher=Century Co. |year=1899 |page=2856 |quote={{abbr|L.|Latin}} {{lang|la|holeraceus}}, {{abbr|prop.|properly}} {{lang|la|oleraceus}}, herb-like, {{lang|la|holus}}, {{abbr|prop.|properly}} {{lang|la|olus}} ({{lang|la|oler-}}), herbs, vegetables}}

Although rarely abundant, wild cabbage is found on the coasts of Britain, France, Spain, and Italy.{{Cite book |last=Francis-Baker |first=Tiffany |title=Concise Foraging Guide |date=2021 |publisher=Bloomsbury |isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 |series=The Wildlife Trusts |location=London |pages=59}}

Wild cabbage is a hardy plant with high tolerance for salt and lime. Its intolerance of competition from other plants{{cite web |title=Wild Cabbage (Brassica oleracea) |url=https://www.botanic.cam.ac.uk/learning/trails/dnatrail/cabbage/ |access-date=November 21, 2024 |website=Cambridge University Botanic Garden |publisher=University of Cambridge Museums and Botanic Garden}} typically restricts its natural occurrence to limestone sea cliffs, like the chalk cliffs on both sides of the English Channel.{{Cite journal |last1=Snogerup |first1=Sven |last2=Gustafsson |first2=Mats |last3=Bothmer |first3=Roland Von |date=1990-01-01 |title=Brassica sect. Brassica (Brassicaceae) I. Taxonomy and Variation |journal=Willdenowia |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=271–365 |jstor=3996645}}

File:Growing Cauliflower.jpg

B. oleracea has become established as an important human food crop plant, used because of its large food reserves, which are stored over the winter in its leaves. It has been bred into a wide range of cultivars, including cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, collards, and kale, some of which are hardly recognizable as being members of the same genus, let alone species.{{Cite journal |last1=Stansell |first1=Zachary |last2=Hyma |first2=Katie |last3=Fresnedo-Ramírez |first3=Jonathan |last4=Sun |first4=Qi |last5=Mitchell |first5=Sharon |last6=Björkman |first6=Thomas |last7=Hua |first7=Jian |date=2018-07-01 |title=Genotyping-by-sequencing of Brassica oleracea vegetables reveals unique phylogenetic patterns, population structure and domestication footprints |url= |journal=Horticulture Research |language=en |volume=5 |issue=1 |page=38 |doi=10.1038/s41438-018-0040-3 |issn=2052-7276 |pmc=6026498 |pmid=29977574 |bibcode=2018HorR....5...38S |s2cid=49552482}} The historical genus of Crucifera, meaning "cross-bearing" in reference to the four-petaled flowers, may be the only unifying feature beyond taste.

B. oleracea is tolerant of a variety of soil conditions between pH 6.0 and 7.5, but grows particularly well in alkaline soils in full sunlight,{{Cite web |title=Wild Cabbage |url=https://backyardlarder.co.uk/plants/wild-cabbage/ |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=The Backyard Larder |language=en-GB}} with good drainage and high amounts of nitrogen.{{Cite web |title=How to Grow Cabbage |url=https://www.dtbrownseeds.co.uk/blogs/all/how-to-grow-cabbage |access-date=2025-02-24 |website=dt-brown |language=en}} The plant can grow in partial shade, but care must be taken to provide sufficient ventilation, as this reduces the prevalence of downy mildew.

Researchers believe that B. oleracea has been cultivated for several thousand years, but its history as a domesticated plant is not clear before Greek and Roman times, when it was a well-established garden vegetable. Theophrastus mentions three kinds of {{transliteration|grc|rhaphanos}} (ῤάφανος):Compare Theophrastus; raphanis (ραφανίς), "radish", also a Brassica. a curly-leaved, a smooth-leaved, and a wild-type.{{Cite book |last1=Zohary |first1=Daniel |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1hHSYoqY-AwC |title=Domestication of Plants in the Old World: The Origin and Spread of Domesticated Plants in Southwest Asia, Europe, and the Mediterranean Basin |last2=Hopf |first2=Maria |last3=Weiss |first3=Ehud |publisher=Oxford University Press (OUP)) |year=2012 |isbn=978-0199549061 |location=Oxford |pages=199 |language=en}} He reports the antipathy of the cabbage and the grape vine, for the ancients believed cabbages grown near grapes would impart their flavour to the wine.Theophrastus, Enquiry into Plants, IV.6.16; Deipnosophistae, I, noting the effects of cabbages on wine and wine-drinkers, also quotes Apollodorus of Carystus: "If they think that our calling it a {{transliteration|grc|rhaphanos}}, while you foreigners call it a krambê, makes any difference to us women!" ([https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Athenaeus/1C*.html on-line English text]).

File:Couve-galega.JPG]]

File:Tree cabbage.jpg can be cultivated to grow quite large, especially in frost-free climates]]

Through artificial selection for various phenotype traits, the emergence of variations of the plant with drastic differences in appearance occurred over centuries. Preference for leaves, terminal buds, lateral buds, stems, and inflorescences resulted in selection of varieties of wild cabbage into the many forms known today. The wild plant (and its ancestors) originated in the eastern Mediterranean region of Europe. Estimated from Sanskrit writings 4,000 years ago, as well as Greek writings from the sixth century BC, plant cultivation may have occurred.{{cite web |title=The History of Brassica oleracea: 300+ Versions of a Single Plant |url=https://www.theseedcollection.com.au/the-history-of-brassica-oleracea|date=2024 |publisher=The Seed Collection |access-date=21 November 2024}}

The preference for eating the leaves led to the selection of plants with larger leaves being harvested and their seeds planted for the next growth. Around the fifth century BC, the formation of what is now known as kale had developed.{{Cite web|url=http://agbio.usask.ca/community-outreach/gardenline/vegetables.php|title=Vegetables - University of Saskatchewan|website=agbio.usask.ca|access-date=2016-04-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329102224/http://agbio.usask.ca/community-outreach/gardenline/vegetables.php|archive-date=2016-03-29|url-status=dead}} Preference led to further artificial selection of kale plants with more tightly bunched leaves or terminal buds. Around the first century AD, the phenotype variation of B. oleracea known as cabbage emerged.{{cn|date=November 2024}} Phenotype selection preferences in Germany resulted in a new variation from the kale cultivar. By selecting for wider stems, the variant plant known as kohlrabi emerged around the first century AD.{{cn|date=November 2024}}

European preference emerged for eating immature buds, selecting for inflorescence. Early records in 15th century AD, indicate that early cauliflower and broccoli heading types were found throughout southern Italy and Sicily, although these types may not have been resolved into distinct cultivars until about 100 years later.{{Cite journal|last1=Maggioni|first1=Lorenzo|last2=von Bothmer|first2=Roland|last3=Poulsen|first3=Gert|last4=Branca|first4=Ferdinando|date=2010-06-01|title=Origin and Domestication of Cole Crops (Brassica oleracea L.): Linguistic and Literary Considerations1|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s12231-010-9115-2|journal=Economic Botany|language=en|volume=64|issue=2|pages=109–123|doi=10.1007/s12231-010-9115-2|s2cid=2771884|issn=1874-9364|hdl=10568/121874|hdl-access=free}}{{Cite web|last=Maggioni|first=Lorenzo|date=June 2015|title=Domestication of Brassica oleracea L.|url=https://pub.epsilon.slu.se/12424/|access-date=2020-11-29|website=pub.epsilon.slu.se|language=sv}}{{Cite journal|last1=Stansell|first1=Zachary|last2=Björkman|first2=Thomas|date=2020-10-01|title=From landrace to modern hybrid broccoli: the genomic and morphological domestication syndrome within a diverse B. oleracea collection|url= |journal=Horticulture Research|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|page=159|doi=10.1038/s41438-020-00375-0|pmid=33082966|pmc=7528014|bibcode=2020HorR....7..159S |issn=2052-7276}} Further selection in Belgium in lateral bud led to Brussels sprouts in the 18th century.

According to the Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew Species Profiles){{cite web |title=Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage) |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:279435-1/general-information |website=kew.org |publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens}} Accessed March 23, 2023 – see "Descriptions" subsection "According to Kew Species Profiles" the species has eight cultivar groups. Each cultivar group has many cultivars, like 'Lacinato' kale or 'Belstar' broccoli.

• Acephala: non-heading cultivars (kale, collards, ornamental cabbage, ornamental kale, flowering kale, tree cabbage).
• Alboglabra: Asian Cuisine cultivars (Chinese kale, Chinese broccoli, gai lan, kai lan).
• Botrytis: cultivars that form compact inflorescences (broccoli, cauliflower, broccoflower, calabrese broccoli, romanesco broccoli).{{efn|name=broccoligroup|Technically, broccoli is an inflorescence, and so it belongs to the Botrytis group. However, because its subspecies name is Brassica oleracea var. italica, some put it in the Italica group, including The North Carolina State University Cooperative Extension.{{cite web|title=Brassica oleracea groups|url=https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/find_a_plant/?q=Brassica+oleracea|publisher=North Carolina State University|

website=ces.ncsu.edu}} Accessed March 23, 2023}}

• Capitata: cabbage and cabbage-like cultivars (cabbage, savoy cabbage, red cabbage).
• Gemmifera: bud-producing cultivars (sprouts, Brussels sprouts)
• Gongylodes: turnip-like cultivars (kohlrabi, knol-kohl)
• Italica: sprouts (purple sprouting broccoli, sprouting broccoli). Edible inflorescences not compacted into a single head.
• Tronchuda: low-growing annuals with spreading leaves (Portuguese cabbage, seakale cabbage (distinct from sea kale)).

A 2024 study compares 704 B. oleracea sequences and establishes a phylogenetic tree of cultivars. The authors find large-scale changes in gene expression and gene presence. Some genes are considered to be linked to certain traits such as arrested inflorescence (typical of cauliflower and broccoli).{{cite journal |last1=Li |first1=Xing |last2=Wang |first2=Yong |last3=Cai |first3=Chengcheng |last4=Ji |first4=Jialei |last5=Han |first5=Fengqing |last6=Zhang |first6=Lei |last7=Chen |first7=Shumin |last8=Zhang |first8=Lingkui |last9=Yang |first9=Yinqing |last10=Tang |first10=Qi |last11=Bucher |first11=Johan |last12=Wang |first12=Xuelin |last13=Yang |first13=Limei |last14=Zhuang |first14=Mu |last15=Zhang |first15=Kang |last16=Lv |first16=Honghao |last17=Bonnema |first17=Guusje |last18=Zhang |first18=Yangyong |last19=Cheng |first19=Feng |title=Large-scale gene expression alterations introduced by structural variation drive morphotype diversification in Brassica oleracea |journal=Nature Genetics |date=13 February 2024 |volume=56 |issue=3 |pages=517–529 |doi=10.1038/s41588-024-01655-4 |doi-access=free|pmc=10937405 }}

The TAS2R38 gene encodes a G protein-coupled receptor that functions as a taste receptor, mediated by ligands such as propylthiouracil (PTU) and phenylthiocarbamide that bind to the receptor and initiate signaling that confers various degrees of taste perception. Vegetables in the brassica family, such as collard greens, kale, broccoli, cabbage, and Brussels sprouts, contain glucosinolates and isothiocyanates, which resemble PTU, and therefore much of the perceived "bitterness" of these vegetables is mediated through TAS2R38. Bitter taste receptors in the TS2R family are also found in gut mucosal and pancreatic cells in humans and rodents. These receptors influence release of hormones involved in appetite regulation, such as peptide YY and glucagon-like peptide-1, and therefore may influence caloric intake and the development of obesity. Thus, bitter taste perception may affect dietary behaviors by influencing both taste preferences and metabolic hormonal regulation.{{cite journal |last1=Calancie |first1=Larissa |last2=Keyserling |first2=Thomas C. |last3=Smith-Taillie |first3=Lindsey |last4=Robasky |first4=Kimberly |last5=Patterson |first5=Cam |last6=Ammerman |first6=Alice S. |last7=Schisler |first7=Jonathan C. |title=TAS2R38 predisposition to bitter taste associated with differential changes in vegetable intake in response to a community-based dietary intervention |journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|year=2018 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=2107–2119 |doi=10.1534/g3.118.300547|pmid=29686110 |pmc=5982837 }} 50px Text was copied from [https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/249763v1 the preprint version], which is available under a [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License].

Three variants in the TAS2R38 gene – rs713598, rs1726866, and rs10246939 – are in high linkage disequilibrium in most populations and result in amino acid coding changes that lead to a range of bitter taste perception phenotypes. The PAV haplotype is dominant; therefore, individuals with at least one copy of the PAV allele perceive molecules in vegetables that resemble PTU as tasting bitter, and consequently may develop an aversion to bitter vegetables. In contrast, individuals with two AVI haplotypes are bitter non-tasters. PAV and AVI haplotypes are the most common, though other haplotypes exist that confer intermediate bitter taste sensitivity (AAI, AAV, AVV, and PVI). This taste aversion may apply to vegetables in general.{{cite journal |last1=Behrens |first1=Maik |last2=Gunn |first2=Howard |last3=Ramos |first3=Purita |title=Genetic, Functional, and Phenotypic Diversity in TAS2R38-Mediated Bitter Taste Perception |journal=Chemical Senses |year=2013 |volume=38|issue=6 |pages=475–84 |doi=10.1093/chemse/bjt016 |pmid=23632915 |doi-access=free }}

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite journal |last1=Beckett |first1=Emma |title=Bitter Taste Genetics – the Relationship to Tasting, Liking, Consumption and Health |journal=Food & Function|date=2014 |volume=5 |issue=12 |pages=3040–54 |doi=10.1039/C4FO00539B |pmid=25286017 |hdl=1959.13/1298053 |hdl-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Boxer |first1=E.E. |last2=Garneau |first2=N.L. |title=Rare haplotypes of the gene TAS2R38 confer bitter taste sensitivity in humans |journal=SpringerPlus|date=2015 |volume=4 |page=505|doi=10.1186/s40064-015-1277-z |pmid=26405625 |pmc=4574037 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Bufe |first1=B. |title=The Molecular Basis of Individual Differences in Phenylthiocarbamide and Propylthiouracil Bitterness Perception |journal=Current Biology|year=2005 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=322–7 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2005.01.047 |pmid=15723792 |pmc=1400547 |bibcode=2005CBio...15..322B }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Calancie |first1=Larissa |display-authors=etal |title=TAS2R38 Predisposition to Bitter Taste Associated with Differential Changes in Vegetable Intake in Response to a Community-Based Dietary Intervention |journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=2018 |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages= 2107–2119|doi=10.1534/g3.118.300547 |pmid=29686110 |pmc=5982837 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Duffy |first1=V.B. |display-authors=etal |title=Vegetable Intake in College-Aged Adults Is Explained by Oral Sensory Phenotypes and TAS2R38 Genotype |journal=Chemosensory Perception|year=2010 |volume=3 |issue=3–4 |pages=137–148 |doi=10.1007/s12078-010-9079-8 |pmid=21157576 |pmc=3000691 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Wieczorek |first1=Martyna. |s2cid=28896102 |display-authors=etal |title=Bitter Taste of Brassica Vegetables: The Role of Genetic Factors, Receptors, Isothiocyanates, Glucosinolates, and Flavor Context. |journal=Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition |year=2018 |volume=58 |issue= 18 |pages=3130–3140 |doi=10.1080/10408398.2017.1353478 |pmid=28718657 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Rozengurt |first1=E. |title=Taste Receptors in the Gastrointestinal Tract. I. Bitter taste receptors and α-gustducin in the mammalian gut |journal=American Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology |volume=7 |pages= 171–177}}
• {{cite journal |last1=Roura |first1=Eugeni |display-authors=etal |title=Variability in Human Bitter Taste Sensitivity to Chemically Diverse Compounds Can Be Accounted for by Differential TAS2R Activation. |journal=Chemical Senses|date=21 May 2015 |volume=40 |issue=6 |pages=427–35 |doi=10.1093/chemse/bjv024 |pmid=25999325 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Risso |first1=David |display-authors=etal |title=Erratum: Corrigendum: Global Diversity in the TAS2R38 Bitter Taste Receptor: Revisiting a Classic Evolutionary PROPosal. |journal=Scientific Reports |date=27 June 2016 |volume=6 |page=28406 |doi=10.1038/srep28406 |pmid=27346370 |pmc=4921822 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Mennella |first1=Vito |s2cid=6501199 |display-authors=etal |title=Functionally Distinct Kinesin-13 Family Members Cooperate to Regulate Microtubule Dynamics during Interphase. |journal=Nature Cell Biology|date=20 February 2005 |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=235–45 |doi=10.1038/ncb1222 |pmid=15723056 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=U.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Genetics of individual differences in bitter taste perception: lessons from the PTC gene |journal=Clinical Genetics|date=2005 |volume=67 |issue=4 |pages=275–80 |doi=10.1111/j.1399-0004.2004.00361.x |pmid=15733260 |s2cid=1639438 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Kim |first1=U.K. |s2cid=8801457 |display-authors=etal |title=Genetics of Human Taste Perception |journal=Journal of Dental Research|year=2004 |volume=83 |issue=6 |pages=448–53 |doi=10.1177/154405910408300603 |pmid=15153450 }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Khataan |first1=Nora H. |s2cid=45496712 |display-authors=etal |title=TAS2R38 Genotypes and Phenylthiocarbamide Bitter Taste Perception in a Population of Young Adults. |journal=Journal of Nutrigenetics and Nutrigenomics|date=2009 |volume=2 |issue=4–5 |pages=251–6 |doi=10.1159/000297217 |pmid=20484932 |doi-access=free }}
• {{cite journal |last1=Genick |first1=U.K. |display-authors=etal |title=Sensitivity of genome-wide-association signals to phenotyping strategy: the PROP-TAS2R38 taste association as a benchmark |journal=PLOS ONE|year=2011 |volume=6|issue=11 |pages=e27745 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0027745 |pmid=22132133 |pmc=3223210 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...627745G |doi-access=free }}

{{Commons category}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20081207080952/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Brassica+oleracea+Brussels+sprouts&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (Brussels sprouts)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20160210161136/http://database.prota.org/dbtw-wpd/exec/dbtwpub.dll?AC=QBE_QUERY&BU=http%3A%2F%2Fdatabase.prota.org%2Fsearch.htm&TN=PROTAB~1&QB0=AND&QF0=Species+Code&QI0=Brassica+oleracea+cauliflower+and+broccoli&RF=Webdisplay PROTAbase on Brassica oleracea (cauliflower and broccoli)]
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20090227055031/http://untamedscience.com/biodiversity/plants/flowering-plants/dicotyledons/brassicales/mustards/brassica/wild-cabbage Video Overview of Brassica oleracea]: from Untamed Science

{{Brassica oleraca}}

{{Brassica}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q146212}}

{{Authority control}}

oleracea

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus

Category:Flora of Europe