Crystal Mover

{{Short description|Rubber-tired automated people mover system manufactured by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries}}

File:Skytrain_entering_T2.JPG entering Terminal 2 station at Singapore Changi Airport]]

The Crystal Mover is a rubber-tired automated people mover (APM) system for airport and urban rail transit applications manufactured at Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) Mihara Machinery Works{{Cite web |title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Global Website {{!}} Mihara Machinery Works |url=https://www.mhi.com/company/location/miharaw |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. |language=en}} in Mihara, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan. The Crystal Mover, initially based on the Japanese APM standard, is used in automated guideway transit (AGT) systems in China, Japan, Singapore, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates and the United States.

Since 2010s MHI has been building and delivering a new family of AGT systems branded Urbanismo as the successor to the Crystal Mover. The Urbanismo family consists of a higher-speed model called "Urbanismo Super AGT" with a top speed of 120 km/h and three customizable models called "Urbanismo-22", "Urbanismo-18", and "Urbanismo-16" with a gross weight of over 22, 18, and 16 tonnes, respectively.{{Cite web |title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Global Website {{!}} Transportation |url=https://www.mhi.com/products/engineering/transport.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. |language=en}}

Urban rail systems

= Japan =

File:Yurikamome7500wiki.jpg

File:Newshuttle2021wiki.jpg

Between 2014 and 2016, Yurikamome, Inc., which operates the Yurikamome line in Tokyo, purchased a fleet of 18 six-car 7300 series trainsets based on the Urbanismo-18 class{{Cite web |date=2019-12-30 |title=マカオに登場｢ゆりかもめの兄弟｣新交通の実力 |url=https://toyokeizai.net/articles/-/321598 |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=東洋経済オンライン |language=ja}} to replace all of the 18 six-car 7000 series trainsets.{{Cite web |title=三菱重工、ゆりかもめの新型108両を受注 |url=https://response.jp/article/2010/06/11/141480.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=レスポンス（Response.jp） |date=11 June 2010 |language=ja}}{{Cite web |title=三菱重工 {{!}} 新交通ゆりかもめ向け全自動無人運転車両（AGT）48両を受注 |url=https://www.mhi.com/jp/news/1609235790.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=三菱重工 |date=23 September 2016 |language=ja}} Between June 2018 and June 2020, MHI also delivered 8 six-car 7500 series (upgraded version of 7300 series) trainsets to replace the fleet of 7200 series trainsets.{{cite web |date=23 September 2016 |title=新交通ゆりかもめ向け全自動無人運転車両（AGT）48両を受注 2020年に向けて納入 |script-title= |trans-title=Order received for 48 AGT vehicles for Yurikamome to be delivered by 2020 |url=https://www.mhi.co.jp/news/story/1609235790.html |access-date=23 September 2016 |work=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries |publisher= |language=ja |location=Japan}}

Saitama New Urban Transit Co., Ltd., which operates the New Shuttle in Saitama Prefecture, purchased a fleet of 5 six-car 2020 series trainsets based on the Urbanismo-16 class to replace the fleet of 3 six-car 1010 series trainsets and 2 six-car 1050 series trainsets from 2015 to 2020.[http://railf.jp/news/2016/06/28/160000.html ニューシャトル2020系23編成が営業運転を開始] - 鉄道ファン・railf.jp 鉄道ニュース、2016年6月28日[https://railf.jp/news/2019/02/12/144500.html 三菱重工エンジニアリング,ニューシャトル2020系を追加納入] - 鉄道ファン 2019年2月12日掲載[http://www.new-shuttle.jp/topics/2020/02/2020525.html 2020系　第5弾目の25（にいごう）編成がデビューします] - 埼玉新都市交通 2020年02月18日

In Hiroshima, Hiroshima Rapid Transit purchased 24 six-car 7000 series trainsets based on the Urbanismo class to replace the existing fleet of 23 six-car 6000 series trainsets and 1 six-car 1000 series trainset running on the Astram Line. The 7000 series entered service on 26 March 2020.{{Cite web |title=広島高速交通｜地下鉄車両ガイド｜日本地下鉄協会 |url=http://www.jametro.or.jp/guide/hiroshima.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=www.jametro.or.jp}}

The Tokyo Metropolitan Bureau of Transportation purchased a fleet of 12 five-car 330 series trainsets, which are similar in design to the Yurikamome 7300 series trainsets, to replace the fleet of 300 series trainsets running on the Nippori-Toneri Liner from fiscal 2022 to 2024.{{Cite web |date=2022-06-23 |title=「日暮里・舎人ライナー」車両の更新を進めます～6月25日から運行開始～ |url=https://www.kotsu.metro.tokyo.jp/pickup_information/news/nippori_toneri/2022/ntl_p_2022062310510_h.html |accessdate=2022-06-24 |website=東京都交通局 |language=ja}}[https://www.mhi.com/jp/news/story/200616.html 東京都交通局から日暮里・舎人ライナーの新型車両を12編成（60両）受注三菱重工エンジニアリング、更新で混雑緩和等に貢献へ] 三菱重工業プレス・インフォメーション（2020年6月16日）2020年6月17日閲覧。

= Singapore =

In Singapore, Crystal Movers operate on the Sengkang LRT line and the Punggol LRT line, both managed by SBS Transit Ltd. These cars have been operating since 2003 on the Sengkang LRT and on the Punggol LRT since its opening in 2005. There is a fleet of 41 cars of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Crystal Mover C810 in total for the two LRT lines.{{cite news|title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries and Mitsubishi Corporation Receive Order for Design, Manufacture, Installation and Commissioning of Singapore Light Rapid Transit Capacity Expansion – Vehicles and Electrical and Mechanical Systems for Sengkang and Punggol LRT Systems (C810A) |url=http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/m/news/story/1305221663.html|access-date=25 November 2015|date=22 May 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052819/http://www.mhi.co.jp/en/m/news/story/1305221663.html|archive-date=4 March 2016|url-status=dead}}{{cite news | url=http://www.sgtrains.com/crystalmover.php | title=Mitsubishi Crystal Mover | work=SGTrains | access-date=28 September 2013}} An additional order was placed for 16 more cars (Contract 810A) with identical specifications to increase capacity on both LRT lines, and had been fully delivered as of 2016. On 5 February 2021, the Land Transport Authority announced that it has purchased 17 two-car C810D trains for the Sengkang and Punggol LRT systems, which will replace the 25 existing one-car trains.{{cite web|title=Sengkang-Punggol LRT to get 17 new two-car trains to boost capacity|url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/sengkang-punggol-lrt-17-new-two-car-trains-lta-depot-expand-14118006|website=CNA|date=5 February 2021|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=15 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515083925/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/sengkang-punggol-lrt-17-new-two-car-trains-lta-depot-expand-14118006|url-status=live}} In May 2023, the LTA ordered an additional 8 C810D trains, bringing the total number of C810D trains ordered to 25. These 8 two-car trains will replace half of the existing fleet of 16 two-car trains, bringing the total fleet to 33 two-car trains with the first batch of 25 new C810D trains arriving in Singapore on 23 November 2024. They will undergo testing and commissioning works before entering passenger service in the third quarter of 2025.{{cite news |title=8 new two-carriage trains to be added to Sengkang-Punggol LRT line |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/8-new-two-carriage-trains-to-be-added-to-sengkang-punggol-lrt-line |access-date=29 November 2023 |work=The Straits Times |date=10 May 2023}}

= Macau =

File:033B-033A Macau Light Rapid Transit Taipa Line(2) 11-12-2019.jpg

On 31 December 2010, Macau placed a MOP 4.688 billion order for Urbanismo-22 vehicles nicknamed "Ocean Cruiser" for the Macau Light Transit System, which started commercial operation on 10 December 2019. It was free of charge until 31 January 2020.[http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/20610-Mitsubishi-wins-LRT-tender.html Mitsubishi wins LRT tender] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110104061845/http://www.macaudailytimes.com.mo/macau/20610-Mitsubishi-wins-LRT-tender.html |date=2011-01-04 }}

Airport connections

File:KIAD006.jpg is a Crystal Mover system.]]

Crystal Movers are currently in operation in the following airports, with most applications being in the United States:{{Cite web |title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Global Website {{!}} Transportation achievements |url=https://www.mhi.com/products/engineering/projectrecords/transportationsystems.html |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. |language=en}}

= Hong Kong =

HKIA Automated People Mover, Hong Kong International Airport

= Singapore =

Changi Airport Skytrain, Singapore Changi Airport

= South Korea =

Incheon Airport Shuttle Train, Incheon International Airport

= United Arab Emirates =

Dubai International Airport Terminal 3 APM, Dubai International Airport, UAE

= United States =

AeroTrain, Washington Dulles International Airport, United States{{cite press release|title=Washington Dulles International Airport Renews and Extends AeroTrain Operations and Maintenance Contract with Crystal Mover Services, Inc.|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/washington-dulles-international-airport-renews-and-extends-aerotrain-operations-and-maintenance-contract-with-crystal-mover-services-inc-300002776.html|access-date=30 October 2020|date=1 December 2014}}
ATL Skytrain, Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport, United States{{cite web|title=A Look at America's Airport Automated People Mover Addiction|url=https://airlinegeeks.com/2020/08/27/a-look-at-america-s-airport-automated-people-mover-addiction/|access-date=30 October 2020|date=27 August 2020}}
MIA Mover and Skytrain, Miami International Airport, United States
Orlando International Airport People Movers, Orlando International Airport, United States{{efn|C parking terminal and gates 1-59 only, gates 70-129 are served by Bombardier CX-100 shuttles.}}{{cite web|title=Terminal-Gate Shuttle Replacement|url=https://www.orlandoairports.net/getting-around-mco/construction/|website=Orlando International Airport|access-date=7 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910230941/https://orlandoairports.net/getting-around-mco/construction/|archive-date=10 September 2017|url-status=dead}}
SkyConnect, Tampa International Airport, United States{{cite press release|title=Mitsubishi Heavy Industries America's "Crystal Mover" APM System Begins Operations at Tampa International Airport|url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20180208005441/en/Mitsubishi-Heavy-Industries-Americas-Crystal-Mover-APM-System-Begins-Operations-at-Tampa-International-Airport|access-date=30 October 2020|date=8 February 2018}}

Specifications

File:Label in Crystal Mover.jpg

Configuration: Single- or double-car
Capacity (passengers): 105 (including 18 seats) or 210 (including 36 seats)
Vehicle mass: {{convert|14.9|t|abbr=on}} per vehicle
Vehicle dimensions: {{convert|11.84|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (length) × {{convert|2.69|m|ftin|abbr=on}} (width) × {{convert|3615|mm|ftin|abbr=on}} (height)
Guide system: Side guide two-axis four-wheel steering system
Electric system: Third rail at 750 volts direct current
Gauge: {{track gauge|1850mm}}; guide rail span: {{convert|3.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
Maximum speed:
Vehicle performance: {{convert|70|/|80|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
Operation: {{convert|70|km/h|mph|abbr=on}}
Service acceleration and braking: {{convert|1.0|m/s2|abbr=on}} (3.6 km/h/s)
Emergency braking: {{convert|1.3|m/s2|abbr=on}} (4.68 km/h/s)
Car body structure: Aluminum alloy welded structure
Traction motor: Two 3-phase alternating current induction motors each with a continuous rating of {{convert|80|kW|hp|abbr=on}}
Propulsion control system: IGBT–VVVF inverter vector control (individual control of each axis with variable load control)
Brake system: Electric command pneumatic brake with regenerative brake (with stand-by brake, parking brake, variable load control and wheel slide prevention control)