Crystal Springs Reservoir

The original name of the southern or Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir was Laguna Grande, a natural lake that disappeared with the creation of the reservoir, which has a California Historical Marker ("NO. 94 Ohlone-Portolá Heritage Trail, Laguna Grande). The Portolà Expedition of 1769 camped here on November 5th. From the journal of Fray Juan Crespí, "We stopped close to a lake where there are countless ducks, geese, and so forth, in the same hollow at a half past one in the afternoon; and we have made three leagues in four hour hours and a half. Here in this hollow tracks have been encountered of large livestock, which some said were made by bears; others, by buffalo (elk). Also a great many deer have been seen together, while the scouts aver that when they explore here, they saw whole bands of deer, and counted so many as fifty deer together in one. As we were upon the point of setting out from the spot, three very well-behaved heathens came over from the villages here, seeking us out laden with a good share of black pies and a sort of cherriesAltered from plums that they made a present of, and they followed us along well pleased, giving us to understand we should go to their village [and] they will give us food. (A great many madroños, small and large, have been met with during these two days' march, laden with fruits the size of so many beads off our rosaries.)" The Expedition found the native people to be most gracious, offering food and guidance. The Lamchins were a large group, probably about 350 people. Their lands in the south-central part of the Peninsula included the present cities of Redwood City and Woodside, as well as the Phleger Estate portion of the Golden Gate National Recreation Area. Their known villages, Cachanigtac, Guloisnistac, Oromstac, and Supichom, cannot be precisely located.https://ohp.parks.ca.gov/pages/1067/files/Laguna%20Grande%20CHL%20DRAFT.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}

Today Laguna Grande is covered by the Upper Crystal Springs Lake located {{convert|2|mi|abbr=on}} south of Crystal Springs Dam on Cañada Road.{{cite book |title=San Francisco Water, Volumes 1-8 |author=Spring Valley Water Company |year=1922 |publisher=University of California |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncUVAQAAIAAJ&dq=%22laguna+grande%22+%22san+mateo%22&pg=RA1-PA92 |access-date=2011-10-18 }}{{cite web |title=California Historical Landmarks |publisher=California State Parks Office of Historic Preservation |url=http://www.parks.ca.gov/default.asp?page_id=21520 |access-date=2011-10-09 }} The Laguna Grande place name is also shown on the 1840s diseño del Rancho Cañada de Raymundo{{cite web |title=Diseño del Rancho Cañada de Raymundo |publisher=Calisphere, University of California |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb0z09n6g2/?&brand=oac |access-date=2011-10-09 }} and an 1856 plat of the Rancho de las Pulgas.{{cite book |title=California Place Names |author=Erwin Gustav Gudde |page=C-261 |year=1974 |publisher=University of California Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M-22djGNuhwC&dq=gudde+raimundo&pg=SL3-PA261 |access-date=2011-10-09 }}{{cite map |title=Diseño del Rancho de las Pulgas: San Mateo Co., Calif. |author=United States. District Court (California : Northern District). Land case. 54 |publisher=The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley |year=1856 |url=http://content.cdlib.org/ark:/13030/hb3t1nb14h/?docId=hb3t1nb14h&layout=printable-details |access-date=2011-10-30 }}

The two Crystal Springs lakes and San Andreas Lake used to be known as Spring Valley Lakes for the Spring Valley Water Company which owned them. The Spring Valley Water Company named the lakes, the Spring Valley Lakes, after the company. The original Spring Valley was between Mason and Taylor Streets, and Washington and Broadway Streets in San Francisco, where the water company started. When the company went south for more water, the Spring Valley name was carried south too.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqwt5RlMVBoC&q=spring+valley|title=California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names|publisher=University of California Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-520-24217-3|page=372|access-date=2011-10-30 |author=Erwin G. Gudde |author2=William Bright}}

Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir now covers the town of Crystal Springs which grew up around a little resort town of the same name, founded in mid-19th century and located just northwest of the present-day dam.{{cite book |title=California's geographic names: a gazetteer of historic and modern names of the state |author=David L. Durham |page=658 |publisher=Quill Driver Books |year=1998 |isbn=978-1-884995-14-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yfa0hmE7yocC&dq=lower+crystal+springs+reservoir&pg=PA650 |access-date=2010-07-13 }}{{cite book |title=California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names |page=97 |author=Erwin G. Gudde |author2=William Bright |publisher=University of California Press |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-520-24217-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Kqwt5RlMVBoC&dq=crystal+springs&pg=PA200 |access-date=2011-09-17 }} The Crystal Springs Hotel tract was constructed around the 1860s on leased land, located {{convert|4|mi|abbr=on}} from the San Mateo train depot and along a stagecoach stop, and around this hotel a small town developed including a dairy and farms.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncUVAQAAIAAJ|title=San Francisco Water, Volumes 1-8|last=Lawrence|first=W. B.|publisher=Spring Valley Water Company|year=1922|pages=11–14|via=Google Books}} The land leased for the hotel was owned by Spring Valley Water Company.{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11747125/the-not-so-crystal-clean-history-of-san-franciscos-drinking-water-2|title=The Not-So-Crystal Clean History of San Francisco's Drinking Water|last=Myrow|first=Rachael|date=2019-05-16|website=KQED|language=en-us|access-date=2019-06-03}} In 1875, the town of Crystal Springs lost its population and business and by 1887, the location of the town was underwater because of the dam construction.{{Cite web|url=https://www.geocaching.com/seek/cache_details.aspx?wp=GC1H8EA&title=the-lost-village-of-crystal-springs&guid=242c9570-6763-4f50-8300-932e5e89d23f|title=The Lost Village of Crystal Springs|website=Geocaching - The Official Global GPS Cache Hunt Site|language=en|access-date=2019-01-27}} There is speculation if any of the town structures were left prior to the dam completion, however according to a 1922 publication by the Spring Valley Water Company, "In the end, the entire {{convert|35|sqmi|abbr=on}} of catchment area were swept clean of all human habitation."

File:CrystalSpringsReservoir-Montara-Pacifica.jpg and Pacifica]]

The entire reservoir consists of two different reservoir lakes.

The southern lake, Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir, was created when the Spring Valley Water Company built an earthen dam (this was the first Crystal Springs Dam) on Laguna Creek (or Lake Creek), in 1877. The old earthen dam became a causeway between Upper and Lower Crystal Springs Reservoirs when the latter was formed by Herman Schussler's {{convert|150|ft|abbr=on|adj=on}} tall concrete Crystal Springs Dam, which dammed up San Mateo Creek to form the lower (northern) reservoir in 1888.{{cite book |title=Last bonanza kings: the Bourns of San Francisco |author=Ferol Egan |year=1998 |page=167 |publisher=University of Nevada Press |isbn=978-0-87417-319-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f6kl1_2c1sQC&dq=%22laguna+creek%22+bourn&pg=PA167 |access-date=2011-10-11 }} The causeway is now crossed by Highway 92. Laguna Creek flows north through the Filoli estate and has tributaries that descend from the western slope of Edgewood County Park and the eastern slope of the Santa Cruz Mountains.{{cite book |title=From Frontier to Suburb, The Story of the San Francisco Peninsula |author=Alan Hynding |year=1982 |publisher=Star Publishing Company |location=Belmont, California |page=75 |isbn=978-0-89863-056-5 }} In addition to Laguna Creek, Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir is fed by Adobe Gulch which descends from Cahill Ridge south of and parallel to Highway 92 into a wetland marsh then joins the reservoir at Adobe Point.{{cite gnis|217992|Adobe Gulch }}

The northern reservoir, Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir, is fed by San Mateo Creek and San Andreas Creek at its north end. It also receives water from Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir via tunnels beneath Highway 92. Below Crystal Springs Dam, lower San Mateo Creek receives limited flows from Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir and descends to the Bay.{{cite web | author=Department of Water Resources | title=Station Meta Data: Lower Crystal Springs Dam (CRY) | url=http://cdec.water.ca.gov/cgi-progs/profile?s=CRY&type=dam | work=California Data Exchange Center | publisher=State of California | year=2009 | access-date=2009-04-01}}

In 1924, culverts were built through Upper Crystal Springs Dam to hydraulically link Upper and Lower Crystal Springs Reservoirs.{{cite report |title=San Francisco Peninsula Streams and Reservoirs, in WSIP Water Supply and System Operations – Setting and Impacts |page=5.5.1–5 |url=http://www.sf-planning.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=7999 |access-date=2011-10-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616031932/http://www.sf-planning.org//Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=7999 |archive-date=2011-06-16 }}

Part of the water in the reservoirs comes from local precipitation and the rest is piped in from the Hetch Hetchy Reservoir in Yosemite National Park, as well as the Pilarcitos Creek watershed and Alameda Creek watershed. The entire reservoir was built and owned by a private company, in the form of the Spring Valley Water Company, and eventually was deeded under the ownership and protection of the city of San Francisco. This local protection has ensured the survival of important species in the area, and a set of trails in Crystal Springs Park allows visitors to view the reservoir and the local wildlife. There are giant rainbow trout and bass in the lake. Due to decisions by the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission (SFPUC), Crystal Springs Reservoir is not open to the public.

A considerable biodiversity of flora and fauna exist in the vicinity of the reservoir, which is located within the California Floristic Province. Among these species are a number of rare and endangered species including Acanthomintha duttonii or San Mateo thornmint, Hesperolinon congestum (Marin Dwarf Flax) and Eriophyllum latilobum or San Mateo Woolly Sunflower.{{cite book | last=Miles | first=Scott R |author2=Goudey, Charles B. | chapter=Subsection 261Ag Leeward Hills | title=Ecological Subregions of California: Section and Subsection Descriptions. R5-EM-TP, 005 | location=San Francisco | publisher=USDA Forest Service, Pacific Southwest Region | year=1997 | chapter-url=http://www.fs.fed.us/r5/projects/ecoregions/261ag.htm | oclc=38434607}}

A pair of Bald eagles (Haliaeetus leucocephalus) built a nest in a Coast Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii) in March 2012. This is the first bald eagle nest in San Mateo County since 1915, almost 100 years ago. Although initially unsuccessful, they have returned to their nest in the northwest corner of the Lower Reservoir. In 2013, they successfully mated and the fledgling flew North after leaving the nest.{{cite news |title=San Mateo County birders: Bald eagles have returned to Crystal Springs Reservoir |author=Aaron Kinney |newspaper=San Mateo County Times |date=2012-12-11 |url=http://www.mercurynews.com/san-mateo-county-times/ci_22172437/birders-bald-eagles-have-returned-crystal-springs-reservoir |access-date=2012-12-15 }}

{{Portal|San Francisco Bay Area}}

• Hetch Hetchy Aqueduct
• List of dams and reservoirs in California
• List of lakes in California
• List of lakes in the San Francisco Bay Area
• Filoli - a historic estate on the reservoir
• Crystal Springs Dam

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• {{gnis|234208|Lower Crystal Springs Reservoir}}
• {{gnis|236879|Upper Crystal Springs Reservoir}}

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Category:Reservoirs in San Mateo County, California

Category:Hetch Hetchy Project

Category:Reservoirs in California

Category:Reservoirs in Northern California

Category:Bay Area Ridge Trail