flora

File:Flora.png

Flora ({{plural form}}: floras or florae) is all the plant life present in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring (indigenous) native plants. The corresponding term for animals is fauna, and for fungi, it is funga.{{Cite journal |last=Kuhar |first=Francisco |last2=Furci |first2=Giuliana |last3=Drechsler-Santos |first3=Elisandro Ricardo |last4=Pfister |first4=Donald H. |date=December 2018 |title=Delimitation of Funga as a valid term for the diversity of fungal communities: the Fauna, Flora & Funga proposal (FF&F) |url=https://imafungus.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1007/BF03449441 |journal=IMA Fungus |language=en |volume=9 |issue=2 |pages=A71–A74 |doi=10.1007/BF03449441 |issn=2210-6359|hdl=11336/88035 |hdl-access=free }} Sometimes bacteria and fungi are also referred to as flora as in the terms gut flora or skin flora for purposes of specificity.{{cite web |url=http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=flora |title=flora |publisher=Merriam-Webster |access-date=2006-05-03 |archive-date=2006-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430072626/http://webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?va=flora |url-status=live }}{{cite web |url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-007/pdf/bitn97-007.pdf |author1=Clifford E. Starliper |author2=Rita Villella |author3=Patricia Morrison |author4=Jay Mathais |title=Sampling the bacterial flora of freshwater mussels |access-date=2014-01-02 |archive-date=2016-02-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160201051144/http://pubs.usgs.gov/bitn/97-007/pdf/bitn97-007.pdf |url-status=live }}{{cite book|author1=John, D.M. |author2=Whitton, B.A. |author3=Brook, A.J. |year=2002|title=The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles: An Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521770514|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Sc4897dfM_MC}}

Etymology

The word "flora" comes from the Latin name of Flora, the goddess of plants, flowers, and fertility in Roman mythology.{{cite book|last1=Daly|first1=Kathleen N. |others=Revised by Marian Rengel |title=Greek and Roman mythology, A to Z|date=2009|publisher=Chelsea House Publishers|location=New York|isbn=978-1604134124|edition=3rd}}{{Cite book |title=Flora - inside the secret world of plants |date=October 2018 |publisher=Penguin Random House |isbn=9780241254806 |location=Great Britain}} The technical term "flora" is then derived from a metonymy of this goddess at the end of the sixteenth century. It was first used in poetry to denote the natural vegetation of an area, but soon also assumed the meaning of a work cataloguing such vegetation. Moreover, "Flora" was used to refer to the flowers of an artificial garden in the seventeenth century.{{Cite journal|last=Berrens|first=Dominik|date=2019-03-21|title=The Meaning of Flora|url=http://humanistica.be/index.php/humanistica/article/view/330|journal=Humanistica Lovaniensia. Journal of Neo-Latin Studies|language=en|volume=68|issue=1|pages=237–249|doi=10.30986/2019.237|issn=2593-3019|doi-access=free|access-date=2019-03-25|archive-date=2021-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210524192019/http://humanistica.be/index.php/humanistica/article/view/330|url-status=dead}}

The distinction between vegetation (the general appearance of a community) and flora (the taxonomic composition of a community) was first made by Jules Thurmann (1849). Prior to this, the two terms were used interchangeably.Thurmann, J. (1849). Essai de Phytostatique appliqué à la chaîne du Jura et aux contrées voisines. Berne: Jent et Gassmann, [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/51540#/summary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002105310/http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/51540#/summary|date=2017-10-02}}.Martins, F. R. & Batalha, M. A. (2011). Formas de vida, espectro biológico de Raunkiaer e fisionomia da vegetação. In: Felfili, J. M., Eisenlohr, P. V.; Fiuza de Melo, M. M. R.; Andrade, L. A.; Meira Neto, J. A. A. (Org.). Fitossociologia no Brasil: métodos e estudos de caso. Vol. 1. Viçosa: Editora UFV. p. 44-85. [http://files.hisaias.webnode.com/200000112-37f2239e9a/Cap%202.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160924062109/http://files.hisaias.webnode.com/200000112-37f2239e9a/Cap%202.pdf|date=2016-09-24}}. Earlier version, 2003, [http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/fsantos/bt682/2003/Apostila-FormasVida-2003.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827014258/http://www2.ib.unicamp.br/profs/fsantos/bt682/2003/Apostila-FormasVida-2003.pdf|date=2016-08-27}}.

Classifications

Plants are grouped into floras based on region (floristic regions), period, special environment, or climate. Regions can be distinct habitats like mountain vs. flatland. Floras can mean plant life of a historic era as in fossil flora. Lastly, floras may be subdivided by special environments:

Native flora. The native and indigenous flora of an area.
Agricultural and horticultural flora (garden flora). The plants that are deliberately grown by humans.
Weed flora. Traditionally this classification was applied to plants regarded as undesirable and studied in efforts to control or eradicate them. Today the designation is less often used as a classification of plant life since it includes three different types of plants: weedy species, invasive species (that may or may not be weedy), and native and introduced non-weedy species that are agriculturally undesirable. Many native plants previously considered weeds have been shown to be beneficial or even necessary to various ecosystems.

Documentation

File:WGSRPD World.svg, used for classifying floras geographically]]

File:Floristic regions in Europe (english).png

The flora of a particular area or time period can be documented in a publication also known as a "flora" (often capitalized as "Flora" to distinguish the two meanings when they might be confused). Floras may require specialist botanical knowledge to use with any effectiveness. Traditionally they are books, but some are now published on CD-ROM or websites.

Simon Paulli's Flora Danica of 1648 is probably the first book titled "Flora" to refer to the plant world of a certain region. It mainly describes medicinal plants growing in Denmark. The Flora Sinensis by the Polish Jesuit Michał Boym is another early example of a book titled "Flora".[http://webapps.fundp.ac.be/moretus/flora_sinensis/index_flora_sinensis.html Flora Sinensis] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100206180105/http://webapps.fundp.ac.be/moretus/flora_sinensis/index_flora_sinensis.html |date=2010-02-06 }} (access to the facsimile of the book, its French translation, and an article about it) However, despite its title it covered not only plants but also some animals of the region, that is China and India.

A published flora often contains diagnostic keys. Often these are dichotomous keys, which require the user to examine a plant repeatedly, and decide which one of two alternatives given best applies to the plant.

References

External links

[http://www.efloras.org/index.aspx eFloras — a collection of on-line floras]
[http://www.chilebosque.cl/list.html Chilebosque — checklist of Chilean native flora] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609211535/http://www.chilebosque.cl/list.html |date=2011-06-09 }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20061027145332/http://nlbif.eti.uva.nl/bis/flora.php Flora of NW Europe] with descriptions and a quiz to test your knowledge
[https://web.archive.org/web/20061030013007/http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/abrs/online-resources/flora/main/index.html Flora of Australia Online]
[http://floraseries.landcareresearch.co.nz Flora of New Zealand Series Online]
[https://www.eflorakerala.com/ E-Flora of Kerala by N Sasidharan]

Category:Botanical nomenclature

Category:Ecology terminology

Category:Habitat

Category:Organisms