D-Wave Systems

D-Wave was founded by Haig Farris, Geordie Rose, Bob Wiens, and Alexandre Zagoskin in 1999.{{cite web|url=http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/physics/staff/dr-alexandre-zagoskin.html|title=Department staff - Dr Alexandre Zagoskin - Physics - Loughborough University|work=lboro.ac.uk|access-date=2012-12-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130625012528/http://www.lboro.ac.uk/departments/physics/staff/dr-alexandre-zagoskin.html|archive-date=2013-06-25}} Farris taught a business course at the University of British Columbia (UBC), where Rose obtained his PhD, and Zagoskin was a postdoctoral fellow. The company name refers to their first qubit designs, which used d-wave superconductors. D-Wave operated from various locations in Vancouver, British Columbia, and laboratory spaces at UBC before moving to its current location in the neighboring suburb of Burnaby. D-Wave also has offices in Palo Alto, California and Vienna, California, USA.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

D-Wave operated as an offshoot from UBC, while maintaining ties with the Department of Physics and Astronomy.{{cite web|url=http://www.physics.ubc.ca|title=UBC Physics & Astronomy -|work=ubc.ca}} It funded academic research in quantum computing, thus building a collaborative network of research scientists. The company collaborated with several universities and institutions, including UBC, IPHT Jena, Université de Sherbrooke, University of Toronto, University of Twente, Chalmers University of Technology, University of Erlangen, and Jet Propulsion Laboratory. These partnerships were listed on D-Wave's website until 2005.{{cite web|url=http://dwavesys.com/ |title=D-Wave Systems at the Way Back Machine|date=2002-11-23|access-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20021123181006/http://dwavesys.com/ |archive-date = 2002-11-23}}{{cite web|url=http://dwavesys.com/ |title=D-Wave Systems at the Way Back Machine|date=2005-03-24|access-date=2007-02-17 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20050324003119/http://dwavesys.com/ |archive-date = 2005-03-24}} In June 2014, D-Wave announced a new quantum applications ecosystem with computational finance firm 1QB Information Technologies (1QBit) and cancer research group DNA-SEQ to focus on solving real-world problems with quantum hardware.{{Cite press release |title=D-Wave Systems Building Quantum Application Ecosystem, Announces Partnerships with DNA-SEQ Alliance and 1QBit |date=2014-06-09 |publisher=D-Wave |url=http://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-systems-building-quantum-application-ecosystem-announces-partnerships-dna-seq |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140612222346/http://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-systems-building-quantum-application-ecosystem-announces-partnerships-dna-seq |archive-date=2014-06-12}}

On May 11, 2011, D-Wave announced D-Wave One, described as "the world's first commercially available quantum computer", operating on a 128-qubit chipset{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=M. W. |last2=Amin |first2=M. H. S. |last3=Gildert |first3=S. |last4=Lanting |first4=T. |last5=Hamze |first5=F. |last6=Dickson |first6=N. |last7=Harris |first7=R. |last8=Berkley |first8=A. J. |last9=Johansson |first9=J. |last10=Bunyk |first10=P. |last11=Chapple |first11=E. M. |last12=Enderud |first12=C. |last13=Hilton |first13=J. P. |last14=Karimi |first14=K. |last15=Ladizinsky |first15=E. |last16=Ladizinsky |first16=N. |last17=Oh |first17=T. |last18=Perminov |first18=I. |last19=Rich |first19=C. |last20=Thom |first20=M. C. |last21=Tolkacheva |first21=E. |last22=Truncik |first22=C. J. S. |last23=Uchaikin |first23=S. |last24=Wang |first24=J. |last25=Wilson |first25=B. |last26=Rose |first26=G. |title=Quantum annealing with manufactured spins |journal=Nature |date=12 May 2011 |volume=473 |issue=7346 |pages=194–198 |doi=10.1038/nature10012|pmid=21562559 |bibcode=2011Natur.473..194J |s2cid=205224761 }} using quantum annealing (a general method for finding the global minimum of a function by a process using quantum fluctuations) to solve optimization problems. The D-Wave One was built on early prototypes such as D-Wave's Orion Quantum Computer. The prototype was a 16-qubit quantum annealing processor, demonstrated on February 13, 2007, at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. D-Wave demonstrated what they claimed to be a 28-qubit quantum annealing processor on November 12, 2007.{{Cite press release |title=World's First 28-qubit Quantum Computer Demonstrated Online at Supercomputing 2007 Conference |date=2007-11-12 |publisher=D-Wave |url=https://www.dwavesys.com/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=9&cntnt01origid=15&cntnt01returnid=21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071117033930/https://www.dwavesys.com/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=9&cntnt01origid=15&cntnt01returnid=21 |archive-date=2007-11-17}} The chip was fabricated at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory Microdevices Lab in Pasadena, California.{{Cite web |last=Rose |first=Geordie |date=2007-11-09 |title=A picture of the demo chip |url=https://dwave.wordpress.com/2007/11/09/a-picture-of-the-demo-chip/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071113023707/https://dwave.wordpress.com/2007/11/09/a-picture-of-the-demo-chip/ |archive-date=2007-11-13 |website=rose.blog |publisher=Wordpress}}

In May 2013, a collaboration between NASA, Google, and the Universities Space Research Association (USRA) launched a Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab based on the D-Wave Two 512-qubit quantum computer that would be used for research into machine learning, among other fields of study.{{cite news|last=Choi|first=Charles|title=Google and NASA Launch Quantum Computing AI Lab|url=http://www.technologyreview.com/news/514846/google-and-nasa-launch-quantum-computing-ai-lab/|newspaper=MIT Technology Review|date=May 16, 2013|access-date=May 16, 2013|archive-date=November 12, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112021043/https://www.technologyreview.com/news/514846/google-and-nasa-launch-quantum-computing-ai-lab/|url-status=dead}}

On February 17, 2014, D-Wave was featured on the cover of Time magazine."[https://web.archive.org/web/20140302011034/http://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,20140217,00.html The Infinity Machine]" (2014-02-17), photograph by Greg Segal, Time. Vol. 183, no. 6: cover. Archived from the original on 2014-03-02. In the accompanying article, Lev Grossman describes D-Wave's approach to quantum computing, the potential of the technology, and the enthusiasm of investors like Jeff Bezos, while acknowledging skepticism from some critics.{{cite magazine| magazine = Time| url = https://time.com/archive/6644708/the-quantum-quest-for-a-revolutionary-computer| date = February 17, 2014 | title = The quantum quest for a revolutionary computer | volume = 388 | issue = 6743}}

On August 20, 2015, D-Wave announced{{Cite web|title = D-Wave Systems Announces the General Availability of the 1000+ Qubit D-Wave 2X Quantum Computer {{!}} D-Wave Systems|url = http://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-systems-announces-general-availability-1000-qubit-d-wave-2x-quantum-computer|website = www.dwavesys.com|access-date = 2015-10-14|archive-date = 2021-08-20|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210820161750/https://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-systems-announces-general-availability-1000-qubit-d-wave-2x-quantum-computer|url-status = dead}} the general availability of the D-Wave 2X{{Cite web | url=http://www.dwavesys.com/d-wave-two-system |title = The D-Wave 2000Q™ System | D-Wave Systems}} system, a 1000-qubit+ quantum computer. This was followed by an announcement{{Cite web|title = D-Wave Systems Announces Multi-Year Agreement To Provide Its Technology To Google, NASA And USRA's Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab {{!}} D-Wave Systems|url = http://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-systems-announces-multi-year-agreement-provide-its-technology-google-nasa-and|website = www.dwavesys.com|access-date = 2015-10-14}} on September 28, 2015, that it had been installed at the Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at NASA Ames Research Center.

In January 2017, D-Wave released the D-Wave 2000Q, and an open-source repository containing software tools for quantum annealers. It contains Qbsolv,{{cite magazine|last1=Finley|first1=Klint|title=Quantum Computing Is Real, and D-Wave Just Open-Sourced It|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/01/d-wave-turns-open-source-democratize-quantum-computing/|access-date=14 January 2017|magazine=Wired|publisher=Condé Nast|date=11 January 2017}}{{cite web|title=D-Wave Initiates Open Quantum Software Environment|url=http://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-initiates-open-quantum-software-environment|website=D-Wave Systems|access-date=14 January 2017|archive-date=8 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155608/https://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-initiates-open-quantum-software-environment|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|title=dwavesystems/qbsolv|url=https://github.com/dwavesystems/qbsolv|website=GitHub|access-date=14 January 2017}} which is open-source software that solves q­ratic unconstrained binary optimization problems on both the company's quantum processors and classic hardware architectures.

In 2018, D-Wave released the Leap quantum cloud service.{{cite journal| journal = TechCrunch | url = https://techcrunch.com/2018/10/05/d-wave-offers-the-first-public-access-to-a-quantum-computer| date = October 5, 2018 | author = John Biggs |title = D-Wave offers the first public access to a quantum computer}}

In 2025, D-Wave announced the sale of an Advantage system to Forschungszentrum Jülich, a research center in Germany. The system is installed at Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC) at Forschungszentrum Jülich.{{Cite news |last=Tatananni |first=Mackenzie |date=2025-02-13 |title=D-Wave Quantum Announces Another Sale. It's a Milestone in Quantum Computing |url=https://www.barrons.com/articles/d-wave-quantum-computer-sale-d1f5e2ae |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250213102323/https://www.barrons.com/articles/d-wave-quantum-computer-sale-d1f5e2ae |archive-date=2025-02-13}} Scientists at JSC, working with collaborators from other institutions, published in Nature the results of research conducted on the Advantage system simulating the dynamics of false vacuum decay. This work demonstrates that quantum computers can be used to explore complex cosmological phenomena.{{Cite journal |last1=Vodeb |first1=Jaka |last2=Desaules |first2=Jean-Yves |last3=Hallam |first3=Andrew |last4=Rava |first4=Andrea |last5=Humar |first5=Gregor |last6=Willsch |first6=Dennis |last7=Jin |first7=Fengping |last8=Willsch |first8=Madita |last9=Michielsen |first9=Kristel |last10=Papić |first10=Zlatko |date=March 2025 |title=Stirring the false vacuum via interacting quantized bubbles on a 5,564-qubit quantum annealer |journal=Nature Physics |language=en |volume=21 |issue=3 |pages=386–392 |doi=10.1038/s41567-024-02765-w |pmid=40093970 |pmc=11908970 |arxiv=2406.14718 |bibcode=2025NatPh..21..386V |issn=1745-2481}}

Also in 2025, D-Wave published a paper in the journal Science describing a computational simulation of a magnetic material that was performed on a quantum computer dramatically faster than performing such a simulation on a traditional computer.{{Cite journal |last1=King |first1=Andrew D. |last2=Nocera |first2=Alberto |last3=Rams |first3=Marek M. |last4=Dziarmaga |first4=Jacek |last5=Wiersema |first5=Roeland |last6=Bernoudy |first6=William |last7=Raymond |first7=Jack |last8=Kaushal |first8=Nitin |last9=Heinsdorf |first9=Niclas |last10=Harris |first10=Richard |last11=Boothby |first11=Kelly |last12=Altomare |first12=Fabio |last13=Asad |first13=Mohsen |last14=Berkley |first14=Andrew J. |last15=Boschnak |first15=Martin |date=2025-04-11 |title=Beyond-classical computation in quantum simulation |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ado6285 |journal=Science |volume=388 |issue=6743 |pages=199–204 |doi=10.1126/science.ado6285|pmid=40072342 |bibcode=2025Sci...388..199K }} However, some physicists questioned these claims.{{Cite news |last=Lin |first=Belle |date=2025-03-12 |title=D-Wave Claims 'Quantum Supremacy,' Beating Traditional Computers |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/d-wave-claims-quantum-supremacy-beating-traditional-computers-155ca634 |access-date=2025-05-21 |work=Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |issn=0099-9660}}

File:DWave 128chip.jpg superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor, mounted in a sample holder]]{{Cleanup section|reason=Aside from improper mechanics (such as using & instead of "and"), there seems to be an excessive use of citation as a means of identifying people rather than for providing evidence to support the statements in the article.|date=May 2025}}

The first commercially produced D-Wave processor was a programmable,{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=M. W. |last2=Bunyk |first2=P. |last3=Maibaum |first3=F. |last4=Tolkacheva |first4=E. |last5=Berkley |first5=A. J. |last6=Chapple |first6=E. M. |last7=Harris |first7=R. |last8=Johansson |first8=J. |last9=Lanting |first9=T. |last10=Perminov |first10=I. |last11=Ladizinsky |first11=E. |last12=Oh |first12=T. |last13=Rose |first13=G. |date=1 June 2010 |title=A scalable control system for a superconducting adiabatic quantum optimization processor |journal=Superconductor Science and Technology |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=065004 |arxiv=0907.3757 |bibcode=2010SuScT..23f5004J |doi=10.1088/0953-2048/23/6/065004 |s2cid=16656122}} superconducting integrated circuit with up to 128 pair-wise coupled{{cite journal | last1 = Harris | first1 = R. |display-authors=et al | year = 2009 | title = Compound Josephson-junction coupler for flux qubits with minimal crosstalk | arxiv= 0904.3784 | journal = Phys. Rev. B | volume = 80 | issue = 5| page = 052506 | doi=10.1103/physrevb.80.052506| bibcode = 2009PhRvB..80e2506H | s2cid = 118408478 }} superconducting flux qubits.{{cite journal | last1 = Harris | first1 = R. |display-authors=et al | year = 2010 | title = Experimental demonstration of a robust and scalable flux qubit | arxiv=0909.4321 | journal = Phys. Rev. B | volume = 81 | issue = 13| page = 134510 | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.81.134510| bibcode = 2010PhRvB..81m4510H | s2cid = 53961263 }}Next Big Future: Robust and Scalable Flux Qubit, [http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/09/robust-and-scalable-flux-qubit.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130816154634/http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/09/robust-and-scalable-flux-qubit.html|date=2013-08-16}}, September 23, 2009Next Big Future: Dwave Systems Adiabatic Quantum Computer [http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/10/dwave-systems-adiabatic-quantum.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819144757/http://nextbigfuture.com/2009/10/dwave-systems-adiabatic-quantum.html|date=2013-08-19}}, October 23, 2009 The 128-qubit processor was superseded by a 512-qubit processor in 2013.D-Wave Systems: D-Wave Two Quantum Computer Selected for New Quantum Artificial Intelligence Initiative, System to be Installed at NASA's Ames Research Center, and Operational in Q3, [http://www.dwavesys.com/updates/d-wave-twotm-quantum-computer-selected-new-quantum-artificial-intelligence-initiative-system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518102738/http://www.dwavesys.com/updates/d-wave-twotm-quantum-computer-selected-new-quantum-artificial-intelligence-initiative-system|date=2015-05-18}}, May 16, 2013 The processor is designed to implement a special-purpose quantum annealing{{cite journal |last1=Kadowaki |first1=Tadashi |last2=Nishimori |first2=Hidetoshi |title=Quantum annealing in the transverse Ising model |journal=Physical Review E |date=1 November 1998 |volume=58 |issue=5 |pages=5355–5363 |doi=10.1103/physreve.58.5355 |arxiv=cond-mat/9804280 |bibcode=1998PhRvE..58.5355K|s2cid=36114913 }}{{cite journal |last1=Finnila |first1=A.B. |last2=Gomez |first2=M.A. |last3=Sebenik |first3=C. |last4=Stenson |first4=C. |last5=Doll |first5=J.D. |title=Quantum annealing: A new method for minimizing multidimensional functions |journal=Chemical Physics Letters |date=March 1994 |volume=219 |issue=5–6 |pages=343–348 |doi=10.1016/0009-2614(94)00117-0 |arxiv=chem-ph/9404003 |bibcode=1994CPL...219..343F|s2cid=97302385 }}{{cite journal |last1=Santoro |first1=Giuseppe E |last2=Tosatti |first2=Erio |title=Optimization using quantum mechanics: quantum annealing through adiabatic evolution |journal=Journal of Physics A: Mathematical and General |date=8 September 2006 |volume=39 |issue=36 |pages=R393–R431 |doi=10.1088/0305-4470/39/36/r01 |bibcode=2006JPhA...39R.393S|s2cid=116931586 }}{{cite journal |last1=Das |first1=Arnab |last2=Chakrabarti |first2=Bikas K. |title=Colloquium: Quantum annealing and analog quantum computation |journal=Reviews of Modern Physics |date=5 September 2008 |volume=80 |issue=3 |pages=1061–1081 |doi=10.1103/revmodphys.80.1061 |arxiv=0801.2193 |bibcode=2008RvMP...80.1061D|s2cid=14255125 }} as opposed to being operated as a universal gate-model quantum computer.

The underlying ideas for the D-Wave approach arose from experimental results in condensed matter physics, and particular work on quantum annealing in magnets performed by Gabriel Aeppli, Thomas Felix Rosenbaum, and collaborators,{{cite journal |last1=Brooke |first1=J. |title=Quantum Annealing of a Disordered Magnet |journal=Science |date=30 April 1999 |volume=284 |issue=5415 |pages=779–781 |doi=10.1126/science.284.5415.779|pmid=10221904 |bibcode=1999Sci...284..779B |arxiv=cond-mat/0105238 |s2cid=37564720 }} who had been checking{{Cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.67.2076| title=From classical to quantum glass| journal=Physical Review Letters| volume=67| issue=15| pages=2076–2079| year=1991| last1 = Wu | first1 = Wenhao| pmid=10044329| bibcode=1991PhRvL..67.2076W}}{{Cite journal |doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.101.057201| title=Quantum and classical glass transitions in LiHo(x)Y(1-x)F(4)| journal=Physical Review Letters| volume=101| pages=057201| year=2008| arxiv=0801.2181 | last1 = Ancona-Torres | first1 = C. | last2 = Silevitch | first2 = D. M. | last3 = Aeppli | first3 = G. | last4 = Rosenbaum | first4 = T. F.| issue=5| pmid=18764428| s2cid=42569346}} the advantages,{{Cite journal | doi=10.1103/PhysRevB.39.11828| title=Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model in a transverse field: Absence of replica symmetry breaking due to quantum fluctuations| journal=Physical Review B| volume=39| issue=16| pages=11828–11832| year=1989| last1=Ray| first1=P.| last2=Chakrabarti| first2=B. K.| last3=Chakrabarti| first3=Arunava| pmid=9948016| bibcode=1989PhRvB..3911828R}} proposed by Bikas K. Chakrabarti & collaborators, of quantum tunneling/fluctuations in the search for ground state(s) in spin glasses. These ideas were later recast in the language of quantum computation by MIT physicists Edward Farhi, Seth Lloyd, Terry Orlando, and Bill Kaminsky, whose publications in 2000{{cite arXiv |eprint=quant-ph/0001106|last1=Farhi|first1=Edward|title=Quantum Computation by Adiabatic Evolution|last2=Goldstone|first2=Jeffrey|last3=Gutmann|first3=Sam|last4=Sipser|first4=Michael|year=2000}} and 2004{{cite arXiv |eprint=quant-ph/0403090|last1=Kaminsky|first1=William M|title=Scalable Superconducting Architecture for Adiabatic Quantum Computation|last2=Lloyd|first2=Seth|last3=Orlando|first3=Terry P|year=2004}} provided both a theoretical model for quantum computation that fit with the earlier work in quantum magnetism (specifically the adiabatic quantum computing model and quantum annealing, its finite temperature variant), and a specific enablement of that idea using superconducting flux qubits which is a close cousin to the designs D-Wave produced. To understand the origins of much of the controversy around the D-Wave approach, it is important to note that the origins of the D-Wave approach to quantum computation arose not from the conventional quantum information field, but from experimental condensed matter physics.

On February 13, 2007, D-Wave demonstrated the Orion system, running three different applications at the Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California. This marked the first public demonstration of, supposedly, a quantum computer and associated service.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}}

The first application, an example of pattern matching, performed a search for a similar compound to a known drug within a database of molecules. The next application computed a seating arrangement for an event subject to compatibilities and incompatibilities between guests. The last involved solving a Sudoku puzzle.{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/2007/02/the-father-of-quantum-computing/|title=The Father of Quantum Computing|magazine=Wired |date=2007-02-15|access-date=2023-01-28 |last1=Norton |first1=Quinn }}

The processors at the heart of D-Wave's "Orion quantum computing system" are designed for use as hardware accelerator processors rather than general-purpose computer microprocessors. The system is designed to solve a particular NP-complete problem related to the two-dimensional Ising model in a magnetic field.{{cite web|url=http://dwave.wordpress.com/2007/01/19/quantum-computing-demo-announcement/|title=Quantum Computing Demo Announcement|date=2007-01-19|access-date=2007-02-11}} D-Wave terms the device as a 16-qubit superconducting adiabatic quantum computer processor.{{cite book|chapter=Scalable Architecture for Adiabatic Quantum Computing of NP-Hard Problems|author2 = William M. Kaminsky |author3=Seth Lloyd|date=2002-11-23|author1=Kaminsky|title=Quantum Computing & Quantum Bits in Mesoscopic Systems |publisher=Kluwer Academic |arxiv=quant-ph/0211152|bibcode=2002quant.ph.11152K}}{{cite book|last=Meglicki|first=Zdzislaw|title=Quantum Computing Without Magic: Devices|url=https://archive.org/details/quantumcomputing00megl_395|url-access=limited|publisher=MIT Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-262-13506-1|pages=[https://archive.org/details/quantumcomputing00megl_395/page/n412 390]–391}}

According to the company, a conventional front-end running an application that requires the solution of an NP-complete problem, such as pattern matching, passes the problem to the Orion system.

According to Geordie Rose, founder and Chief Technology Officer of D-Wave, NP-complete problems "are probably not exactly solvable, no matter how big, fast or advanced computers get"; the adiabatic quantum computer used by the Orion system is intended to quickly compute an approximate solution.{{cite web|url=http://dwave.wordpress.com/2006/08/27/yeah-but-how-fast-is-it-part-3-or-some-thoughts-about-adiabatic-qc/ |title=Yeah but how fast is it? Part 3. OR some thoughts about adiabatic QC |date=2006-08-27 |access-date=2007-02-11 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20061119143401/http://dwave.wordpress.com/2006/08/27/yeah-but-how-fast-is-it-part-3-or-some-thoughts-about-adiabatic-qc/ |archive-date=2006-11-19 }}

On December 8, 2009, at the Neural Information Processing Systems (NeurIPS) conference, a Google research team led by Hartmut Neven used D-Wave's processor to train a binary image classifier.{{Cite news |last=Aron |first=Jacob |date=2013-05-13 |title=Google and NASA team up to use quantum computer |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23554-google-and-nasa-team-up-to-use-quantum-computer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924200201/https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23554-google-and-nasa-team-up-to-use-quantum-computer/ |archive-date=2015-09-24 |work=New Scientist}}

On May 11, 2011, D-Wave announced the D-Wave One, an integrated quantum computer system running on a 128-qubit processor. The processor used in the D-Wave One, performs a single mathematical operation, discrete optimization. Rainier uses quantum annealing to solve optimization problems. The D-Wave One was claimed to be the world's first commercially available quantum computer system.{{cite web|title=Learning to program the D-Wave One|url=http://dwave.wordpress.com/2011/05/11/learning-to-program-the-d-wave-one/|access-date=11 May 2011}} Its price was quoted at approximately US$10,000,000.

A research team led by Matthias Troyer and Daniel Lidar found that, while there is evidence of quantum annealing in D-Wave One, they saw no speed increase compared to classical computers. They implemented an optimized classical algorithm to solve the same particular problem as the D-Wave One.{{cite web |author=Aaronson |first=Scott |date=16 May 2013 |title=D-Wave: Truth finally starts to emerge |url=http://www.scottaaronson.com/blog/?p=1400}}{{Cite journal|year=2014 |title=Quantum annealing with more than one hundred qubits |journal=Nature Physics |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=218–224 |arxiv=1304.4595|last1=Boixo |first1=Sergio |last2= Rønnow |first2=Troels F. |last3= Isakov |first3=Sergei V. |last4=Wang |first4=Zhihui |last5=Wecker |first5=David |last6= Lidar |first6=Daniel A. |last7= Martinis |first7=John M. |last8=Troyer |first8=Matthias |doi=10.1038/nphys2900 |bibcode=2014NatPh..10..218B |s2cid=8031023 }}

In November 2010,{{cite web|title=NextBigFuture|url=https://www.nextbigfuture.com/2011/08/predictions-and-predictable-futures.html#more-13522}}Retrieved 2011-08-15 Lockheed Martin signed a multi-year contract with D-Wave to realize the benefits based upon a quantum annealing processor applied to some of Lockheed's most challenging computation problems. The contract was later announced on May 25, 2011. The contract included the purchase of the D-Wave One quantum computer, maintenance, and associated professional services.{{cite web|title=Lockheed Martin Signs Contract with D-Wave Systems|url=http://www.nanotech-now.com/news.cgi?story_id=42543}}Retrieved 2011-05-25

In August 2012, a team of Harvard University researchers presented results of the largest protein-folding problem solved to date using a quantum computer. The researchers solved instances of a lattice protein folding model, known as the Miyazawa–Jernigan model, on a D-Wave One quantum computer.{{cite web|url=http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/d-wave-quantum-computer-solves-protein-folding-problem.html|title=D-Wave quantum computer solves protein folding problem|work=nature.com|access-date=2012-10-06|archive-date=2013-06-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130617124616/http://blogs.nature.com/news/2012/08/d-wave-quantum-computer-solves-protein-folding-problem.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2012-08-d-wave-quantum-method-protein-problem.html|title=D-Wave uses quantum method to solve protein folding problem|work=phys.org}}

{{Main|D-Wave Two}}

In early 2012, D-Wave revealed a 512-qubit quantum computer,{{cite magazine|url=https://www.wired.com/wiredenterprise/2012/02/dwave-quantum-cloud/all/1|title=D-Wave Defies World of Critics With 'First Quantum Cloud' |date=22 February 2012|magazine=WIRED}} which was launched as a production processor in 2013.{{cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/canada-competes/the-black-box-that-could-change-the-world/article5327613/?page=1|title=The black box that could change the world|work=The Globe and Mail}}

In May 2013, Catherine McGeoch, a consultant for D-Wave, published the first comparison of the technology against regular top-end desktop computers running an optimization algorithm. Using a configuration with 439 qubits, the system performed 3,600 times as fast as CPLEX, the best algorithm on the conventional machine, solving problems with 100 or more variables in half a second compared with half an hour. The results are presented at the Computing Frontiers 2013 conference.

{{Cite web |date=May 14, 2013 |title=Computing Frontiers 2013 Program |url=https://www.computingfrontiers.org/2013/program.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130904200021/http://www.computingfrontiers.org/2013/program.html |archive-date=September 4, 2013 |access-date=2025-05-21 |website=Computing Frontiers}}

In March 2013, several groups of researchers at the Adiabatic Quantum Computing workshop at the Institute of Physics in London, England, produced evidence, though only indirect, of quantum entanglement in the D-Wave chips.

{{cite news|title=Controversial quantum computer aces entanglement tests|first=Jacob |last=Aron|date=8 March 2013 |publisher=New Scientist |url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn23251-controversial-quantum-computer-aces-entanglement-tests.html|access-date=14 May 2013}}

In May 2013, it was announced that a collaboration between NASA, Google, and the USRA launched a Quantum Artificial Intelligence Lab at the NASA Advanced Supercomputing Division at Ames Research Center in California, using a 512-qubit D-Wave Two that would be used for research into machine learning, among other fields of study.{{Cite news |last=Hardy |first=Quentin |date=2013-05-16 |title=Google Buys a Quantum Computer |url=https://archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/google-buys-a-quantum-computer/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220709122424/https://archive.nytimes.com/bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/16/google-buys-a-quantum-computer/ |archive-date=2022-07-09 |work=The New York Times}}

File:D-wave computer inside of the Pleiades supercomputer.jpg

File:Latest D-Wave 2000 Qubit Processor (25215169297).jpg

On August 20, 2015, D-Wave released the general availability of their D-Wave 2X computer, with 1000 qubits in a Chimera graph architecture (although, due to magnetic offsets and manufacturing variability inherent in the superconductor circuit fabrication, fewer than 1152 qubits are functional and available for use; the exact number of qubits yielded will vary with each specific processor manufactured). This was accompanied by a report comparing speeds with high-end single-threaded CPUs.{{cite arXiv |eprint=1508.05087|last1=King|first1=James|title=Benchmarking a quantum annealing processor with the time-to-target metric|last2=Yarkoni|first2=Sheir|last3=Nevisi|first3=Mayssam M|last4=Hilton|first4=Jeremy P|last5=McGeoch|first5=Catherine C|class=quant-ph|year=2015}} Unlike previous reports, this one explicitly stated that the question of quantum speedup was not something they were trying to address, and focused on constant-factor performance gains over classical hardware. For general-purpose problems, a speedup of 15x was reported, but it is worth noting that these classical algorithms benefit efficiently from parallelization—so that the computer would be performing on par with, perhaps, 30 traditional high-end single-threaded cores.

The D-Wave 2X processor is based on a 2048-qubit chip with half of the qubits disabled; these were activated in the D-Wave 2000Q.{{YouTube|id=Zdd88aC0VwA|title=The Future Of Quantum Computing: Vern Brownell, D-Wave CEO @ Compute Midwest}} 4 December 2014{{cite web|url=http://nextbigfuture.com/2014/10/dwave-systems-shows-off-quantum-chip.html|title=Next Big Future: Dwave Systems shows off quantum chip with 2048 physical qubits|author=brian wang|work=nextbigfuture.com|access-date=2015-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150513044844/http://nextbigfuture.com/2014/10/dwave-systems-shows-off-quantum-chip.html|archive-date=2015-05-13}}

In February 2019, D-Wave announced the next-generation system that would become the Advantage{{Cite web |title=D-Wave Previews Next-Generation Quantum Computing Platform {{!}} D-Wave Systems |url=https://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-previews-next-generation-quantum-computing-platform |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190319213109/https://www.dwavesys.com/press-releases/d-wave-previews-next-generation-quantum-computing-platform |archive-date=2019-03-19 |access-date=2019-03-19 |website=www.dwavesys.com}} and delivered that system in 2020. The Advantage architecture would increase the total number of qubits to 5760 and switch to the Pegasus graph topology, increasing the per-qubit connections to 15. D-Wave claimed the Advantage architecture provided a 10x speedup in time-to-solve over the 2000Q product offering. D-Wave claims that an incremental follow-up Advantage Performance Update provides a 2x speedup over Advantage and a 20x speedup over 2000Q, among other improvements.{{Cite web |title=The Advantage™ Quantum Computer {{!}} D-Wave |url=https://www.dwavesys.com/solutions-and-products/systems/ |archive-url=https://archive.today/20230103211352/https://www.dwavesys.com/solutions-and-products/systems/ |archive-date=2023-01-03 |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=www.dwavesys.com |language=en-US}}

In 2021, D-Wave announced the next-generation system that would become the Advantage2https://www.dwavesys.com/media/xvjpraig/clarity-roadmap_digital_v2.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}} with delivery expected in late 2024 or early 2025. The Advantage architecture was expected to increase the total number of qubits to over 7000 and switch to the Zephyr graph topology, increasing the per-qubit connections to 20.https://www.dwavesys.com/media/eixhdtpa/14-1063a-a_the_d-wave_advantage2_prototype-4.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=August 2024}}{{cite web | url=https://www.dwavesys.com/company/newsroom/press-release/ahead-of-the-game-d-wave-delivers-prototype-of-next-generation-advantage2-annealing-quantum-computer/ | title=Ahead of the Game: D-Wave Delivers Prototype of Next-Generation Advantage2 Annealing Quantum Computer }}{{cite web | url=https://www.dwavesys.com/company/newsroom/press-release/d-wave-announces-1-200-qubit-advantage2-prototype-in-new-lower-noise-fabrication-stack-demonstrating-20x-faster-time-to-solution-on-important-class-of-hard-optimization-problems/ | title=D-Wave Announces 1,200+ Qubit Advantage2™ Prototype in New, Lower-Noise Fabrication Stack, Demonstrating 20x Faster Time-to-Solution on Important Class of Hard Optimization Problems }}{{cite web | url=https://www.dwavesys.com/company/newsroom/press-release/d-wave-announces-availability-of-1-200-qubit-advantage2-prototype/ | title=D-Wave Announces Availability of 1,200+ Qubit Advantage2™ Prototype in the Leap™ Quantum Cloud Service, Making its Most Performant System Available to Customers Today }}

• List of companies involved in quantum computing or communication
• Adiabatic quantum computation
• Analog computer
• AQUA@home
• Flux qubit
• Quantum annealing
• Superconducting quantum computing
• IBM Q System One

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Commons category|D-Wave Systems}}

• {{Official website}}
• {{cite web |url= http://dwave.wordpress.com/2007/01/19/quantum-computing-demo-announcement/ |title= Announcement of the 16-qubit quantum computer demonstration |date= Jan 19, 2007}}
• {{YouTube|id=I56UugZ_8DI |title=Quantum Computing Day 2: Image Recognition with an Adiabatic Quantum Computer}}.
• {{cite arXiv |title= Investigating the Performance of an Adiabatic Quantum Optimization Processor |eprint= 1006.4147 |first1= Kamran |last1= Karimi |first2= Neil G. |last2= Dickson |display-authors=et al |date= Jan 27, 2011 |quote= Theoretical performance of a D-Wave processor |class= quant-ph }}.
• {{cite journal |title= Quantum Annealing and Computation: A Brief Documentary Note |first1= A. |last1= Ghosh |first2= S. |last2= Mukherjee |date= Dec 2, 2013 |journal= Science and Culture |volume= 79 |pages= 485–500 |arxiv= 1310.1339 |bibcode= 2013arXiv1310.1339G }}

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