DC Explosion and DC Implosion
{{short description|1978 DC Comics cancellation purge}}
The "DC Explosion" and "DC Implosion" were two events in 1978 – the first an official marketing campaign, the second a sardonic reference to it – in which American comics company DC Comics expanded their roster of publications, then abruptly cut it back. The DC Explosion was part of an ongoing initiative at DC to regain market share by increasing the number of titles they published, while also increasing page counts and cover prices. The so-called "DC Implosion" was the result of the publisher experiencing losses that year due to a confluence of factors, and cancelling a large number of ongoing and planned series in response. The cancellations included long-running series such as Our Fighting Forces, Showcase, and House of Secrets; new series introduced as part of the expansion, or "Explosion", such as Firestorm and Steel: The Indestructible Man; and announced series such as The Vixen which would have been the company's first title starring an African American woman. Former flagship series Detective Comics was also considered for cancellation. Some of the material already produced for these cancelled series was used in other publications. Several of the completed stories were "published" in small quantities as two issues of Cancelled Comics Cavalcade, whose title was a reference to DC's Golden-Age Comic Cavalcade series.
History
The DC Explosion was a 1978 marketing campaign in which DC touted its increasing number of titles in the previous few years and increased story pages in all of its titles, accompanied by higher cover prices.{{cite web|url= http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/252/publishorial.gif|title= Publishorial: Onward and Upward|first= Jenette|last= Kahn|author-link= Jenette Kahn|date= September 1978|publisher= DC Comics|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140329065319/http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/252/publishorial.gif|archive-date= March 29, 2014|url-status= dead|access-date= November 22, 2009}}{{cite book|last= Daniels|first= Les|author-link= Les Daniels|chapter= New Markets, New Formats: Comics Change With the Times|title= DC Comics: Sixty Years of the World's Favorite Comic Book Heroes|publisher= Bulfinch Press|year= 1995|location= New York, New York|page= 178|isbn= 0821220764|quote= The expansion was optimistically dubbed 'The DC Explosion'. Nothing seemed to work, however, and cutbacks were initiated that insiders ironically dubbed 'The DC Implosion'.}} The Explosion campaign itself lasted three months from its debut in comics cover-dated June 1978 until the revamp in comics cover-dated September 1978.{{cite web|url= http://www.comicsbulletin.com/interviews/3621/cancelled-comics-cavalcade-30-years-later-with-paul-kupperberg/|title= Cancelled Comics Cavalcade: 30 Years Later with Paul Kupperberg|first= Jim|last= Beard|date= July 26, 2007|website= Comics Bulletin|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234133/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/interviews/3621/cancelled-comics-cavalcade-30-years-later-with-paul-kupperberg/|archive-date= June 6, 2014|url-status= dead|df= mdy}} The actual implosion at the company then followed with cancellations and a reduction in the number of titles.
Since the early 1970s, DC had seen its dominance of the market overtaken by Marvel Comics, partly because Marvel had significantly increased the number of titles that it published (both original material and reprint books). In large part, the DC Explosion was a plan to overtake Marvel by using its own strategy. DC's expansion actually began in earnest in 1975, when the company debuted 12 titles in the spring and summer, followed by four more titles by the end of the year. DC added 14 titles in 1976 and four more in 1977.
However, DC experienced ongoing poor sales from the winter of 1977 to the winter of 1978. This has been attributed in part to the North American blizzards in 1977 and 1978, which both disrupted distribution and curtailed consumer purchases.{{cite web|url= http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/252/|title= Secret Origins of the DC Implosion Part One|first= Kirk|last= Kimball|date= n.d.|website= Dial "B" For Blog|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131222080959/http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/252/|archive-date= December 22, 2013|url-status= dead|access-date= November 22, 2009}} Furthermore, the effects of ongoing economic inflation, recession, and increased paper and printing costs, led to declines in both the profitability of the entire comic book industry and the number of readers. In response, company executives ordered that titles with marginal sales and several new series that were still in development be cancelled.{{cite web |url= http://bobrozakis.blogspot.com/2012/11/bobro-archives-dc-implosion.html|title= BobRo Archives: The DC Implosion|first= Bob|last= Rozakis|author-link= Bob Rozakis|date= November 30, 2012|website= BobRozakis.blogspot.com|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140804015718/http://bobrozakis.blogspot.com/2012/11/bobro-archives-dc-implosion.html|archive-date=August 4, 2014 |url-status= live|quote= The Warner Publishing powers-that-be told Kahn and company President Sol Harrison to cancel the plans for bigger books and cut the line to 20 32-page titles at 40c each.}} During these meetings, it was decided that DC's long-running flagship title Detective Comics was to be terminated with #480 — until the decision was overturned following strenuous arguments on behalf of saving the title within the DC office, and Detective was instead merged with the better-selling Batman Family.{{cite web |url= http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2012/07/27/comic-book-legends-revealed-377/|title= Comic Book Legends Revealed #377|first= Brian|last= Cronin|date= July 27, 2012|website= Comic Book Resources|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140409130442/http://goodcomics.comicbookresources.com/2012/07/27/comic-book-legends-revealed-377/|archive-date= April 9, 2014|url-status= live}}
On June 22, 1978, DC Comics announced staff layoffs and the cancellation of approximately 40% of its line. Editors Al Milgrom and Larry Hama were two of the employees laid off.{{cite web |last=Stroud |first=Bryan D. |date=April 7, 2010 |title=Al Milgrom Interview |url=http://www.wtv-zone.com/silverager/interviews/milgrom_1.shtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901223734/http://www.wtv-zone.com/silverager/interviews/milgrom_1.shtml |archive-date=September 1, 2012 |website=The Silver Age Lantern}}{{cite web|url= http://www.nycgraphicnovelists.com/2010/01/larry-hama-all-about-character.html|title= Larry Hama: All About Character|first= Christopher|last= Irving|date= January 19, 2010|website= NYC Graphic Novelists|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131221190740/http://www.nycgraphicnovelists.com/2010/01/larry-hama-all-about-character.html|archive-date= December 21, 2013|url-status= dead|quote= By that time, me and Al Milgrom had gotten imploded out of DC in what they called 'The Great Implosion'.|access-date= August 4, 2014}}
Cancelled titles
As a result of the Implosion, 17 series were cancelled abruptly. Fourteen other titles were cancelled in 1978, for the most part "planned" cancellations announced in DC promos and in the final issues of the comics themselves. The following titles were cancelled due to the Implosion, with the following as their final issue:
- All Star Comics #74 (Sept. cover date) — issue #75 later published in Adventure Comics #461 (Jan.–Feb. 1979) and 462 (March 1979); the feature continued there until #466
- Army at War #1 (Nov.) — war title
- Batman Family #20 (Nov.) — merged into Detective Comics as of issue #481 (Dec. 1978–Jan. 1979)
- Battle Classics #1 (Sept.) — reprint title
- Black Lightning #11 (Sept.) — issue #12 later published in World's Finest Comics #260 (Dec. 1979–Jan. 1980)
- Claw the Unconquered #12 (Aug.–Sept.)
- Doorway to Nightmare #5 (Sept.) — merged into The Unexpected
- Dynamic Classics #1 (Sept.) — reprint title
- Firestorm #5 (Oct.) — A new version of the story announced for issue #6 appeared in The Flash #294–296 (February–April 1981); the original version was published in the trade paperback Firestorm: The Nuclear Man (2011){{cite book|last = Conway|first = Gerry|author-link = Gerry Conway|author2=Milgrom Al |author-link2=Al Milgrom |title = Firestorm: The Nuclear Man |publisher = DC Comics|year = 2011|page = 176| isbn = 978-1-4012-3183-5}}
- House of Secrets #154 (Oct.–Nov.) — merged into The Unexpected
- Kamandi: The Last Boy on Earth #59 (Sept.–Oct.) — the "OMAC" back-up stories by Jim Starlin appeared in The Warlord #37–39 (Sept.–Nov. 1980)
- Our Fighting Forces #181 (Sept.–Oct.)
- Secrets of Haunted House #14 (Oct.–Nov.) — revived a year later with issue #15 (August 1979); the title continued until issue #46 (March 1982){{gcdb series|id= 2224|title= Secrets of Haunted House}}
- Showcase #104 (Sept.) — the Deadman story for #105 appeared in Adventure Comics #464 and the Creeper story for #106 appeared in The Creeper by Steve Ditko (2010){{cite book |last1= Ditko|first1= Steve|title= The Creeper by Steve Ditko|year= 2010|publisher= DC Comics|isbn= 978-1-4012-2591-9}}
- Star Hunters #7 (Oct.–Nov.) - a planned Adam Strange back-up story later appeared in World's Finest #262
- Steel: The Indestructible Man #5 (Oct.–Nov.) — #6 story reworked for All-Star Squadron #8–9 (April–May 1982)
- The Witching Hour #85 (Oct.) — merged into The Unexpected{{cite journal|last= Kingman|first= Jim|title= Midnight Ramblings: 13 Years in the 'Terrorific' Life of DC's Witching Hour|journal= Back Issue!|issue= #92|pages= 27–30|publisher= TwoMorrows Publishing|date= October 2016|location= Raleigh, North Carolina}}
''Cancelled Comic Cavalcade''
About 30 titles were affected. Much of the unpublished work saw print in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade, a summer 1978 two-issue ashcan "series" which "published" the work in limited quantity solely to establish the company's copyright.{{cite web|url= http://lsh.0catch.com/ccc/cccintro.htm|title= Cancelled Comic Cavalcade: Introduction|date= Summer 1978|publisher= DC Comics|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140424202333/http://lsh.0catch.com/ccc/cccintro.htm|archive-date= April 24, 2014|url-status= dead|quote= "Just to make it official – Cancelled Comic Cavalcade, Vol. 1, No. 1, Summer 1978, DC Comics, Inc.|access-date= November 22, 2009}}{{cite book|editor-last1=McAvennie|editor-first1= Michael|editor-last2=Dolan|editor-first2=Hannah|chapter= 1970s|title = DC Comics Year By Year: A Visual Chronicle|publisher=Dorling Kindersley |year=2010|location= London, United Kingdom|isbn= 978-0-7566-6742-9 |page= 179 |quote = With the devastating DC Implosion, a majority of the thirty-one titles terminated in 1978 were canceled in the middle of storylines. Therefore, staff members "published", in extremely limited quantities, two volumes of Cancelled Comic Cavalcade.}} The title was a play on DC's 1940s series Comic Cavalcade. Some of the material already produced for the canceled publications was later used in other series. The two volumes, composed of some of these stories along with earlier inventoried stories, were printed by DC staff members in black-and-white on the office photocopier. A total of 35 copies of each volume were produced, and distributed to the creators of the material, the U.S. copyright office and the Overstreet Comic Book Price Guide as proof of their existence. Considered a valued collectible, a set of both issues was valued as high as $3,680 in the 2011–2012 edition of the Comic Book Price Guide.
The contents ranged from completed stories to incomplete artwork. The covers featured new illustrations; the first one (by Al Milgrom) showed the canceled books' heroes lying either unconscious or dead on the ground, the second (by Alex Saviuk) showed the canceled heroes being kicked out of an office by a bespectacled man in a suit. The first issue carried a cover price of 10 cents,{{Gcdb issue|id= 32383|title= Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #1 (Summer 1978)}} while the second carried a cover price of $1.00,{{Gcdb issue|id= 32652|title= Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #2 (Fall 1978)}} but the publications were never actually offered for sale.
Cancelled Comic Cavalcade contained the following material:
=Issue #1=
- Black Lightning #12 (later printed in World's Finest Comics #260), cover to issue #13
- Claw the Unconquered #13–14
- The Deserter #1{{cite web|url= http://lsh.0catch.com/ccc/cccdsrtr.htm|title= The Deserter|first= Michael|last= Grabois|date= November 5, 1995|website= Mike's Comics Page|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120220172618/http://lsh.0catch.com/ccc/cccdsrtr.htm|archive-date= February 20, 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= October 26, 2008}}{{Citation|last = Wells|first = John|title = 'Lost' DC: The DC Implosion|newspaper = Comics Buyer's Guide|issue = #1249|page = 133|date = October 24, 1997|location= Iola, Wisconsin|quote= The Deserter...was given his own ongoing title at the 11th hour, only to perish amidst the other cancellations. The origin of tormented Civil War deserter Aaron Hope (by Gerry Conway, Dick Ayers, and Romeo Tanghal) appeared only in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #1.}}
- Doorway to Nightmare #6 (later printed in The Unexpected)
- Firestorm #6 (later adapted as back-up stories in The Flash #294–296 (February-April 1981), original version published in the Firestorm: The Nuclear Man trade paperback in 2011)
- Green Team: Boy Millionaires #1–2 (were to have followed a try-out in 1st Issue Special #2)
=Issue #2=
- Kamandi #60–61 ("OMAC" back-ups would appear in The Warlord #37–39 (September–November 1980), while the Kamandi stories were published in Kamandi Challenge Special in 2017)
- Prez #5 (later published in the 2016 trade paperback Prez: The First Teen President)
- Shade, the Changing Man #9 ("The Odd Man" story would appear in Detective Comics #487 (December 1979–January 1980))
- Showcase #105 featuring Deadman (later printed in a slightly edited form in Adventure Comics #464) and #106 featuring the Creeper
- Secret Society of Super Villains #16–17 (later published in Secret Society of Super Villains Vol. 2)
- Steel #6 (later reprinted with edits in All-Star Squadron #8–9 (April–May 1982))
- The Vixen #1Wells (1997) p. 134: "After being touted in house ads during the summer, details regarding The Vixen #1 appeared in a 'Daily Planet' text page in Batman #305 and The Flash #267. Ultimately, 'Who Is The Vixen?' was printed only in Cancelled Comic Cavalcade #2".
- covers for Army at War #2, Battle Classics #3, Demand Classics #1–2, Dynamic Classics #2, Mister Miracle #26, Ragman #6, Weird Mystery Tales #25–26, Western Classics #1–2
Unpublished titles
Among the new series planned, but never published:
- Bucky O'Hare, a Larry Hama creation which was eventually published by Continuity Comics in 1984{{cite book|last1= Dallas|first1= Keith|last2= Wells|first2= John|chapter= Part 3: Implosion (1978–1980)|title= Comic Book Implosion: An Oral History of DC Comics Circa 1978|publisher= TwoMorrows Publishing|date= 2018|location= Raleigh, North Carolina|page= 85|isbn= 978-1605490854|quote= Bucky O'Hare, Ms. Mystic, Sorcerer, and Starslayer were each developed for DC in 1977 and 1978 but they all then remained in the hands of their creators.}}
- Demand Classics (reprint series) with "Flash of Two Worlds" planned for #1
- The Deserter (a Western created by Gerry Conway with pencils by Dick Ayers and inks by Romeo Tanghal)
- Ms. Mystic, a Neal Adams/Michael Netzer character later published by Pacific Comics and Continuity Comics
- Sorcerer, a David Michelinie/Bob Layton character later used as the basis for the Deathmask series published by Future Comics in 2003
- Starslayer, a Mike Grell creation later published by Pacific Comics and First Comics{{cite journal|last= Catron|first= Michael|author-link= Michael Catron|title= Grell's Starslayer Debuts in July|journal= Amazing Heroes|issue= #2|page= 14|publisher = Fantagraphics Books|date = July 1981|quote= Starslayer, a new comic book created, written, and drawn by Mike Grell debuts in July from Pacific Comics. The series was originally offered to DC Comics but was shelved in 1978 at the time of the "DC Implosion.}}{{gcdb series|id= 2690|title= Starslayer (Pacific Comics)}} and {{gcdb series|id= 2813|title= Starslayer (First Comics)}}
- The Vixen would have been the first comic book series starring an African American superheroine; the character later made her first appearance in Action Comics #521 (July 1981). A back-up feature with the Harlequin II (Duela Dent) would have begun with issue #2.
- Western Classics (reprint series)
Secondary features were planned, but the titles in which three were to appear were cancelled before the stories were published; the reasons why the two that were planned for Adventure Comics were left unreleased are unknown:
- "Manhunter from Mars" in Aquaman
- Pages from the first story exist. The story was written by Cary Burkett with pencils by John Fuller and inks by Bob Layton
- "Vigilante" in Aquaman
- "Captain Comet" in Secret Society of Super Villains
- "Metal Men" in Adventure Comics
- "The Man from Neverwhere", a creation of writer Roger McKenzie for Adventure Comics, "some sort of elvish/magical/time-travel superhero mishmosh of a concept"Response from Roger McKenzie on his Facebook page, January 3, 2014: "As far as I know, Neverwhere wasn't recycled anywhere else at DC. It...along with several other series of mine (and lots of other creators as well) got buried in the "DC Implosion" back then when (I think) about a third of the DC books got axed all at once. As for what Neverwhere was about...who can say after three decades. I'd pitched the name (which Paul Levitz tweaked, by the way!) and *I think* some sort of elvish/magical/time-travel superhero mishmosh of a concept".
- "Adam Strange" in Star Hunters. Story published in World's Finest Comics #263 (June/July 1980)
See also
References
{{reflist|2}}
External links
- {{cite web |url= http://www.fanzing.com/mag/fanzing27/feature1.shtml|title= The DC Implosion!|first= David R.|last= Black|year= 2000|website= Fanzing|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140308134652/http://www.fanzing.com/mag/fanzing27/feature1.shtml|archive-date= March 8, 2014|url-status= live}}
- {{cite web|url= http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/253/|title= Secret Origins of the DC Implosion Part Two|first= Kirk|last= Kimball|date= n.d.|website= Dial "B" For Blog|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120722045856/http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/253/|archive-date= July 22, 2012|url-status= dead|access-date= August 3, 2014}}
- {{cite web|url= http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/254/|title= Secret Origins of the DC Implosion Part Three|first= Kirk|last= Kimball|date= n.d.|website= Dial "B" For Blog|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140626145133/http://www.dialbforblog.com/archives/254/|archive-date= June 26, 2014|url-status= dead|access-date= August 3, 2014}}
- {{cite web|url=http://www.mikesamazingworld.com/mikes/features/series.php?seriesid=3626 |title=Cancelled Comic Cavalcade|website=Mike's Amazing World of Comics|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181021232528/http://www.mikesamazingworld.com/mikes/features/series.php?seriesid=3626|archive-date=Oct 21, 2018}}
- {{cite web|url= http://lsh.0catch.com/ccc/ccc.htm|title= Cancelled Comic Cavalcade|first= Michael|last= Grabois|date= September 7, 1995|website= Mike's Comics Page|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140425025726/http://lsh.0catch.com/ccc/ccc.htm|archive-date= April 25, 2014|url-status= dead|access-date= November 22, 2009}}
{{DC Comics|state=collapsed}}
{{DC events}}
Category:1978 in the United States
Category:Bronze Age of Comic Books
Category:Comics by Dennis O'Neil
Category:Comics by Gerry Conway
Category:Comics by Jim Starlin
Category:Comics by Michael Fleisher